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Topic: Younger Futhark

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Futhark alphabet

Runic alphabet

Older Futhark

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	Runic
		However, the fact that the younger Futhark has sixteen runes, while the Elder Futhark has twenty four, is not fully explained by the some six hundred years of sound changes that had occurred in the North Germanic language group.
		The two futharks were in parallel use for some time, and one example of this is the RÃ¶k Runestone.
		There are other varieties of the Younger Futhark, in particular the ''Edward-script'' which can be considered as a variant of the Dalecarlian runes (see Image of Edward-script).
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/runic (3219 words)

	runic scripts
		The Elder Futhark, the Younger Futhark and the Anglo-Saxon Futhork.
		The word Futhark stems from the first six runes spelled out: feoh, uruz, thurisaz, ansuz, raidho and kenaz, while with the Futhork, the ansuz and kenaz runes are called os and cen.
		The Younger Futhark, which developed later as the runes spread to the North, was reduced to 16 letters, and the Anglo-Saxon Futhork, was expanded to 33 letters.
	www.rune-scripts.arollo.com /scripts-glossary.htm (542 words)

	Younger Futhark Information
		The Younger Futhark are found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward.
		While the Migration Period Elder Futhark had been an actual "secret" known only to a chosen few, with only some 350 surviving inscriptions, literacy in the Younger Futhark became widespread in Scandinavia, as witnessed by the great number of Runestones (some 6,000), sometimes inscribed with almost casual notes.
		The Younger Futhark became known in Europe as the "alphabet of the Norsemen", and was studied in the interest of trade and diplomatic contacts, referred to as Abecedarium Nordmannicum in Frankish Fulda (possibly by Walahfrid Strabo) and ogam lochlannach "Ogham of the Scandinavians" in the Book of Ballymote.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Younger_Futhark (607 words)

	FUTHARK - Elder Futhark
		Futhark is a writing system of uncertain origin that was used by Germanic peoples of northern Europe, Britain, Scandinavia, and Iceland from about the 3rd century CE to the 16th or 17th century CE.
		Elder Futhark is the oldest form of the runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes for Proto-Norse and other Migration period Germanic dialects of the 2nd to 8th centuries CE for inscriptions on artifacts such as jewelery, amulets, tools, and weapons, and also on rune stones.
		In Scandinavia, the script of the Elder Futhark was simplified to that of the Younger Futhark from the late 8th century CE, while the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians extended the Futhark which eventually became the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc after Proto-English.
	www.spelwerx.com /futhark.html (410 words)

	Runic Alphabet Encyclopedia Article @ Canst.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, the fact that the younger Futhark has sixteen runes, while the Elder Futhark has twenty four, is not fully explained by the some six hundred years of sound changes that had occurred in the North Germanic language group.
		The genesis of the Elder Futhark was complete by the early 5th century, with the Kylver Stone being the first evidence of the futhark ordering as well as of the p rune.
		The two futharks were in parallel use for some time, and one example of this is the Rök Runestone.
	www.canst.org /encyclopedia/Runic_alphabet (3771 words)

	Ancient Runes
		The name "futhark", like the word "alphabet", is derived from the first few letters in the runic sequence, which differs considerably from the order of the Latin alphabet and is unique amongst alphabetic scripts.
		The futhark originally consisted of 24 letters, beginning with F and ending with O, and was used by the northern Germanic tribes of Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Northern Germany.
		In Scandinavia, the Elder Futhark remained in use until some time around the eighth century (the time of the Eddas), when drastic changes in the Old Norse language occurred, and corresponding changes in the runic alphabet were made to accommodate the new sounds.
	www.angelfire.com /magic2/ancientrunes0/page9.html (446 words)

	Runes
		The origins of the futhark alphabet a) The Latin or Roman theory b) The Greek theory c) The Futhark as parent of the European alphabets d) The Etruscan theory IV.
		Futharks were in use from an unsure point in time, some historians say as early as 200 B.C., in some cases till the early Middle Age.
		The splitting in different alphabet occurred in the time of the Younger Futhark, which reaches from the 8th century to the 12th century A.D. This time is called the Viking Age, because the Viking culture reached its height in this period.
	wave.prohosting.com /jutamago/Runes/runehtml.html (2641 words)

	Rune Poems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The elder futhark, represented below, is the oldest of the runic alphabets, and contains 24 characters traditionally arranged in groups of eight.
		The younger futhark is a later, modified version with some of the characters altered and the total number reduced to 16.
		The Anglo-Saxon futhark was developed in England and increases the number of characters to 33.
	meadhall.homestead.com /untitled3.html (1922 words)

