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	Yuan
		The Yuan Dynasty, which lasted from 1279-1368 A.D., was the first of only two times that the entire area of China was ruled by foreigners, in this case, the Mongols.
		At the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols were one of the strongest military forces in the world.
		Another factor that led to the downfall of the Yuan Dynasty was the exclusive use of non-Chinese in governmental positions.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/yuan.html (673 words)

	Yuan Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the corruption in the Yuan Dynasty began during the reign of Chengzong.
		The dynasty was, significantly, one of the shortest lived dynasties in the History of China, covering the period of just a century 1271 to 1368.
		The last of the nine successors of Khubilai was expelled from Dadu in 1368 by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Míng Dynasty (1368-1644).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yuan_Dynasty (3018 words)

	Tang Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dynasty was interrupted by the Second Zhou Dynasty (October 16, 690 – March 3, 705) when Empress Wu Zhao seized the throne.
		The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization — equal to or surpassing that of the Han Dynasty.
		In 907, after almost 300 years in power, the dynasty was ended when one of the military governors, Zhu Wen, deposed the last emperor and took the throne for himself, thereby beginning the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tang_Dynasty (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty Zaju
		Liu Bingzhong was one of the few Han officials of the early Yuan Dynasty accorded trust by the new governance, and this was solely by virtue of his family background.
		The nomadic Yuan rulers despised the old traditions of the Central Plains area, and made staggeringly drastic changes, one of which was institution of a complex social hierarchy in which racial discrimination dominated.
		In the face of their "under-class" social status, Han scholars of the Yuan Dynasty were forced to adopt new ways of life in order to survive.
	www.chinavoc.com /magicn/yzaj.asp (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Yeke Mongghul-un Yuwan Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China.
		After internal revolts, the Yuan Dynasty was pushed out of China south of the Great Wall in 1368, and there it was taken over by the Ming Dynasty.
		The Yuan Dynasty, however, remained in Mongolia, called the Northern Yuan by modern historians.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/y/yu/yuan_dynasty.html (0 words)

	Chinese Art and Architecture - MSN Encarta
		During this portion of the dynasty, called the Southern Song (1127-1279), the emperors’ painting academy produced a style of landscape known as the Ma-Xia school (Ma-Hsia school).
		Ma Yuan was often called “one-corner Ma,” as he would restrict much of his painting to a single corner of the work, leaving the rest blank.
		Beginning in the Yuan period, most official artists were required to produce work based on Song bird and flower studies or landscapes of the Ma-Xia school.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569371_4/Chinese_Art_and_Architecture.html (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, the corruption in the Yuan Dynasty began during the reign of Chengzong.
		The fourth Yuán emperor, Emperor Renzong of Yuan China was the last which may be seen as "successful": he stood out among the Mongol rulers of China as an adopter of the culture of China, to the discontent of the Mongol elite.
		The dynasty was, significantly, one of the shortest lived dynasties in the History of China, covering the period of just a century 1271 to 1368.
	www.search.com /reference/Yuan_Dynasty (3045 words)

	Envisioning Yuan Ming Yuan (Garden of Perfect Brightness) Xing Xing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During Qing dynasty, the northwest suburb of Bei Jing, starting from the foot of West Mountain, was a piece of plain land rich in springs, and with valuable resources such as mountains and hills for constructing all styles of gardens.
		Yuan Ming Yuan (1709-1860), as it was, was completely burned down and disappeared one hundred and thirty five years ago, in wild flames and barbarous plundering.
		Yuan Ming Yuan was in parallel with the Forbidden City itself, became in reality center of a new city of palaces, and thus carried this political name of Yuan Ming Yuan until now.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /spider/wang/ymy/whole-map.html (0 words)

	The Yuan Dynasty
		Caught in the middle of the diplomatic tug of war between Japan and the Yuan imperial court in Khanbalik, the court of Koryo urged the Japanese to submit to Kublai Khan's demands.
		News of the Mongol defeat angered the Yuan imperial court at Khanbalik.
		For the first time since the fall of the Tang Dynasty in the tenth century, the whole of China was united under a single ruler.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C06/E0605.htm (0 words)

	Chinese History
		Whilein many ways, the Yuan was a disaster, the reluctance of the Mongols tohire educated Chinese for governmental posts resulted in a remarkable culturalflowering; for example, Beijing Opera was invented during the Yuan.
		As in other periods of alien dynastic ruleof China, a rich cultural diversity developed during the Yuan dynasty.The major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the noveland the increased use of the written vernacular.
		During the Yuan period, Beijingbecame the terminus of the Grand Canal, which was completely renovated.These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland as well asmaritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated the first direct Chinesecontacts with Europe.
	www.china-inc.com /education/history/yuan.html (0 words)

