Where results make sense

About us   |   Why use us?   |   Reviews   |   PR   |   Contact us

Ottoman Empire   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Early historiography of the empire was based largely on analysis of Ottoman military victories and defeats, while current approaches take a wider perspective, the scope of which includes the social dynamics of territorial growth and dissolution, and the examination of economic factors and their role in the empire's eventual stagnation and decline. Their victory over the Ottomans at the naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) hastened the end of the empire's primacy in the Mediterranean; and in fact, this battle was considered by some earlier historians to signal the beginning of Ottoman decline. Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance for ethnic differences proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism (this non-assimilative policy became a weakness during the dissolution of the empire that neither the first or second parliaments could successfully address). www.tocatch.info /en/Ottoman_Empire.htm   (7174 words)

Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ottoman military reform efforts was the first response of the ottomans lead the Sultan Selim III (1789-1807) to initiate several efforts to modernize the system and revitalize the empire. The Young Turk Revolution began on 3 July 1908 and quickly spread throughout the empire, resulting in the sultan's announcement of the restoration of the 1876 constitution and the reconvening of parliament. Ultimately, the Ottoman Empire's relatively high degree of tolerance on the level of ethnicity proved to be one of its greatest strengths in integrating the new regions until the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottomans   (8227 words)

Young Ottomans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Young Ottomans (Turkish: Yeni Osmanlilar) were a group of Ottoman (given their names "Young Ottoman") nationalist intellectuals formed in 1865, influenced by such Western thinkers as Montesquieu and Rousseau and the French Revolution. The Young Ottomans were bureaucrats resulting from the Tanzimat reforms who were unsatisfied with its bureaucratic absolutism and sought a more democratic solution. The failure of the "Young Ottoman" policies (Ottomanism) in reverting the path to Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the thinkers under Ottoman Empire searched other means. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Young_Ottomans   (153 words)

Brief History of Ottoman Empire The Ottoman defeat at the hands of the Central Asian conqueror Timur Lang (Tamerlane) in 1402 proved to be only a temporary setback to the Ottomans who quickly rebuilt, consolidated, and extended their power. One group held that the root of the problem was that the Ottoman institutions, beginning with the army, had been allowed to decline from the state of excellence which had prevailed in the 15th century and the answer was to return to the old situation. The collapse and extinction of the Ottoman empire was a consequence of World War I. The government made the mistake of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers, and the defeat of Germany meant the end for the Ottomans. www.ottomansouvenir.com /General/more_on_ottoman_empire.htm   (2822 words)

Encyclopedia article: Biography of Baha'u'llah Indeed, in 1873 two prominent Young Ottoman thinkers were exiled to Akka where they enjoyed cordial relations with the Baha'is. Baha'u'llah had clearly, however, been in prior contact with some of these Young Ottomans, and, indeed, sent a letter to Rhodes reporting to their colleagues the arrival of the two at Akka. The young Sultan `Abdu'l-Hamid, however, eventually proved hostile to this budding democracy, and he prorogued the Ottoman parliament in 1878 and instituted strict censorship. Baha'u'llah, undeterred, continued to call from Ottoman soil for constitutional monarchy and elective government in the Middle East, a call that was officially forbidden in the despotic regimes of the sultan and the Iranian shah It was not until the Young Turk revolution of 1908 that the Ottoman ban on democracy was revoked. bahai-library.org /encyclopedia/bahabio.html   (3785 words)

Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ottoman Empire One of the reasons that the Ottoman Empire lasted as long as it did was its tolerant attitude, originating from the Ottomans nomadic inheritance, in comparison to the attitude prevailing elsewhere in medieval times (east and west). Ottoman architecture was influenced by Seljuk, Persian, Byzantine Greek, and Islamic architecture, but came to develop a style all of its own. Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land, which gave a space for the local authority develop the needs of the local millet. www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ottoman_Empire   (9391 words)