	Runic Alphabet Encyclopedia Article @ Therefrom.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		cipher runes, the elder futhark and the younger futhark, on the
		Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark, but there are very few inscriptions.
		having the same form as the h-rune of the younger futhark, but it is used for an a-phoneme.
	www.therefrom.org /encyclopedia/Runic_alphabet (2345 words)

	Runic Alphabet Encyclopedia Article @ Thereupon.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		However, the fact that the younger Futhark has sixteen runes, while the Elder Futhark has twenty four, is not fully explained by the some six hundred years of sound changes that had occurred in the
		The development here might seem rather astonishing, since the younger form of the alphabet came to use fewer different rune-signs at the same time as the development of the language led to a greater number of different phonemes than had been present at the time of the older futhark.
		Bolzano, is usually quoted as a candidate for the origin of the runes, with only five Elder Futhark runes (ᛖ e, ᛇ ï, ᛃ j, ᛜ ŋ, ᛈ p) having no counterpart in the Bolzano alphabet.
	www.thereupon.net /encyclopedia/Runic_alphabet (2345 words)

	Meningar.com om futhark. game, futhark, runes mm.
		Futhark Runes and the Precession of the Equinoxes Futhark Alphabet and the Constellations geovisit();...
		The Elder Futhark The name "futhark", like the word "alphabet", is derived from the first few letters in the runic sequence, which differs considerably from the order of the Latin alphabet and is unique amongst alphabetic scripts...
		Ansuz This is the fourth rune of the futhark...
	www.meningar.com /futhark.html (1104 words)

	DAS Writing and Runes
		The main difference between these futharks is in the number of staves represented in each one, the Anglo-Saxon has 33 staves, whilst the Younger futhark has on;y 18 staves.
		These futharks were used not only as a writing system by these cultures, they also employed their uses in the art of divination and in pagan or magical rites; there are many inscriptions across the European continent to support this.
		Elder futhark: This is known to be the oldest of the three futharks and is illustrated below with its modern phonetic value.
	www.darkagessociety.co.uk /9writing.html (438 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Futhark
		In England, the Anglo-Saxons brought Futhark from continental Europe in the 5th century CE and modified it into the 33-letter "Futhorc" to accommodate sound changes that were occurring in Old English, the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.
		The cause of this reduction of letters in Younger Futhark is tied to very complex phonological changes that occurred in the Old Nordic language.
		Futhark continued to be used in Scandinavia for centuries longer, but by 1600 CE, it had become nothing more than curiosities among scholars and antiquarians.
	www.ancientscripts.com /futhark.html (1299 words)

	Runic Inscriptions
		The name "futhark" for the list of letters, like the word "alphabet", is derived from the first few letters in the runic sequence.
		The futhark originally consisted of 24 letters, beginning with F and ending with O, and was used by the northern Germanic tribes of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Northern Germany.
		This form of the runes is known as the Elder, or Germanic Futhark.
	www.danstopicals.com /runestones.htm (457 words)

	Younger Futhark Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Younger Futhark, also called the Scandinavian Futhark, are a runic alphabet, a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters, in use from ca.
		Usage of the Younger Futhark is found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward.
		The Younger Futhark became known in Europe as the "alphabet of the; Norsemen", and was studied in the interest of trade and diplomatic contacts, referred to as Abecedarium Nordmannicum in Frankish Fulda (possibly by Walahfrid Strabo) and ogam lochlannach "Ogham of the; Scandinavians" in the Book of Ballymote.
	younger-futhark.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Younger_Futhark (1379 words)

	Armanen Runes Encyclopedia Article @ Ascertained.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		List's row is based on the Younger Futhark, with the names and sound values mostly close to the edit Armanen font.
		Apart from the two additional runes, and a displacement of the Man rune from 13th to 15th place, the sequence is identical to that of the Younger Futhark.
		Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, Futhark: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity.
	www.ascertained.net /encyclopedia/Armanen_runes (806 words)

	The RUNES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The futhark originally consisted of 24 letters, beginning with F and ending with O, and was used by the northern Germanic tribes.
		The Younger Futhark: In Scandinavia, the Elder Futhark remained in use until some time around the eighth century, when drastic changes in the Old Norse language occurred, and corresponding changes in the runic alphabet were made to accommodate the new sounds.
		Unlike the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc, the Younger Futhark (as it is now called) reduced the number of runes from 24 to 16, and several runes came to represent multiple sounds, and the physical forms of the runes were also changed and simplified.
	www.paganuniverse.com /bos/divination/runes.html (527 words)

	Psychics and Spirits :: Thanks for looking!!
		There are three futharks of runes, but all of these evolved from the Elder Futhark, the original 24 runes.
		The other two futharks are the Anglo-Frisian which has 33 runes, and the Younger Futhark which has 16.
		There were also runic symbols outside the futharks such as the sun wheel, and there are some hints that the healing powers of herbs were also thought runic in nature (see the Nine Worts Galdor).
	www.freewebs.com /psychic_panther/runes.htm (1320 words)