	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Yuan Dynasty - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Yuan Dynasty (In Mongolian: Yeke Mongghul-un Yuwan Ulus; 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China.
		From the heavily ideological Chinese view, it was overthrown in 1368 when the Mongols were driven away from China proper.
		When Lingdan Khan[?], the last grand-Khan of the Mongols, died on his way to Tibet in 1634, his son Ejei surrendered to the Manchu and gave the great seal of the Yuan Dynasty to Hong Taiji.
	www.kidsseek.com /encyclopedia-wiki/yu/Yuan_Dynasty (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty, Mongol Yuan Dynasty History, Ancient Chinese History
		With their dynasty now firmly established in the Chinese empire, the Yuan found themselves rulers of a complex group of peoples who inhabited the largest land based empire ever to exist, stretching from what is now Korea and western Russia in the north and from Burma to Iraq in the south.
		The last Yuan Emperor together with his court fled from the country while many of the Mongols were content to remain and become integrated with the Chinese population.
		The Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty (1644 -1911) accepted the final submission of the Mongol rulers and thus Mongolia became a part of China.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/history/yuan (776 words)

	Chinese Dynasties
		Beginning with the Qin Dynasty, the common characteristic of Chinese rule is that there was one primary leader of China, the head of the Dynasty.
		It was common for a Chinese Dynasty to follow a basic pattern: begin with a very powerful leader taking over a weakened country; develop over several generations to a highly successful and vital civilization; and then degrade to the point that an opponent could take over.
		To help further elucidate the nature of a Dynasty, details of the Qing Dynasty, China's last, are presented in a separate table, showing each of the Emperors, and depicting some events that took place during their reign that influenced the future development of China.
	www.itmonline.org /arts/dynasties.htm (0 words)

	Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Mongolia - Khubilai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty, 1261-1368
		After the Song Dynasty had been destroyed, in 1279 Khubilai declared himself emperor of a united China with its capital at Dadu, and he established the Yuan ("first," "beginning") Dynasty (1279-1368).
		Khubilai, who took the Chinese-style reign title Zhiyuan ("the greatest of the Yuan"), proved himself to be one of the most able rulers of imperial China.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/18.htm (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty in Chinese History
		Politically, the examination system that was successful in previous dynasties was disregarded and Khubilai recruited officers, based on their status, relation to a family member that was already was in a government post, and other successors through hereditary means.
		The downfall of the Yuan in 1368 was due to it's once most powerful military's lack of funding to maintain housing, to keep itself sustained in farming because slaves either died or fled from the worsening conditions.
		Eventually, the under the Yuan rule of Tonghan-Temur (who had occupied the throne twice), he and the Mongol empire were expelled from China by one of the rebel movement leaders named Zhu Yuan-zhang, who overtook the throne in what is to be called the Ming Dynasty.
	www.dynastiesofasia.com /asian-history-references/yuan-dynasty-period-in-chinese-history.htm (806 words)

	Yuan Dynasty
		Throughout the short history of the Yuan Dynasty the Mongolian rulers sought to emulate much of the Chinese style of rule but were regarded by the Chinese as unwelcome invaders.
		Yuan Mongolian jades are extremely rare because there is a break from the Chinese traditions of the past with an adoption of Mongolian motifs and themes.
		In the later period of the Yuan Dynasty there are many jade works that express a lose of pride and lack the fineness that previous Dynastic jades exhibit.
	www.thejadetrade.com /ian/p8d.html (1146 words)

	Yuan Dynasty Foundation of Zheng He’s Voyages
		The Ming Dynasty map is called the “Shanhai Yudi Quantu.” We see the following geographical features included on this map: (1) the Gulf of St. Lawrence; (2) the Island of Florida; (3) the Greater Antilles; and (4) the new continent of South America.
		Maize is shown as a row of corn plants in a Han Dynasty tomb carving (as seen on the left).
		A map of South Africa from the Yuan Dynasty is shown on the left.
	www.marcopolovoyages.com /LibCongressPapers/GunnarThompson5.html (1690 words)

	Yuan Dynasty - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Yuan Dynasty - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Yuan Dynasty, Mongol ruling house that reigned in China from 1279 to 1368.
		The first indisputably golden age of mature Chinese drama was that of the Yuan dynasty (1280-1368) Variety Play around the mid- to late 13th century,...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Yuan_Dynasty.html (0 words)

	Chinese History -Yuan Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Taiwan R.O.C. It was only a single tribe of Mongols, united in a federation with other steppe peoples, that should acheive hegemony not only over the neigboring people, but also over whole East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
		Ethnic separation between the Non-Chinese and Chinese was more or less exerted under all Non-Chinese dynasties, intermarriages were forbidden, and Chinese officials could only obtain a restricted range of posts within the governmental structure.
		The second effect lies in the authoritarian style of the government of the subsequent Ming Dynasty æ.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Yuan/yuan.html (398 words)

