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Topic: Yuan China

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	Yuan China
		Established in 1272, the Yuan dynasty was comprised of the family of Kubilai Khan, Genghis Khan's grandson.
		Indeed, the configuration of the Yuan dynasty is thought to have followed a strategy developed by a Chinese advisor to Kubilai Khan to gain the support of the Chinese intelligentsia and provide legitimacy.
		Under Temur Oljeitu's rule, the territories of the Yuan dynasty were stable, and many have considered it the golden age of the Yuan.
	www.accd.edu /sac/history/keller/Mongols/states1.html (1274 words)

	Qu Yuan the Poet - China the Beautiful (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Failing to heed Chu Yuan's advice, the king of Chu foolishly went to a conference with the king of Chin (in Shensi), the most powerful military state in that period; he was held there by the Chin army and died in captivity.
		This, however, did not deter Chin's aggressive designs against Chu, and Chu Yuan, who had started his exile as a result of his political failure, lived long enough to see the capital of his state plundered and ruined by the conquering army of Chin in 278 b.c.
		At that time, Chu Yuan was already an old man of over sixty, and the fall of the Chu capital was the last blow to his patriotic hope.
	www.chinapage.com /quyuan2.html (369 words)

	AEI - Short Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		China’s foolishly insouciant attitude, captured in a comment by Zhou Xiao-chuan, governor of the People’s Bank of China, carries with it serious risks both for China and for the world economy.
		Chinese resistance to clearly rising pressure for the yuan to appreciate sharply is exacerbating global imbalances and increasing the risk of a sudden burst of inflation in China and elsewhere.
		China’s inability to control the rising liquidity growth associated with more and more capital inflows and less ability to sterilize the impact of those inflows on the domestic money supply will cause inflation to rise while pushing more and more speculative funds into real estate and other available assets inside China.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.24309/pub_detail.asp (2249 words)

	Chinese History -Yuan Dynasty å event history (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		After the death of Khubilai Khan the imperial court of Yuan was dominated by faction struggles among the Mongol nobility that sought to control the emperors.
		His retainers hoped to employ the wealth of China to reunite the Mongol world that was divided into four different khanates, but their ambitions were not to be fulfilled as Emperor Wuzong indulged in dissipative activities and wasted the wealthes of the state treasury.
		The Northern Yuan period (Beiyuan å—å) is the half century between the escape of the Mongols from China after 1368 and their identification with the Tatars ("Dada éé¼").
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Yuan/yuan-event.html (7106 words)

	Boston.com / Business
		China's yuan is not substantially undervalued given the country's balance of payments, but it will manage capital flows with the aim of eventually making the currency convertible, China's central bank governor said.
		BEIJING (Reuters) - China's yuan is not substantially undervalued given the country's balance of payments, but it will manage capital flows with the aim of eventually making the currency convertible, China's central bank governor said.
		China has been under pressure from rich nations to liberalize its currency, which is currently pegged near 8.28 to the dollar.
	www.boston.com /business/articles/2005/02/06/china_says_yuan_not_undervalued (284 words)

	China pressured to sever Yuan-Dollar Peg
		China's neighbors won't allow their currencies to rise too much against the dollar as long as arch-competitor China is holding firmly onto its currency.
		With the China change in the currency all the other economies had to adjust so about two years later there is a currency crisis in the region that spread to the entire world after it went thru Asia.
		China's possible argument that freeing the yuan to float upward might have deleterious consequences similar to Japan's malaise in the 1990's is specious: Japan's appreciating currency didn't cause their asset inflation.
	www.bradynet.com /bbs/china/100042-0.html (3454 words)

	CNN.com - Time 'not right' for yuan float - Jul. 17, 2003
		China's yuan is pegged in a band of 8.2760 to 8.2800 to the U.S. dollar, set by the central bank, the People's Bank of China.
		China has indicated in the past that it "intends to move towards greater flexibility and this is something we support," Treasury spokesman Rob Nichols told Reuters news agency.
		She said there was a "misperception" about China's export performance, saying it was the shift of manufacturing capacity from the rest of the world to China that was driving its export boom, rather than the exchange rate.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/BUSINESS/07/17/china.yuan (760 words)

	Yen Surges as China Revalues Yuan: Dollar Decline Against Yen Translates into Drop vs. Europe RACHEL KONING & ...
		China was also charged with placing a toll on the U.S. trade balance; the trade deficit with China widened 7.1% to $15.8 billion in May vs. April.
		China had been under tremendous pressure to tweak the currency regime as the old rate kept the yuan deliberately undervalued at the expense of its trading partners.
		China's policy of tying its currency to the U.S. dollar has long been a flashpoint in the administration's international economic policy, with President Bush and his economic team trying to balance diplomatic prudence towards a growing world power with fierce domestic pressure from workers and business executives who blame Beijing for their woes.
	www.mindfully.org /WTO/2005/China-Revalues-Yuan21jul05.htm (4636 words)

