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Topic: Youth subculture

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	Dick Hebdige: THE FUNCTION OF SUBCULTURE
		Subcultures form in communal and symbolic engagements with the larger system of late industrial culture; they're organized around, but not wholly determined by, age and class, and are expressed in the creation of styles.
		Subcultures are, at least in part, representations of these representations, and elements taken from the 'picture' of working-class life (and of the social whole in general) are bound to find some echo in the signifying practices of the various subcultures.
		It explains the subculture's ability to attract new members and to produce the requisite outraged responses from the parents, teachers and employers towards whom the moral panic was directed and from the 'moral entrepreneurs' - the local councillors, the pundits and MPs - who were responsible for conducting the 'crusade' against it.
	web.syr.edu /~tjconnel/145/Hebdige-Subculture.html (4451 words)

	Youth culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Youth culture generally refers to the ways young people (adolescents and teenagers) differentiate themselves from the general culture of their community.
		A youth subculture as such is recent, thought to start around the mid-20th century, that is, after World War II, due to the economic, political, and educational changes.
		Youth culture, may appear rebellious but may centre on conformity to an "in-group" as youth is a time of identity formation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Youth_culture (517 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Youth use this freedom to indulge in physical pleasures, although existential loneliness and resentment against the constraint of form may arise and become the dominant theme.
		Youth culture continues to draw on the significance of adolescents, but only as a guide for the commercialized spirit of "youthfulness." As the term youth became marginalized from young people, so did their music.
		Youths attempt to set themselves apart from hegemonic culture and to deny their complicity in the events of current history through their subcultural behavior, style of dress, choice of music, and the further refinement of these cultural elements.
	sun.soci.niu.edu /~rocklist/other/thmeyer.txt (14879 words)

	Untitled Document
		For example, the assertion that youth are hedonistic, or irresponsible, is treated as both as the cause and the characteristics of the youth subculture (cf., Coleman, 1961).
		Youth values tend to be contrasted with a hypothetical and non-empirical model of the adult world.
		Youth are neither a culture nor a subculture, but are a part of the larger matrix we call U.S. culture.
	omega.cc.umb.edu /~sociology/journal/volume3_1.htm (2317 words)

	thereisafuture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Subcultural deviance is not one of equal relation to mass culture but a deviance that is socially, politically, or morally loaded--or some or all of these.
		Subcultures had to be both youth and working-class to be truly ‘authentic.’ Subcultures could thus be interpreted as symptoms of both British class in decline and the central contradictions of British culture at the time.
		The third states that “the politics of youth subculture is a politics of gesture, symbol, and metaphor, that it deals in the currency of signs and that the subcultural response is, thus, essentially ambiguous” (1983 (1996)): 403).
	home.comcast.net /~lwinant/thereisafuture.html (9526 words)

	"Growing Up In America" Response Paper @ Pastor2youth.com
		Youth pastors need to not only be aware of the subcultures, and more specifically, the primary groups, but they need to provide an atmosphere in which Christian primary groups are established.
		Youth pastors need to be willing to stretch beyond what they may be used to, but it is also essential that they provide direction, guidance, and discipline for the teens in his or her group.
		Youth pastors also need to be aware of the youth culture, and what is influencing their lives, and to what extent.
	www.pastor2youth.com /growingup.html (1618 words)

	guestsJP1
		Subculture, as defined in the Concise Oxford Dictionary, is a ‘cultural group within a larger culture often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture’.
		Youth culture was seen by structural functionalists as a central aspect of the socialisation process and thus as a mechanism of maintaining social stability rather than bringing about either social change or disruption.
		In Redhead’s account of youth culture he states that “the mass media had a veritable field day with some of the key features of what it perceived to be a new youth style or subculture, to rival punk in the 70s or hippies in the 60s.
	www.arasite.org /guestsjp1.html (2200 words)

	articles : Enduring Myths of Youth Ministry: Lessons We Can Learn from Our Catholic, Mainline, and Evangelical Past : ...
		One reason the youth leaders of the '50s missed some of the fundamental changes going on was that they got caught up in the "youth in crisis" talk of their age.
		Another reason youth leaders want to see young people as "powerful" is because they can't get other adults in the church to go along with their programs, so they're hoping to use teens as a kind of "fifth column" within the church.
		Youth for Christ leaders claimed to be saving America by evangelizing young people, but in the process they were changing the face of evangelical church life by creating new expectations among teens.
	www.youthspecialties.com /articles/topics/pastpresentfuture/myths.php (3616 words)

	Australian Youth Subcultures
		Youth subcultures are intimately involved with media in a complex and symbiotic relationship.
		They invoke standard frames for understanding youth subcultures: the gang, the tribe, or the addiction that are then used as the starting point for policing, for governance and for discipline.
		On the one hand, these youth mobilise strategically essentialised notions of ethnicity in which their identity is mapped among a system of oppositions based on crude categories of self and other.
	www.acys.utas.edu.au /pubs/Y10.htm (2193 words)