Ottoman Empire information - Search.com The Ottoman defeat of the Russians in the Pruth Campaign in 1712 and the Treaty of Passarowitz led to a short, peaceful era between 1718–1730. The Ottomans were eventually defeated due to key attacks by the British general Edmund Allenby, as well as assistance from the Arab Revolt and the Republic of Armenia, which declared war upon the Ottoman Empire in a bid to gain international recognition as a sovereign nation. The Ottoman system had three court systems: one for Muslims, which was run by the kadıs, or Islamic judges; one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious areas; and one which regulated trade and had its origins in the empire's capitulation agreements with foreign powers. www.search.com /reference/Ottoman_Empire   (8815 words)

Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative •• Türk Öykürleri Sandığı The Young Ottomans, once realizing that the non-Muslim subjects did not want to stay within the Ottoman Commonwealth, even if they were granted complete equality in rights and freedom, had begun to express their enmity toward these non-Muslim subjects and towards their Christian protectors. The Ottoman Turks who are the basic foundation of the Ottoman state will be content with the spiritual benefits of attributing the name of Osman Bey, their first leader, to their homeland and nation and especially by seeing the empire which came into existence through the efforts of their ancestors not partitioned any further. The Ottoman Turks may continue their actual predominance for a limited duration of time thanks to their sovereignty exercised through past centuries, yet it must be remembered that the duration of the force of inertia in the social realm is no more than the one observed in the realm of nature. www.aton.ttu.edu /Uc_Tarz-i_Siyaset.asp   (6320 words)

Serif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas, Syracuse ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) It was in this period that a whole generation of Ottoman intellectuals, from right to left, was faced with the historic task of confronting modern Western civilization in the profoundest sense of the term, and their successes and failures set the agenda for the modern intellectual history of Turkey for decades to come. A useful survey of such journals as Ibret, Muhbir and Hurriyet, all of which played a key role in the spread of the political ideology of the Young Ottomans, is given, and the tribulations they caused for their proprietors are analyzed within the context of the formation of the Young Ottoman movement. This chapter also reveals an important aspect of the Young Ottoman movement: the members of the movement were all part of the state body at different ranks with different levels of leverage, and they attempted to reform the very structure of which they were an integral part. www.holycross.edu /departments/religiousstudies/ikalin/Reviews/SerifMardin.htm   (1786 words)

The Young Ottomans and the Young Turks   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) The second half of the nineteenth century was characterized by continuing internal decay within the Sublime Porte and by an underlying process of intellectual growth and ferment among the younger men who were rising through the ranks of the modernized civil service and the new military units. In the case of the Young Ottoman movement, the intellectual core was the backbone, with activist agitation against the Sultan, the modus operandi. In fact, the impact of the junior officers of the Ottoman army as a modernizing force, both in deposing the Sultan and informing the nucleus for the Republic of Turkey, cannot be overstated. www.arts.ualberta.ca /~amcdouga/Hist323/Readings/young_ottomans_and_the_young_tur.htm   (801 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) The Ottoman statesmen were thus justified in believing that a surrender of these communal privileges should be the price paid for the establishment of an Ottoman nationality under which everyone would fully enjoy the benefits of state services as well as the equal protection of the laws. He added that the European belief that the Ottoman Empire was in its death throes gave an additional reason to the founders to proclaim, by the inclusion of the word ªYoungº in the name of the society, the vitality of the empire. The party of Young Turkey, which had attained such public prominence as a result of all this correspondence, counter-correspondence, and tract distribution, was, as we have seen, the name by which for some years reformist elements had been known in Turkey. www.geocities.com /mkaancelen/serifmardinyoungottomans.doc   (7870 words)

Britannicaindia.com: Britannica Browse A new committee, chaired by the American Owen D. Young, met in Paris on Feb.... Young, Owen D. lawyer and businessman best known for his efforts to solve reparations issues after World War I. Young, Thomas English physician and physicist who established the principle of interference of light and thus resurrected the century-old wave theory of light. www.britannicaindia.com /britannica_browse/y/y5.html   (1842 words)

