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Topic: Yield (economics)

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	Economics - Economy-point.org
		Economics is the German word for oikonomia (griech.), in the antique Hellas and Rome the administration of the household marked.
		Economics was used traditionally as spreading name for the connection of soil, raw materials, trade, work and capital.
		The management economics are concerned with the behavior of an economical unit, the enterprise, in the context of their limited possibilities and means.
	www.economy-point.org (1492 words)

	Management economics / Economics - Economy-point.org
		The management economics (BWL; in Switzerland operating economics) is often a subsection of the economic science and thus in broader sense a special form of the social, culture and Geisteswissenschaften.
		The general management economics give an overview of the science of the management economics to students and state thereby function and industry-spreading connections.
		The study of the management economics at a nationally recognized vocational academy ends with the conclusion as (diploma) operation manager (BA), whereby the conclusion is not an academic degree.
	www.economy-point.org /management-economics (776 words)

	Yield and Economics of Loblolly Pine Plantations
		Although economic returns are often as good or better than alternative investments (such as the stock market) many of these practices are relatively expensive on a per acre basis and private landowners are sometimes hesitant to consider these investments.
		Expected wood yields and economic returns can help you make a decision whether to adopt one or more of these practices in your pine plantation.
		The yield and basic economic information included in this section are derived from a mathematical growth and yield model called the Georgia Pine Plantation Simulator (GaPPS).
	www.pfmt.org /economics/yield_intro.htm (162 words)

	Greg Mankiw's Blog: What does an inverted yield curve mean?
		That is why the slope of the yield curve is one of the variables in the index of leading indicators.
		In contrast, yields on short bonds tend to be procyclical because the Federal Reserve lowers short yields in recessions in an effort to stimulate economic activity.
		yield curve, usually measured as the difference between the longest yield in the dataset and the shortest maturity yield.1 The higher the slope or term spread, the larger GDP growth is expected to be in the future.
	gregmankiw.blogspot.com /2006/06/what-does-inverted-yield-curve-mean.html (1514 words)

	Integrated Pest Management
		Crop loss–that is, the quantitative nature of the yield response to pest population density–can vary widely from one crop species to another and from pest to pest within the same crop.
		Crop loss and yield functions can be used to evaluate the effects of pest control measures that abruptly change pest populations (pesticides, sanitation measures, etc.) One first must have a model that predicts the pest population dynamics with and without the control measure.
		The predicted yield in the presence of a high pest population (uncontrolled) is subtracted from the predicted yield when the pest is controlled.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/ipm444/03Economics/03economics.html (968 words)

	2005 IPM Stuff - Issue 2
		The economics of producing a crop surely include the unit value of the crop and cost of production in dollars/acre but it can be argued that these factors are influenced, at least in part, by yield.
		Economic injury level (EIL) is the point where pest losses are equal to or greater than the cost of controlling the pest.
		Economic threshold (ET) is the point where you should apply a control measure to avoid passing the economic injury level.
	swroc.coafes.umn.edu /SWMNPEST/05News/issue2/issue2.htm (2294 words)

	FPA Journal - Reaching for Yield: Lessons from the Past
		In particular, we find that when the yield spread is positive and wide, the odds are in favor of switching to short-term bonds, and conversely, when the spread is negative (inverted yield curve), the odds are strongly in favor of staying in T-bills.
		When yields do not change, bond returns and bill returns will be equal to their initial yields, and the initial spread will perfectly predict the subsequent differences in returns.
		The intercept is -1.00 and the slope coefficient is 2.11.
	www.fpanet.org /journal/articles/2006_Issues/jfp0206-art8.cfm (4417 words)

	ECONOMICS OF LEVERAGED LEASING
		The yield found from the MISF method is the yield on the lessor's investment while the lessor has an outstanding investment (as opposed to a sinking fund).
		Apparently, the yield the lessor receives from the lease depends upon the sinking fund rate chosen for the analysis, and ultimately the real yield obtained depends upon the lessor’s ability to utilize the surplus funds that become available as a result of the lease.
		The resultant yield was safer (and lower), and the lessor could view the sinking fund earnings as a potential upside factor, rather than assuming their existence at the beginning of the lease term.
	www.interet.com /article-econlevlease.htm (11966 words)

	Setting Realistic Crop Yield Goals
		If yield goals are too low, recommended fertilizer rates aren't sufficient for the most profitable yield and farm profitability is being reduced.
		Yield goals may have to be adjusted downward for these situations.
		With this approach the recent average (3-5 years) is increased by 10% to 20% with the higher yield becoming the yield goal.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/cropsystems/DC3873.html (1157 words)

	More About Yield Goals
		Since soils vary considerably in their physical and chemical properties from farm to farm and field to field on the same farm, it is important to set a realistic yield goal for each field every year.
		Yield goals are needed if you are going to decrease the cost of production to improve farm profitablity.
		The practical range for a yield goal should be somewhere above average to near the maximum yield in the last three to five years.
	www.noble.org /Ag/Soils/YieldGoals.htm (574 words)