	Youth, Subculture and Style
		Georg argued that because youth had come to be seen as one large entity, subcultures were developed in order for groups of youth had a distinct profile in their society (1995).
		He claimed that youth avoided mimicking the parent culture and uses punk as an example because as a subculture punk’s actively sought to reconstruct “socially cohesive elements” that disintegrated through the parent culture (Cohen, 1972 in Hebdige, 1979).
		Youths are involved in a process of styling the self, according to Tait, through style manuals such as magazines and television, choosing aspects they align with in order to formulate their identity.
	chi.freeservers.com /youthsubcultureandstyle.html (2740 words)

	[No title]
		The flowering of the youth subculture in the middle of the twentieth century was related to suburbanization, an extended and universal secondary school system (Coleman,1961) and a nationwide electronic mass media.
		The youth subculture, from its beginnings, was in opposition to, and not merely different from, the general (adult) culture.
		These attempts to reattach a youth culture to a biological and social group began shortly after youth culture floated free from its social anchor and has continued since then, centered in the realm of rock, the one sphere in which the myth of the youth culture was embedded.
	condor.depaul.edu /~dweinste/rock/ironicyth.html (4621 words)

	[No title]
		Subcultures provide a vital critique of the seemingly organic nature of "community," and they make visible the forms of un-belonging and disconnection that are necessary to the creation of community.
		Queer subcultures are related to old school subcultures like punk but they also carve out new territory for a consideration of the overlap of gender, generation, class, race, community, and sexuality in relation to minority cultural production.
		The subculture might appear on TV eventually as an illustration of the strange and perverse or else it will be summarily robbed of its salient features and the subcultural form: drag, for example, will be lifted without the subcultural producers, drag queens or kings.
	www.barnard.edu /sfonline/ps/printjha.htm (2919 words)

	Lunar Magazine \| Gay Male Youth and the Atlanta Rave Scene
		Adoni's endorsement of the value of raves to queer youth and other minority youth is, to a degree, substantiated in both the popular view of raves within rave culture as centers of mutual understanding and acceptance and by what research has been done on the social impact of raves, although such formal research is scant.
		For any subcultural movement to grow and to retain some level of social acceptance (a status that is needed to ensure the allowance of legal raves, among other reasons) an amount of diffusion is necessary.
		If raves and the subcultural atmosphere associated with raves are accepting of queer youth involvement where other spheres of youth subculture are not so accepting, rave culture could well become linked to the growth and development of queer youth subculture, which would indeed be a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship.
	www.lunarmagazine.com /features/gay_youth.php (3304 words)

	Youth in Rotuma
		Youths were therefore largely confined to their home communities most of the time.
		While youths remain well integrated into their communities, and are valued for their contributions to communal labor, they enjoy a greater degree of autonomy than in the past.
		For youths, the knowledge that they can go abroad and try their luck, that if they fail or are dissatisfied they can return to a community that cherishes them, is a buffer that makes a potentially stressful period much easier to bear.
	www.hawaii.edu /oceanic/rotuma/os/howsel/30youth.htm (11909 words)

	Anthropology Review Database
		He uses the Gothic youth movement as his primary example, demonstrating why a traditional approach to youth research is inappropriate for regarding this subculture.
		Tait states that his approach to research on at-risk youth refocuses this label away from one meant to dominate young people and ôcan be better understood as a useful government tactic for identifying problem groups with the intention of facilitating desirable social endsö (p.
		While he does not always present the strongest arguments, Tait does present justification for re-conceptualizing youth as a category, reminding readers that youth in itself is culturally and historically constructed and should not therefore be accepted as inherent fact.
	wings.buffalo.edu /ARD/showme.cgi?keycode=1841 (1034 words)

	Threeohsix.org - Concert Listings Forums Local Bands MP3s Photos Regina Saskatoon Saskatchewan
		Whether alternative youth subcultures mean to serve as a threat against societies established norms or simply don’t happen to abide by them is of no matter: most are regarded as a threat, suffering from the news media’s attempts to vilify the movements, and the members themselves, in the eyes of the moral majority.
		In all fairness, media representations of youth subcultures as existing outside the social boundaries of what is considered ‘normal’ behaviour is understandable: By their very definition, alternative youth subcultures are (at least in part) purposely created to visibly exist in opposition to social norms (Brake, 1985).
		The most effective means through which the news media portrays youth subculture members as deviant is through sensationalistic reporting which ultimately succeeds in both portraying subculture members as pathologically abnormal youths bonded by violent desires, and establishing a state of moral panic amongst the members of general society.
	www.threeohsix.org /content/articles/examining_news_media_methods_of_alternative_youth_subculture_stigmatization (1660 words)