Ottoman The Ottoman Empire had a dual economy in the nineteenth century consisting of a large subsistence sector and a small colonial-style commercial sector linked to European markets and controlled by foreign interests. The "Ottomanism" they advocated also called for an integrated dynastic state that would subordinate Islam to secular interests and allow non-Muslim subjects to participate in representative parliamentary institutions. In 1876 the hapless sultan was deposed by a fetva (legal opinion) obtained by Midhat Pasha, a reformist minister sympathetic to the aims of the Young Ottomans. www.theottomans.org /english/history/history1800_7.asp   (366 words)

Turkey - The Global Relations of the Many Nations During the 19th century, while the Ottoman Empire was in the midst of its downfall, a rise in nationalism encouraged the non-Turkish people of the empire to obtain freedom and break away from the grip of the empire. In the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, Abd al-Hamid was forced to relinquish the autocratic government in favor of the constitution and parliament that he had previously used. One of the Young Turks most prominent reforms was in the secularization of the Muslim schools and courts and the introduction of women's rights during World War I. In World War I, the Turkey originally tried to avoid any involvement. library.thinkquest.org /25029/turk.back.shtml   (1542 words)

Young Ottomans for a Constitution - MSN Encarta Young Ottomans for a Constitution - MSN Encarta Young Ottomans for a Constitution, name given to a mid-19th century group of young intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire who sought to reform the... Search Encarta for Young Ottomans for a Constitution encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761588430/Young_Ottomans_for_a_Constitution.html   (84 words)

Feb 1994 conference speech _Palmerston Zoo-Young Turks The Ottoman empire was a multi-ethnic empire, as were the nearby Austrian and Russian empires. While the Young Turks were pushing the pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic movements, the British were also boosting all the anti-Turkish independence movements within the empire. The Young Turks, who had been put in power by the British, used the Kurds (who thought they had the support of the British) to slaughter the Armenians (who also thought they had the support of the British). www.schillerinstitute.org /conf-iclc/1990s/conf_feb_1994_brewda.html   (1941 words)

Ottoman Empire and Turkey, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon Ottoman Empire and Turkey, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon 1520 -1566: Reign of the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I, "The Magnificent." 1878: Ottoman sultan Abdulhamid II dissolves parliament and abolishes the constitution. www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/ottomans_and_turkey.htm   (500 words)

Reading Group Guide: The Sultan's Seal Ottomans worried, with some justification, that nationalism would lead to the purging of minorities. The Ottomans were worried about the consequences of change, the decline of the family, losing the moral fiber of society. Is there a difference between Ottoman and British society in the makeup of the family and in the role of the family in the lives of individuals? www2.wwnorton.com /rgguides/sultanssealrgg.htm   (804 words)

The Listless Lawyer » Islamic Democracy and the Sovereignty of God: Consultation The Young Ottomans, a group of Istanbul writers in the 1860’s, were perhaps the first group of Muslims to claim that Shari’ah was compatible with modern democracy. In fact, the Young Ottomans went further, claiming that Islamic law, correctly understood, required some form of constitutional government. Broadly speaking, shura requires rulers to consult with their subjects on matters of the law, and the Young Ottomans believed that this concept was therefore consonant with the democratic impulse to ground legal legitimacy in the consent of the people. www.listlesslawyer.com /blog?p=282   (1125 words)

Mavi Boncuk: 16/05/04 Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials. The Ottoman Turks became the enemy in the eyes of the Greek Cypriots, and this enmity served as a focal point for uniting the major ethnic group on the island under the banner of Greek identity. The cycle of tribal warfare and of deteriorating urban life that began in the thirteenth century with the Mongol invasions was temporarily reversed with the reemergence of the Mamluks. maviboncuk.blogspot.com /2004_05_16_maviboncuk_archive.html   (15426 words)

