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Topic: Yuan of Manchukuo

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	Republican China Encyclopedia Article @ CNLandSales.com (CN Land Sales) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On October 27, Yuan Shikai was appointed by the Qing Court to lead his New Armies, including the First Army led by Feng Guozhang and the Second Army led by Duan Qirui, to retake the city of Wuhan, which was taken by the Revolutionary Army on October 11.
		Yuan agreed to accept the Republic of China, and as such most of the rest of the New Armies were now turned against the Qing Dynasty.
		On March 10, in Beijing, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.
	www.cnlandsales.com /encyclopedia/Republican_China (7380 words)

	Manchukuo Encyclopedia Article @ ChinaPowerhouse.com (China Powerhouse) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Manchukuo's government was demolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II.
		During the Soviet offensive the Army of Manchukuo, theoretically a two hundred-thousand-man force, well armed and trained along Japanese lines, performed poorly and whole units surrendered to the Soviets without firing a single shot; there were even cases of armed riots and mutinies against the Japanese forces.
		In early 1934 the total population of Manchukuo was estimated as 30,880,000, with 6.1 persons the average family, and 122 men for each 100 women.
	www.chinapowerhouse.com /encyclopedia/Manchukuo (2086 words)

	Chinese History Hongxian (Yuan Shikai) 1915-16
		Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) was a Chinese military leader and statesman in the last years of the empire and the early republican period.
		Yuan had Song assassinated in March; he had already arranged the assassination of several pro-revolutionist generals.
		Yuan's ambitions still were not satisfied, and, by the end of 1915, it was announced that he would reestablish the monarchy.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/hongxian.shtml (3513 words)

	Casino online portal \| information about Casino online \| Manchukuo
		Manchukuo (1932 to 1945) (Simplified Chinese: æ»¡æ´²å½; Traditional Chinese: æ»¿æ´²å; Pinyin: MÇnzhÅu GuÃ³ Kanji: æºå·å½) was a former country in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia under the leadership of the Emperor Puyi, the last emperor of Qing Dynasty.
		In the summer of 1939 a border dispute between Manchukuo and Mongolia resulted in the Battle of Halhin Gol, when a combined Soviet/Mongolian force defeated the Japanese Kantogun.
		During the Soviet offensive the Army of Manchukuo, theoretically a two hundred thousand man force, well armed and trained along Japanese lines, performed poorly and whole units surrendered to the Soviets without firing a single bullet; there were even cases of armed riots and mutinies against Japanese forces.
	www.pokerhomeportal.com /?u=/Manchukuo (1566 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Government Documents:: Constitution of the Republic of China
		In case the Executive Yuan deems an enactment, a budget, or a treaty passed by the Legislative Yuan difficult to enforce, it may, with the approval of the President of the Republic and within ten days after the transmission of the Legislative Yuan's message, request the latter for reconsideration.
		The Control Yuan may, according to the work of the Executive Yuan and its Ministries and Commissions, set up a number of committees to look into all aspects of their activities to see whether there is any violation of law or dereliction of duty.
		Impeachment by the Control Yuan of a public employee in the Central Government or in a local government shall be instituted upon the proposal of one or more than one Member of the Control Yuan and the decision, after careful consideration, by a committee composed of nine or more than nine Members.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c02sb04.html (6414 words)

	Bank of Manchukuo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principal functions of the Bank of Manchukuo were to act as a repository for the funds of the Manchukuo State Treasury, control the money market, unify the monetary system of Manchoukuo and stabilize its currency.
		Pursuant to the Currency Law of 1932 which authorized the creation of the Bank, Manchukuo adopted a unit of currency, the Yuan of Manchukuo, containing 23.91 grams of pure silver, the metal on which Chinese currencies traditionally were based.
		The State of Manchukuo was established in March 1932 with Pu Yi assuming the title of Chief Executive of the new state using the reign title of Datong.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bank_of_Manchukuo (509 words)

	manchukuo
		[1] Manchukuo's government was demolished in 1945 after the defeat of Imperial Japan at the end of World War II.
		Many historians believe that Manchukuo was a puppet state or colony of Japan [4] because of the Japanese military's strong presence and strict control of the government administration.
		However, others see Manchukuo as an effort at building an ideal state that failed due to the pressures of war.
	www.erasp.net /wiki/?title=Manchukuo (1725 words)