	A New Approach to Youth Subculture
		The use of subculture theory is criticised for it's (1) totalising, (2) normalising and (3) dichotomising tendencies.
		The new approach of youth culture is more optimistic that the older more pessimistic approaches, which seemed to imply that youth were simply pawns in the hands of the media and that their culture was a knee-jerk reaction (rebellion or resistance) that they were mostly powerless to control.
		As youth grew older, and the social context changed, most left behind the subculture which was a generational working-class response to the problems of the day.
	www.sonlifeafrica.com /model/subcult3.htm (3383 words)

	A Single Youth Culture?
		Frith describes youth as "not simply an age group, but the social organization of an age group" Sociologists of youth, according to Frith, describe youth culture as "the way of life shared by young people".
		This would imply that a subculture is a subdivision of a national culture; it exists between the parameters of certain cultures.
		If a youth culture is attatched to a social class and social classes are now partly disintegrated then this explains why there has been no substantial youth culture in a decade.
	www.courseworkhelp.co.uk /A_Level/Politics/1.htm (1994 words)

	Diversity in Families and Households
		Youth are therefore the weakest point in the structure of hegemony.
		Youth cannot, in fact, do much to change society but they can convince themselves that things are better than they are by magically (Brake)making things easier to bear.
		Youths feel they lack control over their lives and they want to gain some control over their destiny.
	www.homestead.com /rouncefield/files/a_soc_dev_3.htm (2544 words)

	Japanese Skinheads: The Meaning of a Subculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although some subcultures are often the creative expression of cultural difference by marginal groups, the skinhead subculture is something completely unique, as many who find themselves immersed at age fifteen still have somewhat similar ideals at age thirty.
		The contemporary Japanese skinhead subculture is a perfect example to the rest of the world’s subcultures, fostering unity as well as very influential musical groups and manipulating mass culture.
		Japanese youth choose to define themselves as skinheads because they are able to adapt the music and style to their own ideals, since the mid 1980s, when the cult first became established in Japan.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/jmurphy/JPT3500file/JPT.Projectfile/Jpt/Skinhead.html (2391 words)

	Skinheads: A Brief History :: Anti-Racist Action :: Fighting Fascism In The Streets Since 1988 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For working or lower-class mods, the latest fashions, records, and drugs were beyond their economic reach, therefore undermining their status as participants in a youth subculture obsessed with status, as determined by one's possession of the stylistic objects most-valued by mods.
		This was resolved by a split within the mod subculture, with the emergence of the "hard mods", who marked themselves off from their peers with shaved hair, tight jeans, braces (suspenders), and work boots.
		It served as "a conscious attempt by working-class youth to dramatize and resolve their marginal status in a class-based society," (Baron: 127) as well as their marginal status within the mod subculture.
	www.anti-racist-action.org /pn/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=12&page=1 (1399 words)

	Youth subcultures scales
		The general map of youth subcultures of Ukraine, as well as in the majority of post-soviet states can be drawn in several scales.
		Dynamics of various subcultural groups, where injecting drugs use is permitted, show that these groups, despite difference of their ideology, after some time of the same drug use become similar in their external performance, behavioral strategy, views.
		The initial hypothesis was that the subcultures appear by their own, and it was necessary to observe the mechanisms of subculture's creation to use these laws to help drug free groups to develop.
	www.adic.org.ua /adic/papers/subcult/part-3.htm (1468 words)

	Goth Youths Prone to Suicide Attempts and Self-Mutilation - CME Teaching Brief® - MedPage Today
		The study found that belonging to the Goth subculture was strongly associated with a lifetime prevalence of self harm (53%) and attempted suicide (47%).
		For comparison, the rate of self-harming behavior among the general youth population in the United Kingdom is 7% to 14%, and the rate of suicide attempts is about 6%, the authors said.
		Some other youth subcultures, such as Punk and Mosher, were also associated with self-harm, but the association was strongest for Goth.
	www.medpagetoday.com /Pediatrics/Parenting/tb/3098 (718 words)

	Youth Studies Australia: Australian hip hop as a subculture. (Peer Reviewed Paper).@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Youth Studies Australia: Australian hip hop as a subculture.
		Hip hop can be regarded as a global youth subculture; however, academic writing about Australian hip hop makes little reference to subcultural theory.
		Mitchell suggests that postmodern discussions of "subcultural capital" do not fully describe hip hop, and that despite being "out of fashion", Birmingham school concepts such as "bricolage" and "homology" can be usefully applied in an examination of Australian hip hop.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:104522869&refid=holomed_1 (204 words)

	Self harm high among Goth youths
		Contemporary Goth youth subculture has been linked with self harm, but there is little evidence to support this.
		They found that belonging to the Goth subculture was strongly associated with a lifetime prevalence of self harm (53%) and attempted suicide (47%).
		For some young people with mental health problems, a Goth subculture may be attractive, as it may allow them to find a community within which it may be easier for their distress to be understood.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-04/bmj-shh041206.php (502 words)

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