HiddenMysteries Conspiracy Archive   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Although most of the population of the Ottoman empire were Turks, there were also large numbers of Slavs, Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, and Kurds. While the Young Turks were pushing the pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic movements, the British were also boosting all the anti-Turkish independence movements within the empire. The Italian masonic lodges in the Ottoman Empire had been set up by a follower of Giuseppe Mazzini named Emmanuel Veneziano, who was also a leader of B'nai B'rith's European affiliate, the Universal Israelite Alliance. www.hiddenmysteries.org /conspiracy/history/bnaibrith.shtml   (1871 words)

Turkey: The Quest for Identity - Feroz Ahmad - 1-85168-241-4 Bankruptcy and upheaval: unravelling of the Ottoman empire Chronology of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Oneworld Publications are distributed by National Book Network in the USA and Canada. www.oneworld-publications.com /contents/turkey-a-short-history.htm   (88 words)

Week of Oct   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Ottoman Empire: 'Decline' [encyclopedia entry -- scroll down to 'Decline' which deals with 19th century. Ottoman Flags depicted in a Dutch chart of XIXth century (including that of Mohammed Ali) The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908 www.arts.ualberta.ca /~amcdouga/Hist323/readings_empire_19thc_overview.htm   (144 words)

Mardin. Young Ottoman Thought But just as Ali and Fuad had, in their time, opposed Resid for being too mild a reformer, they in turn were now criticized by a new generation of political critics. It also took up more controversial matters, such as the mixing of foreign cabinets in Ottoman diplomatic affairs, but was not as yet aggressive in its treatment of the subject. The reason Ayetullah Bey seems to have suddenly decided to warn the government of Mehmed Bey's coup was the Mehmed Bey and the alliance had evolved definite plans to use force in having their demands accepted. www.juedisches-archiv-chfrank.de /kehilot/turkei/INFOS/mardin.html   (7906 words)

TUNALI HILMI: AN OUTSTANDING FIGURE IN THE PROCESS OF IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE FROM OTTOMANISM TO TURKISM He, too, was an adherent to Ottomanism as well as a supporter of the Mesrutiyet, demanding the re-application of the 1876 Constitution -long awaited since its suspension in 1878 ending the first period of Mesrutiyet (8). Considering Ottomanism as the only way to preserve the unity of the Empire, he wants to assure those subjects by stressing that it would not harm them. For a considerable time, Hilmi, aiming at Ottoman unity, even had his several writings translated into various languages so as to be able to address several ethnic elements of the Empire. meria.idc.ac.il /journal/1997/issue2/jv1n2a9.html   (2962 words)

Book Review: Modernity and the Millennium: the Genesis of the Baha'i Faith in the Nineteenth-Century Middle East In a nutshell, "For the Young Ottomans constitutionalism resolved the problem of legitimating Muslim governance in the absence of the Prophet. However Cole explains elsewhere that from the late 1860s the Young Ottomans, whose success in spreading their ideas had otherwise been quite limited, "attracted the support of some very high-ranking officials, who for their own reasons wanted to reduce the sultan's power" (p. Chapter 6 'Women are as Men' is unique in the secondary literature, so far as I know, in treating Bahá'u'lláh's critique of gender differentiation and patriarchy as a key element in his thought and an important factor in the growth of the religion. bahai-library.com /reviews/modernity.html   (6897 words)

Bahai Baha'u'llah corresponded with the Young Ottoman constitutionalist, Namik Kemal. the Ottoman parliament in 1878 and instituted strict censorship. Turk revolution of 1908 that the Ottoman ban on democracy was revoked. www-personal.umich.edu /~jrcole/bahabio.htm   (3289 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)

About us   |   Why use us?   |   Reviews   |   Press   |   Contact us   Copyright © 2005-2007 www.factbites.com Usage implies agreement with terms.