	Manchukuo yuan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Yuan of Manchukuo (圓) was a monetary unit created by Japanese economists and military thinkers in June 1932.
		It was part of the economic and conquest plans based on Manchukuo.
		In 1944 and 1945, Manchukuo issued coins (1 and 5 fen) made of what the "Standard Catalog of World Coins" describes as "red or brown fiber".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manchukuo_yuan (240 words)

	Chinese Porcelain History
		To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, Sun agreed to Yuan's demand that China be united under a Beijing government headed by Yuan so, on March 10, in Beijing, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as provisional president of the Republic of China.
		Yuan Shikai had his co-founder of the Guomindang, Song Jiaoren, assassinated in March and had already arranged the assassination of several pro-revolutionist generals.
		In 1912 Yuan was appointed premier and authorized to form a republican government and in 1913 elected president.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/republic.shtml (3966 words)

	Song Zheyuan
		Song entered Yuan Shikai's New Army as an officer in training upon graduation from military institute during the regency of Empress Dowager Cixi[?].
		Switching side to Kuomintang after the abortive coup d'etat in 1930 of Feng against Chiang Kai-shek, his troops were assigned as 24th Army and garrisoned in southern Shanxi province where he is responsible for the frontiers of the Rehe and Chahar provinces against the Japanese Manchukuo.
		Song was the chairman of Chahar province when Japan invaded the provinces in the end of year 1932.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/so/Song_Zhe_Yuan.html (291 words)

	Manchukuo (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Manchukuo was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria (Northeastern China) which existed from 1931 to 1945.
		In addition Manchukuo gained recognition from the Japanese collaborationist government of China under Wang Jingwei, El Salvador, Costa Rica and the Vatican City State.
		On August 8, 1945 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan in accordance with the agreement at the Yalta Conference, and invaded Manchukuo from Russian Manchuria.
	manchukuo.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1282 words)

	Yuan-yen parity and the redemption of Jin P`iao, 1934-7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the circulation of Jin P`iao in `Manchukuo' had been advocated for the convenience of the Japanese residents and government offices there, this yen-yuan parity made it difficult for the Bank of Chosen to keep its notes circulating in `Manchukuo'.
		The government of `Manchukuo' and the Central Bank were not content only with the redemption of Jin P`iao, and demanded the withdrawal of the Bank of Chosen from `Manchukuo'.
		The yen-yuan parity meant that `Manchukuo' was monetarily separated from the Chinese mainland economy and fully incorporated in the Japanese yen block.
	krd.roshy.human.nagoya-u.ac.jp /~yasutomi/private2/home/node17.html (929 words)

	A Concise History of China, Chapter 7
		Yuan balked on some of them, though, and the Japanese sent aid to two of his opponents.
		The region became a Japanese puppet state named Manchukuo, with former emperor Pu Yi as its head of state; the five warlords of Jehol and Inner Mongolia chose to submit to Japan rather than fight.
		Pu Yi, the last emperor of China and Japan's puppet ruler over Manchukuo, was captured by the Soviets and locked up in a Communist Chinese prison camp until 1959.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /china/ch07.html (9006 words)

	Mavin International
		Central Bank of Manchukuo, 5 Yuan, (1932), rev. and obv.
		Manchukuo, Daxing Company Savings Department, Propanganda Leaflet for Lottery Savings Bonds, in the shape of a cloth tiger, (see Wong - An Illustrated Catalogue of the Finance and Currencies of the Puppet Regimes in China under the Japanese, Manchukuo Volume, p.
		C 000278 and A 003936, the 100 Yuan with rusty shs.
	mavininternational.com /auction0403/CAT0801.HTM (2572 words)

	Chun - Wikipedia en espaÃ±ol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His first concern was to punish Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Beiyang Army who had betrayed his brother the late emperor Guangxu and supported Ronglu in the bloody ending of the Hundred Days' Reform in 1898.
		Prince Chun was prevented from carrying out his plan of assassinating Yuan Shikai, but Yuan was dismissed from his posts and sent back to his village in Henan province under the pretense of "curing his foot disease".
		The court was forced to call Yuan Shikai back, despite the regent's deep aversion for him, as Yuan was the only one capable of defeating the revolutionaries.
	www.brujula.net /wiki/Chun (1553 words)