	Will China Float the Yuan? - Graziadio Business Report
		The value of the yuan is unofficially pegged to the dollar, and despite the general loss in the value of the dollar, the exchange rate has stayed constant at 8.277 yuan to the dollar—until the notorious 20 minutes on April 29, 2005.
		China’s stockpile of foreign currency reserves, held mainly in U.S. Treasury Bills, is expected to reach $800 billion this year, or almost 40 percent of GDP.
		As China weighs the pros and cons of a convertible currency, the country remains reluctant to float the yuan.
	gbr.pepperdine.edu /052/hottopic.html (2698 words)

	RTE Business - China scraps yuan peg to US dollar
		China bowed to months of market and political pressure today by revaluing the yuan by 2.1% and abandoning the currency's decade-old peg against the dollar.
		The central bank said the yuan, also known as the renminbi (RMB), would be allowed to move in a tight range of 0.3% up or down from the previous day's close in a continuation of the 'managed float' policy in place 1994.
		China had long insisted that it would adopt a more flexible exchange rate system, but not until it was ready.
	www.rte.ie /business/2005/0721/china.html (572 words)

	The Standard - US `playing with fire' on yuan drive - China Section
		China has pegged the yuan at 8.3 to the dollar since 1995, buying and selling it to maintain that level.
		To critics, the yuan peg helped produce a record US$665.9 billion US current account deficit last year and encouraged US companies to relocate production to the mainland, contributing to the loss of 1.3 million manufacturing jobs over the past three years.
		Given the size of China's trade with the United States, ``it's just going to be a drop in the bucket,'' he said.
	www.thestandard.com.hk /stdn/std/China/GE10Ad01.html (966 words)

	Boston.com / Business / Markets / China stands pat on yuan
		And while China's foreign trade is surging, unemployment is rising and the financial system is wobbling under a load of bad debts.
		Li also disputed claims that the weak yuan was responsible for China's export competitiveness, citing China's low labor costs and cheap overhead.
		Although they've offered no timetable for freeing the yuan rate, Chinese leaders have been easing controls on the movement of money to help businesses and guard against the rise of the yuan.
	www.boston.com /business/markets/articles/2003/09/04/china_stands_pat_on_yuan (554 words)

	ANALYSIS
		The yuan is carving a deeper presence in Asia, especially in Southeast Asia and Indochina as booming trade and tourism boost non-official usage of the currency, also called the renminbi.
		As long as China is reluctant to prise open the yuan's locks, fearing creaky domestic banks will not be able to withstand the destabilising capital flows that weak financial systems invite, economists do not expect the yuan's status to rocket.
		China also has to first restructure its banks, many insolvent by Western standards, before loosening the screws or it risks the shocks that brought Asian economies to their knees in 1997.
	members.aol.com /viengchanh/Stories/2002/04032002_power_of_china_yuan.html (969 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Top Worldwide
		March 20 (Bloomberg) -- China's yuan rose to the highest since a peg to the dollar was scrapped in July, as U.S. senators arrived in Beijing to seek a stronger currency.
		China said at the time of the revaluation last year it would let the yuan move as much as 0.3 percent per day.
		China on July 21 ended its peg to the U.S. currency that had been in place since 1995 and said it would allow the yuan to fluctuate versus an unspecified basket of currencies.
	quote.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=10000006&sid=a4ZNYo1xSkbk&refer=home (878 words)

	U.S. Won't Press China Over Yuan - New York Times
		He said the law required that China be found to have the intention of manipulating its currency to encourage exports and protect the value of its dollar assets.
		Critics of China's currency policy say that by holding down the yuan's value, China is deliberately pursuing a policy that makes its exports more competitive on global markets and contributes to its huge trade imbalance with the United States.
		Other matters of contention with China include American criticism of its suppression of dissent, its military buildup, its failure to crack down on piracy of videos and high technology property, and its unwillingness to join the United States in a tough policy toward North Korea and Iran over their nuclear programs.
	www.nytimes.com /2006/05/11/washington/11china.html?ex=1305000000&en=082d9a841fbf6f33&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss (1196 words)

	Chinese History
		One of the more significantaccomplishments of the Mongol tenure was the preservation of China as weknow it in that China wasn't turned into pastureland for the Mongolianponies which not only was common Mongolian practice for territories they'doverrun but had actually been advocated by some of the conquering generals.
		Whilein many ways, the Yuan was a disaster, the reluctance of the Mongols tohire educated Chinese for governmental posts resulted in a remarkable culturalflowering; for example, Beijing Opera was invented during the Yuan.
		As in other periods of alien dynastic ruleof China, a rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty.The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the noveland the increased use of the written vernacular.
	www.china-inc.com /education/history/yuan.html (823 words)

	Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan and Hong Kong News and Business.
		China's sudden decision last week to revalue the yuan slightly upward against the dollar, and define it in terms of a currency basket instead of dollars alone, sent shock waves across the globe.
		By raising the value of the yuan, China has partially answered the call of the West to be a more responsible economic player.
		In the final analysis, the yuan's revaluation represents the steady emergence of a China that is becoming more confident and mature in international politics and the international economy, and the impact of this will be felt long after the revaluation issue has faded from the headlines.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/GG26Ad01.html (1166 words)