	U.S. Treasury - Daily Treasury Yield Curve
		Yields are interpolated by the Treasury from the daily yield curve.
		This curve, which relates the yield on a security to its time to maturity is based on the closing market bid yields on actively traded Treasury securities in the over-the-counter market.
		The yield values are read from the yield curve at fixed maturities, currently 1, 3 and 6 months and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30 years.
	www.ustreas.gov /offices/domestic-finance/debt-management/interest-rate/yield.shtml (294 words)

	Purdue Web site tracks crop yield trends
		Final crop yield numbers are still months away, when the last of the corn and soybeans is harvested.
		Prepared by Purdue's Department of Agricultural Economics, the yield estimator is intended to bridge the gap between monthly U.S. Department of Agriculture yield estimate reports.
		Yield estimator data indicates that national yield trends for both corn and soybeans have slipped since late May, while Indiana yields recovered slightly in the past week.
	www.agriculture.com /ag/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/ag/story/data/agNews_050726lfpPURDUEYIELD.xml&catref=ag1001 (532 words)

	Yield Monitors Create On- and Off-Farm Profit Opportunitie \| Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited
		Once yield monitoring is initiated, growers realize that fields can be highly variable, and often seize the opportunity to tailor their management in a much more site-specific manner.
		Clearly the higher yields achieved were the result of yield monitoring as well as the effectiveness of the herbicide used and the grower’s skill in identifying, re-locating and treating the weed problem.
		Yield and moisture data, plus the DGPS data, can then be used to create yield and moisture maps as well as many other types of specialized maps.
	www.pioneer.com /canada/crop_management/yield_monitors_canada.htm (2142 words)

	Economics of Precision Ag
		Whatever your level of economic understanding, it is strongly suggested that you carefully read sections 2.0 to 8.0 to fully understand the applications of economics to precision agriculture found in sections 9.0 to 13.0.
		The economic question is “At what point is the return from the additional yield worth the cost of the additional fertilizer (or feed or information)?” There is no single point, as the “right” amount of fertilizer depends on the prices of fertilizer and corn.
		The simple economics of a new technology is that if the returns from using the new technology are greater than the costs of the new technology, then use it.
	www.precisionag.org /html/ch14.html (4520 words)

	Sustainable Economics KtC
		This practice (clear cuts) yields greater short term profits at the expense of long term profits and American manager's compensation is usually based on annual performance which is a disincentive for true maximum sustained yield practices.
		It is appropriate that an economic indicator include such measures, because common sense and history tell us that the economy is a tool to address needs and enhance well-being, not an end in itself.
		Much that contributes to economic growth is perceived by most people as losses rather than gains: fixing blunders from the past, borrowing from the future, and shifting activities from the unpaid household or community sector to the monetized economy.
	www.knowthecandidates.org /ktc/whySustainEcon2.htm (2692 words)

	ARS Project: Develop Soybean Genotypes and Management Systems for Early Season and Stress Environments (407254) Annual ...
		During the 1995 to 2003 period, average yield in the southern USA was 28 bu/acre, but that was still only 75% of the average yield for the entire USA.
		Since the economy in many of the southern states is highly dependent on agriculture, these low yields and yield losses represent a significant negative impact on the economic viability of the region.
		The results show that planting cultivars that are later than necessary for maximum yield results in increased days to maturity, a concurrent greater risk of detrimental late-season effects from drought and pests, and increased irrigation water use regardless of the planting date.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/projects/projects.htm?ACCN_NO=407254&fy=2004 (5025 words)

	Sustained Yield - Economics
		Of course, protecting biodiversity and forest health is the primary reason to evolve past sustained yield to a forestry that doesn't redesign forests for timber, but there are also good economic reasons.
		Sustained yield was an evolution in forestry concerned with providing a sustained volume of timber and fiber.
		Unfortunately, instead of insisting on a forestry that left intact forests for all values for all future generations, both multiple use and IRM were marginalized into net down constraints of the dominant economic interest, timber, and then only where the other economic stakeholder had clout enough to enforce this constraint.
	www.pacificfringe.net /sustainedyield/economics.htm (1194 words)

	Appendix A (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Once yield monitoring is initiated, growers realize that fields can be highly variable, and often seize the opportunity to tailor their management in a much more site-specific manner.
		Clearly the higher yields achieved were the result of yield monitoring as well as the effectiveness of the herbicide used and the grower’s skill in identifying, re-locating and treating the weed problem.
		Yield and moisture data, plus the DGPS data can then be used to create yield and moisture maps as well as many other types of specialized maps.
	www.innovativegis.com /basis/pfprimer/Appendix_A/Appendix_A.htm (8653 words)

	Thesis Library of Higher Education Commission
		Economics were calculated to determine the net benefits and marginal rate of return in percent of different treatments.
		The maximum weeds density and dry weed biomass were recorded in those plots where the seeding rate was 50 kg/ha, while the minimum weeds density and dry weed biomass were in those plots, where the seeding rate was 150 kg/ha.
		Maximum days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, Number of spikes/m2, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and straw yield were obtained in those plots, where the weeds were controlled by herbicide.
	www.hec.gov.pk /htmls/thesis/thesis_detail.asp?op=100 (492 words)