	Interwar China
		Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite, especially the Manchus, who, in condemning the announced reform as too radical, proposed instead a more moderate and gradualist course of change.
		Supported by ultraconservatives and with the tacit support of the political opportunist Yuan Shikai (1859-1916), Empress Dowager Ci Xi engineered a coup d'etat on September 21, 1898, forcing the young reform-minded Guangxu into seclusion.
		On March 10, in Beijing, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as provisional president of the Republic of China.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/IntChina.html (5881 words)

	Manchukuo Products
		Japan, Manchukuo, #154b, 1944, mint never hinged, WW II China: Central Bank of Manchukuo ND (1944) 1 Yuan
		XX2488 China used with Manchukuo cancel VF Manchukuo 59 Manchuria 3 Fen on 4 Fen 1935 Used Pair
		China Manchukuo Second Regular issue Set 9 used VF Manchukuo 1932 sc 1/18 compl.
	louisreynold.com /manchukuo.html (216 words)

	[Bank of Manchukuo! ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		With its head office in Hsinking, the Bank had nearly 140 branches throughout Manchoukuo, China and Japan.Pursuant to the Currency Law of 1932 which authorized the creation of the Bank, Manchukuo adopted a unit of currency, the Yuan of Manchukuo, containing 23.91 grams of pure silver, the metal on which Chinese currencies traditionally were based.
		The Bank was Reserve requirementsrequired by its charter to hold as a Bank reservesreserve against its issued notes at least 30% of the value of such issue in Precious metalgold and silver bullion, reliable foreign currencies and deposits with foreign banks in gold and silver accounts.
		Due to worldwide fluctuations in the price of silver during the 1930s, Manchukuo took the yuan off a silver standard in 1935 and subsequently pegged the yuan to, and later reached approximate exchange parity with, the Japanese yen.The Bank initially issued approximately 150 million yuan in notes in 1932.
	cd-db.com /42616E6B206F66204D616E6368756B756F (549 words)

	[No title]
		It took the lead in recognizing the puppet Manchukuo regime set up by the Japanese and sent a representative there.
		Since the 1980s the central government has allocated more than 200 million yuan in special funds for the maintenance and reconstruction of the famous Potala Palace and the Jokhang, Tashilhunpo and Samye monasteries.
		The State has also established special funds to support the work of compiling and publishing the Tripitaka in the Tibetan language and other major Tibetan Buddhist classics as well as the work of establishing the Advanced Buddhism College of Tibetan Language Family of China in Beijing and the Tibet College of Buddhism in Lhasa.
	members.tripod.com /ghyuan/china/FreedomOfReligious.html (4691 words)

	Mavin International
		Assortment of uniface Specimens, comprising Bank of Communications, 1 Yuan, 1935 rev., (cf.P.153); Central Bank of China, 1 Yuan, 1928 obv.
		Federal Reserve Bank of China, 5000 Yuan, ND (1945), (P.J92a), serial no. Block 2, 0611814, tiny edge nick top margin, ageing, otherwise good extremely fine.
		Central Bank of Manchukuo, 1 Yuan, 1929, overprinted on a 1 Yuan Provisional Bank of the Three Eastern Provinces note, (P.J120a), serial no. H008649H, fine, rare.
	mavininternational.com /auction0511/CAT0901.HTM (2304 words)

	Manchukuo Products
		MANCHUKUO, RARE BLUE CENSOR TAPE TIED TO REG.
		Manchukuo 1935 3f on 16f Kang #61 MH cv$14
		Japan, Manchukuo, #154b, 1944, mint never hinged, WW II 1940 39f rate Manchukuo/Moukden Air Mail to Japan
	www.freewebs.com /fabuloziki/26/manchukuo.html (214 words)

	Manchukuo Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Central Bank of Manchukuo 50 fen ND(1941) AU J141
		China: Central Bank of Manchukuo ND (1944) 1 Yuan
		Manchukuo scott # 70 m 2006 Scott $11
	www.jamieweller.com /manchukuo.html (239 words)