	Ancient China: The Mongolian Empire: The Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368
		The Yuan period, in fact, is one of vital cultural transmission between China and the rest of the world.
		The Yuan and the Chinese had no cultural direction, no syncretic goal that they were aiming at, so the cultural interaction never really got beyond the formal practice of simple disagreement and argument.
		The Yuan was the shortest lived of the major dynasties.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/YUAN.HTM (1668 words)

	Yuan Mongol Dynasty
		But to the south, the Song dynasty had continued to hold the Mongols at bay in a very long stalemate.
		The dynasty was certainly doomed from the beginning.
		He successfully drove the Mongols from the soils of China, and founded the Ming Dynasty.
	www.asianartmall.com /dyuan.htm (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty family tree: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The following is the Yuan dynasty family tree.
		The qing dynasty (manchu: daicing gurun; chinese languagechinese: ; pinyin: qng cháo; wade-giles: ching chao), sometimes known as the...
		Note that one may find different versions of the family tree because Mongolia was in turmoil in the 15th century.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/y/yu/yuan_dynasty_family_tree.htm (0 words)

	Imperial Era: III
		Rivalry among the Mongol imperial heirs, natural disasters, and numerous peasant uprisings led to the collapse of the Yuan dynasty.
		The stability of the Ming dynasty, which was without major disruptions of the population (then around 100 million), economy, arts, society, or politics, promoted a belief among the Chinese that they had achieved the most satisfactory civilization on earth and that nothing foreign was needed or welcome.
		The Qing thus became the first dynasty to eliminate successfully all danger to China Proper from across its land borders.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/imperial3.html (0 words)

	Yuan Dynasty
		As the Sung Dynasty’s military power was declining, the Sung soldiers were even defeated by the minority races from the north of its territory.
		During the Yuan Dynasty’s short span of life, there were only two renowned calligraphers: Xien-Yu Su (who died at only 40 years old) and Zao Meng-Fu.
		He was a descendant of the royal family of the Sung Dynasty.
	www.art-virtue.com /history/yuan/yuan.htm (0 words)

	ipedia.com: Yuan Dynasty Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Yuan Dynasty (Mongolian: Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus; Chinese: 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, was part of the Mongol Empire.
		In Chinese historiography, it followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China.
		With the resources of his vast empire, Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan and the supreme leader of all Mongol tribes, began his drive against the Southern Song.
	www.ipedia.com /yuan_dynasty.html (0 words)

	Mongols and Yuan China by Sanderson Beck
		The Toba people, who founded the Northern Wei dynasty (386-534), were mostly Mongolian, as were the Khitans, who were also in north China and founded the Liao dynasty (947-1125).
		In 1354 the Yuan court sent Toghto to attack Zhang's rebels and were defeating them until an imperial edict sent Toghto into exile, causing the imperial army to disperse as many became bandits.
		By the end of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 at least 700 plays were written, of which 160 are still extant.
	www.san.beck.org /3-6-Mongols.html (0 words)

	Short rule of the Yuan-Dynasty why? - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		Also, the Yuan dynasty faced frequent succession struggles because of the lack of a strong system of primogeniture.
		On the contrary, it is said that the Mongol troops of the Yuan got too sedentary in their city garrisons and their military skills and discipline deteriorated.
		The fall of the Yuan wasn't due to the system of governing instituted by Khublai, it was due to the subsequent Mongol rulers ignoring Khublais principles.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=9036 (0 words)

	Chinese History -Yuan Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Taiwan R.O.C. It was only a single tribe of Mongols, united in a federation with other steppe peoples, that should acheive hegemony not only over the neigboring people, but also over whole East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe.
		Ethnic separation between the Non-Chinese and Chinese was more or less exerted under all Non-Chinese dynasties, intermarriages were forbidden, and Chinese officials could only obtain a restricted range of posts within the governmental structure.
		The second effect lies in the authoritarian style of the government of the subsequent Ming Dynasty æ.
	www.chinaknowledge.org /History/Yuan/yuan.html (398 words)

	AH 370/EA 355 Arts of China: #10 The Yuan Dynasty
		The Mongol invaders, led by Chinggis (or Genghis) Khan, conquered the Jin dynasty in North China in 1234.
		The government was dominated by non-Chinese, leaving the Confucian literati reduced scope for public service, and many turned their full energies to the arts and literature.
		Later Yuan emperors were ineffective rulers, and the 20 years before the fall of the Yuan in 1367 saw widespread rebellion and social upheaval.
	www.wisc.edu /arth/ah370/ah370s10.html (0 words)

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