	Recent Issues
		This was due to a significantly higher growth, yield components and N uptake by rice at that level.
		An economic analysis indicated that the lower rate of compound D was economically viable and that split application of AN was uneconomic because of the higher labour costs.
		The yield and yield attributing characters were found to be significantly influenced by the different treatments and was found to be superior in plants under drip irrigation than those under basin irrigation.
	www.cropresearch.org /pages/issue.html (6028 words)

	South-Western EconData -- Bond Yield
		Long-term bond yields are largely driven by investors' expectations regarding future inflation rates, and these expectations are in turn influenced by trends in economic growth rates.
		Bond yields indicate trends in interest rates, and when bond yields are low, the cost of corporate borrowing also falls, which improves corporate profits and stock prices.
		Nevertheless the relationship between stock prices and bond yields is complex, since in times of economic recovery the economy can experience higher bond yields due to increasing demand for credit, while at the same time the SandP 500 and equity markets respond to improving corporate profits and better prospects for the future.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/econ_data/bond_yield/bond_yield_data.html (746 words)

	YIELD RESTRICTING FACTORS IN GROWING CUTROSES UNDER GLASS IN WINTER
		For the rose nurseries only 30 percent of the differences could be related to a different cost level, and 70% related to the yield of a square meter crop.
		Yield is influenced by the chosen variety for 1/3 (see table 2), the other part cannot be declared yet, Thus the differences in financial yield in growing a crop with the same variety of roses are responsible for 2/3 × 70% = 50% of the differences in profitability on rose nurseries (van Rijssel).
		The proceeds of a given holding are rather stable and show the growing capacities of the growers, so we hoped that analysing the restricting keypoints in growing roses would be helpful to change the way of growing to get a better crop.
	www.actahort.org /books/97/97_15.htm (410 words)

	Examples of Organic Research - Southern Organic Resource Guide
		Yield, input, and economic data from research plots in central Mississippi are being used to test the economic potential of organic vegetable crop production.
		In the future, the yield and price data being generated will be combined with new and existing cost data to create enterprise and production budgets for use by perspective and existing organic vegetable growers.
		Yields were highest in plots that had 50% or more of the cover in peas, apparently in response to greater nitrogen availability.
	www.attra.org /sorg/research/examples_research.html (2057 words)

	TrendMacrolytics 1/9/06: History Repeats Itself , by Donald Luskin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In case you don't speak economics, the yield curve is just a way of describing the pattern of interest rates on bonds of various maturities.
		According to the bears, an inverted yield curve is an indication that a recession is coming.
		In all cases, economic performance is actually worse when the yield curve steepens and better when it flattens.
	www.trendmacro.com /a/luskin/20060109luskinSMC.asp (1153 words)

	Course Number - Course Name (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The objective of this course is that we achieve excellence in our understanding of: the economic approach to analyzing the environment and natural resources; and the role (and limitations) of economic analysis in the formation of environmental policy.
		As when economic analysis really shines in other subdisciplines (for example, in international trade), environmental economics yields careful and sometimes counterintuitive insights into human behavior and into the struggle for policy solutions.
		Consider how the basic analytical tools of environmental economics yield the policy conclusion that there is an optimal (and nonzero) amount of most pollutants.
	s01.middlebury.edu /EC265A (271 words)

	Tracking Citrus Yields in Southwest Florida
		Zach Savage, an agricultural economist at the University of Florida, compiled yield statistics from grower records to develop yield tables for seven categories of citrus – early, mid, and late season oranges, seedy and seedless grapefruit, tangerines and Temple oranges.
		The yield tables reflected the deep sand conditions of central Florida and tree densities of between 48 to 70 trees per acre.
		In addition to the annual yield information, cooperators filled out a data sheet for each block, describing the predominate soil type, tree spacing, bed configuration, type of irrigation, and general fertilization practices.
	swfrec.ifas.ufl.edu /economics/commodty/tr_yield.htm (856 words)

	ISIC: High-Technology Manufacturing
		We show that yields are especially important in periods of constrained capacity, such as new product ramp-up.
		A one percentage point increase in yields can be worth about 6 percent of gross revenue and 17 percent of contribution.
		Therefore yields, in addition to or instead of labor costs, should be a focus of attention when making decisions such as new factory siting and type of automation.
	isic.ucsd.edu /yield.html (203 words)

	» Basics - Test Economics and Yield (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The classic equation for yield as a function of chip area (A), defect density (d, sometimes called “d-zero”), and clustering factor (a) is as follows:
		In the example, only the process yield equation was used to demonstrate that adding an extra 10% to the area of the die to accomodate a test feature, for a given defect density and clustering factor, reduced the process yield by 2%.
		Of course, it is also pointed out in the book (which I recommend), and I’ll repeat it here: yield is but one component of the cost/benefit analysis. There is also EDA tool costs, development time, and ATE costs, among other factors.
	www.dftdigest.com /scanatpg/basics-test-economics-and-yield (870 words)

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