	Song Zheyuan - China-related Topics SM-SP - China-Related Topics
		In 1912 the troops of Lu and Feng Yuxiang, now subordinates of Yuan Shikai, were regrouped and Feng had then been Song's superior.
		In 1917, a year after being appointed the head of 1st battalion of Feng's 2nd regiment, his battalion spearheaded for removal of Zhang Xun of his imperial restoration in 1917.
		As Feng Yuxiang participated the Northern Expedition, he assumed in November 1927 the Chairman of Shaanxi province and in April of the same year the head of 4th division under the II Corps of the National Revolutionary Army.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Song_Zheyuan (543 words)

	TIME.com: Tomahawk, Rope & Bomb -- Oct. 24, 1932 -- Page 1
		In swish, rustle and ornate embroidery even the robes of Chinese courtiers to Her Majesty the late, ferocious Dowager Empress (died 1908) were scarcely superior to the gorgeous, brand new robes donned last week in Changchun, capital of the new state of Manchukuo, by splendor-loving Foreign Minister Hsieh Chieh-shih and his swishing, rustling entourage.
		On their missions abroad Minister Hsieh and General Ting will speak of a peaceful, orderly, independent Manchukuo over which presides "The Last of the Manchu Emperors," spindly, weak-eyed Henry Pu Yi.
		Meanwhile at Harbin, chief city of northern Manchukuo, four Chinese kidnappers pounced in broad daylight on the three children of C. Woodruff, chief accountant for British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,753451-1,00.html (635 words)

	Manchukuo Products
		Manchukuo 59 Manchuria 3 Fen on 4 Fen 1935 Used Pair
		manchukuo sc#121-#126 vf nh set 6x 1937 fresh sc$165+
		XX2488 China used with Manchukuo cancel VF Manchukuo 1932 sc 1/18 compl.
	mohammeddenton.com /manchukuo.html (211 words)

	[No title]
		Coin, AU $11.00 P-77b 5 Yuan, Bank of China, 1935, SYS, Tower, TDL, $15.00 P-120 100 Yuan, Bank Communications, Chungking, 1914, f-vf $11.00 P-120c 100 Yuan, 1914, Bank Comm.
		Mountians, $29.00 P-891 50 Yuan, 1999 Commem 50th Aniv of Communism, $12.50 P-900 100 Yuan, 1999, Mao, wmk, Arms, Rs.
		Sea Battle, AU $7.00 P-969 10 Yuan, 1960, Blue, Sun Yat Sen, Bridge, $9.00 P-984 10 Yuan, SYS Left, Rs.
	www.coinmall.com /snover/gary1.txt (7373 words)

	Manchukuo Products
		XX2488 China used with Manchukuo cancel VF Manchukuo 1937 Completion of Captial Hsinking (4v) MNH
		China Manchukuo Second Regular issue Set 9 used VF Manchukuo 1934 Definitive Set #37-55 used $24+
		Japan, Manchukuo, #154b, 1944, mint never hinged, WW II Japan Manchukuo Last Emperor of China
	izvch.org /manchukuo.html (233 words)

	China Yuan Products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Central Bank of China 1 yuan 1936 military used AU P21
		FOREIGN BANKS/CHINA $1 YUAN P.S253 (UNC) FROM 1921.
		China 5 Yuan 1988 PANDA Proof 1/20 oz.
	brandonada.com /china-yuan.html (316 words)

	Japanese nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There is also the realist position, denying politics as a factor: real control did lie with the military, behind a front formed by the Emperor and Government (as certainly occurred in Manchukuo with the Kangde Emperor Puyi).
		See main articles Yen block, Yuan of Manchukuo, Empire of Japan (financial data) In Manchukuo a centralized economic system was set up, with a National Central Bank, and the creation of the yuan of Manchukuo, a Manchu local currency to replace the tael of Haikwan.
		Real power in Manchukuo lay with the "General Affairs State Council", and Chief of the Manchoukouan industrial zaibatsu groups was Yoshisuke Aikawa, an important Industrialist with links to the Army.
	japanese-nationalism.iqnaut.net (4730 words)

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