	SECRETE RUNES
		The upper row in the Elder Futhark, Freyr's aettir is counted as the 3rd aettir, the middle row, Hagall's aettir is counted as the 2nd aettir, and the lower row, Tyr's aettir, is counted as the 1st aettir.
		This is how a Futhark with younger runes will be if you count the attirs in their natural ranking.
		The lower inscription is written with the younger runes and fuþark is counted as the 1st aettir.
	www.arild-hauge.com /esecreter.htm (1819 words)

	Futhark
		The normal, or Danish futhark, was in use from around A.D.800 and was most common in Denmark.
		The short twig, or Norwegian-Swedish futhark, was in use from around A.D.800 mainly in Norway and Sweden.
		The Medieval futhark was a later developement to include runes corresponding the full Latin alphabet.
	www.canit.se /~griffon/diverse/runes/futhark (682 words)

	The Futhark - MASSIVE Forums
		The two versions of the Younger Futhark represent the same (or very similar) sounds, it is just that the Danish Futhark was used primarily in Denmark and in areas under Danish rule or control, and Swedish/Norwegian runes were used in areas controlled by Sweden and/or Norway.
		The name consists of a letter denoting the futhark that the rune belongs to ('e' for Elder Futhark, in this case), followed by a digit for the aett the rune is found in, then a digit for the position of the rune in the aett, then finally, the letter(s) that the rune most often represents.
		I have chosen to use the Younger Futhark as it was during the core years of the Viking Age (circa 900 A.D.).
	forums.massivehq.com /showthread.php?t=1535 (2512 words)

	Runic alphabet - Information at Halfvalue.com
		The development here might seem rather astonishing, since the younger form of the alphabet came to use fewer different rune-signs at the same time as the development of the language led to a greater number of different phonemes than had been present at the time of the older futhark.
		The genesis of the Elder Futhark was complete by the early 5th century, with the Kylver Stone being the first evidence of the futhark ordering as well as of the p rune.
		Elder Futhark inscriptions number around 350, about 260 of which are from Scandinavia, of which about half are on bracteates.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Runic_alphabet (3751 words)

	The Book of THoTH (Leaves of Wisdom) - Runes
		Image:Old Futhark Runic alphabet.png The Elder Futhark, used for writing proto-Norse (urnordisk, urnordiska), consist of twenty-four runes, often arranged in three rows of eight.
		Image:Björketorpsstenen runor.jpg In the 7th century appeared an intermediary form of runes between the Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark, but there are very few inscriptions.
		Image:Middle Age Runes.png In the middle ages, the younger futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the old norse language.
	book-of-thoth.com /thebook/index.php?title=Runes (3448 words)

	Forskning - Engelska - Institutionen för moderna språk
		To discuss the origin and function of the younger futhark runic script, in the context of language contact and trade in Russia and the Baltic in the pre-Viking and Viking Periods.
		As linguists, we are considering the younger futhark as a possible symptom of a lost contact variety, between proto-Uralic and proto-Germanic...
		The 16-symbol Younger Futhark must have been developed on wood or birchbark for purposes of long distance messages before the Viking Period began (c800) and its first runestones were erected, such as the Rök Stone in Östergötland.
	www.eng.umu.se /forskning/linguistics/konferenser.asp (653 words)

	Other Rune Sets
		The younger futhark is sometimes referred to as the younger futhork because of the order of the first 6 rune staves.
		The elder futhark goes with the order of Fehu (f) –; Uruz (u) – Thurisaz (th) – Ansuz (a) – Raidho (r) –; Kenaz (k) where as the younger futhark moves the “a” sounding rune towards the middle of the rune row.
		In it’s place the younger futhark rune Oss is placed so we have the order of Fe (f) –; Ur (u) – Thurs (th) – Oss (o) – Raeidh (r) –; Kaun (k) to give us a futhork instead of a futhark.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/runes/89042/1 (550 words)

	Runic alphabet - The Mind-N-Magick Paganpedia
		In the 7th century appeared an intermediary form of runes between the Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark, but there are very few inscriptions.
		Two of them are the Stentoften Runestone and the Björketorp Runestone, where the haglaz rune Image:Haglaz.gif has evolved into Image:H-rune.gif having the same form as the h-rune of the younger futhark, but it is used for an a-phoneme.
		In 1908, List published in Das Geheimnis der Runen ("The Secret of the Runes") a set of 18 so-called "Armanen Runes", based on the Younger Futhark, which were allegedly revealed to him in a state of temporary blindness after a cataract operation on both eyes in 1902.
	mind-n-magick.com /wiki/index.php?title=Futhark (2860 words)

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