	Imperial Era: III
		By the mid-thirteenth century, the Mongols had subjugated north China, Korea, and the Muslim kingdoms of Central Asia and had twice penetrated Europe.
		Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Mongols in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.
		During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal, which was completely renovated.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/imperial3.html (1318 words)

	China abolishes yuan-dollar peg, adopts floating rate
		In a long-awaited but unexpected move, China yesterday announced that its currency will no longer be pegged to the US dollar.
		China scrapped the yuan's peg to the U.S. dollar on July 21, 2005, and the rate
		From now on the renminbi, or yuan's, exchange rate will be made in reference to a basket of currencies, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) said, adding that it marked the introduction of "a more flexible mechanism for the exchange rate's formation."
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-07/21/content_462216.htm (257 words)

	Rising Yuan Pushes China Upmarket - New York Times
		The yuan has risen against the dollar by 3.3 percent since July, and already there are side effects: businesses across China are concluding that their survival may depend on following Japanese and South Korean companies up the economic ladder as quickly as possible, selling more advanced products with fatter profit margins.
		China revalued the yuan by 2.1 percent on July 21, and has allowed it to appreciate by a further 1.2 percent since then, a pace of change that critics describe as glacial.
		China ran a global surplus of $23.18 billion in the first quarter of this year, up from $16.48 billion in the quarter a year earlier.
	www.nytimes.com /2006/04/20/business/worldbusiness/20trade.html?ex=1303185600&en=0bf9bae2e497ff1d&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss (1375 words)

	USATODAY.com - Hands off yuan, China tells G8 on eve of Dubai talks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		DUBAI — China bluntly told the United States on Friday not to make it a scapegoat for its economic woes by pressing for a revaluation of the yuan at this weekend's meeting of the world's leading industrial powers.
		The need for China and other Asian nations to let their currencies rise to help iron out major imbalances threatening the global economy will be a major talking point when Group of Eight (G8) finance ministers gather Saturday in Dubai.
		China won support for its position from the No. 2 of the German central bank, who echoed concerns expressed a day earlier by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) about the risks posed by America's gaping current account and budget deficits.
	www.usatoday.com /money/world/2003-09-19-china-G8_x.htm (835 words)

	Yuan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Genghis Khan led the Mongols in their defeat of much of China, however, it was his grandson, Kublai Khan who became the emperor and founder of the Yuan dynasty.
		The Mongols were able to conquer China due to their superior military capabilities.
		Another factor that led to the downfall of the Yuan Dynasty was the exclusive use of non-Chinese in governmental positions.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/yuan.html (673 words)

	Asia Business Intelligence: China Removes Yuan Peg
		Bloomberg and FT report that China has removed the renminbi's peg to the US dollar.
		Starting from July 21, 2005, China will reform the exchange rate regime by moving into a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies.
		The People's Bank of China is responsible for maintaining the RMB exchange rate basically stable at an adaptive and equilibrium level, so as to promote the basic equilibrium of the balance of payments and safeguard macroeconomic and financial stability.
	www.asiabizblog.com /archives/2005/07/china_removes_y.htm (434 words)

	Jeremy Siegel on the Yuan: Buying China Some Time - Knowledge@Wharton
		The People's Bank of China, the country's central bank, announced on July 21 that it would de-link the yuan from the dollar and peg it instead to a basket of currencies, altering an exchange rate system that has existed for a decade.
		What we do know is that China will look at not just the movements of the dollar against the yuan, but also the euro and some of its other trading partners, including obviously Japan and the yen.
		But in China what we do see is a commitment to building infrastructure and to further the manufacturing and exports.
	knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu /index.cfm?fa=viewfeature&id=1256 (2142 words)

	Yuan Dynasty: Ancient China Dynasties
		This was to open the way to unify the whole of China for the first time under a non-Chinese regime, a people who eventually were to become a ethnic group.
		With their dynasty now firmly established in the Chinese empire, the Yuan found themselves rulers of a complex group of peoples who inhabited the largest land based empire ever to exist, stretching from what is now Korea and western Russia in the north and from Burma to Iraq in the south.
		The last Yuan Emperor together with his court fled from the country while many of the Mongols were content to remain and become integrated with the Chinese population.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/yuan/index.htm (781 words)

	Online NewsHour: China Delinks Yuan From U.S. Dollar -- July 21, 2005
		You know, will they keep raising the value of the yuan or will they sort of live for a while with this 2 percent increase, as you were saying.
		By some estimates, the yuan is undervalued by as much as 40 percent, so a two percent change, while the Chinese exporters can make up that difference absorb that price change just by improving their productivity a bit.
		China's been the recipient of a lot of hot money coming in to finance all kinds of investments and raising the exchange rate like this, even in a small step, will cool off that in-flow of hot money.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/asia/july-dec05/currency_7-21.html (1654 words)

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