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	Yucca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The yuccas comprise the genus Yucca of 40-50 species of perennials, shrubs, and trees in the agave family Agavaceae, notable for their rosettes of evergreen, tough, sword-shaped leaves and large terminal clusters of white or whitish flowers.
		Yuccas have a very specialized pollination system, being pollinated by the yucca moth; the insect purposefully transfers the pollen from the stamens of one plant to the stigma of another, and at the same time lays an egg in the flower; the moth larva then eats some of the developing seeds, but far from all.
		Many yuccas also bear edible parts, including fruits, seeds, flowers, flowering stems, and more rarely roots, but use of these is sufficiently limited that references to yucca as food more often than not stem from confusion with the similarly spelled but botanically unrelated yuca.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yucca (289 words)

	Yucca & Yucca Moth
		Yuccas are trunkless shrubs with rosettes of stiff, sword-shaped leaves arising at ground level, or tree-like with distinct trunks and limbs.
		In the column containing the moth larva, six to 14 of the seeds in the lower portion of the tier are fastened together with silk, and a robust, pinkish larva occupies a cylindrical feeding cavity within these joined seeds.
		Armstrong, W.P. "The Yucca and Its Moth." Zoonooz 72 (4): 28-31.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ww0902a.htm (2245 words)

	AllRefer.com - yucca, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		Yuccas in flower produce a large stalk of white or purplish blossoms.
		They are pollinated by the yucca moth, and in its absence they rarely fruit : a striking example of interdependence, since the moth, which lays its eggs during pollination and whose larvae feed on some of the developing seeds, cannot reproduce without the yucca.
		Yuccas are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Liliopsida, order Liliales, family Liliaceae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Y/yucca.html (348 words)

	YUCCA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		All yuccas have a highly characteristic means of pollination by female yucca moths of the genus Tegeticula.
		After mating, the female moth gathers pollen from the yucca flowers then flies to a different yucca plant and lays her eggs in the ovary of the flower.
		Yuccas leaves are a major source of fibres for basket-making and other types of weaving by native American people.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/desbiome/yuccas.htm (668 words)

	Prodoxidae
		Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea) indicates a rapid ecological diversification of the yucca moths.
		Davis, D.R. A revision of the moths of the subfamily Prodoxinae (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae).
		Powell, J.A. Interrelationships of yuccas and yucca moths.
	www.biology.vanderbilt.edu /BIO/ToLProdox/prodoxidae.html (1197 words)

	yucca - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Yucca, genus of stiff-leaved, evergreen shrubs and trees containing about 30 species, which are native to North America and the West Indies.
		Yucca Moth, moth with white wings and very long maxillary palps that curl backward below the head.
		The yucca moth is completely dependent upon yucca...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /yucca.html (91 words)

	Alberta Conservation Association
		Moth larvae feed on yucca seeds, and yuccas can only produce seed if they are pollinated by yucca moths.
		Populations of yuccas and yucca moths in Alberta have showed unique characteristics relative to other populations, some of which may be adaptations for surviving at low densities at the edge of range.
		Some degree of variation in flowering and moth emergence was expected in populations due to their position at the northern edge; however, the greatest contributing factor to low reproductive success was high levels of herbivory by mule deer and pronghorn.
	www.ab-conservation.com /projects/project_details.asp?project=251 (361 words)

	Wildlife Status Reports - Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Of crucial importance to the survival and sexual reproduction of soapweed is the survival of its pollinator, the yucca moth (Tegeticula yuccasella) (see Pellmyr 1999 for taxonomy of the yucca moth).
		The obligate interaction between the peripheral populations of yuccas and yucca moths in Alberta are of particular interest to the study of mutualistic interactions since neither the presence of regular flowering of the yucca, nor the emergence of the yucca moth can be guaranteed.
		Yucca glauca has a direct effect on the survival of the yucca moth, but may also contribute to the survival of other insects in the prairie community.
	www.srd.gov.ab.ca /fw/status/reports/soapweed/cons.html (1078 words)

	Faculty Profile: Dr. Olle Pellmyr, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho
		Yucca moths serve as the exclusive pollinators of yuccas, actively pollinate the flowers, and their larvae in turn require some of the developing seeds as the only acceptable food source.
		Pollen dispersal in Yucca filamentosa (Agavaceae): the paradox of self-pollination behavior by Tegeticula yuccasella (Prodoxidae).
		Yucca moth oviposition and pollination behavior is affected by past flower visitors: evidence for a host-marking pheromone.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /biosci/faculty/pellmyr.html (832 words)

	Amazing Desert Moths
		The moth forms the pollen into a ball, which is carried to other flowers and inserted into the stigma of the flowers.
		When we see yucca pods on a yucca plant, we know that yucca moths have been busy there because the yucca is fertilized in no other way.
		The moths mate inside the yucca flowers, then the female lays her eggs in the base of the flower.
	www.naturewriting.com /amazing.htm (1103 words)

	Yucca Moth - uk - netutopia
		Yuccas grown in regions where the yucca moth is absent will never produce...
		Yucca species, in the lily family (Liliaceae), are relatively large succulent plants, typically 2-4 metres tall.
		Yuccas grown in regions where the yucca moth is absent will never produce seeds unless the plants...
	www.netutopia.com /yucca-moth.htm (187 words)

	Kansas School Naturalist
		These yucca plant and their yucca moths are the classic textbook example of "mutualism." And it was discovered over a century ago by a famous entomologist from Missouri.
		Yuccas can propagate small rosettes around the parent plant, but these vegetative sprouts are copies of the parent.
		The yucca moth is likewise dependent upon the yucca plant.
	www.emporia.edu /ksn/v41n2-june1995/introduction.htm (645 words)

	Kansas School Naturalist: The Yucca Plant and the Yucca Moth
		Since we can't place radio collars on little moths, and we can't be certain of collecting all the moths in a locality, scientists have devised a technique for estimating the population by sampling and marking a small portion, and then resampling the population later.
		Indeed, the yucca moths are so secure inside the flowers that a researcher has to batter a flower considerably to encourage the moth to leave.
		Yucca plants can be purchased at nurseries and carried home with a ball of soil around their roots, to be planted.
	www.emporia.edu /ksn/v41n2-june1995/KSNVOL41-2.htm (4595 words)

	YUCCA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The female moth, after mating, deposits her eggs in the ovary at the base of the flower.
		Yuccas grown in regions where the yucca moth is absent will never produce seeds unless the plants are hand-pollinated.
		One of the largest yuccas is the Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), which has much-branched stems and can grow to a height of 10 to 15 metres.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/desertecology/yuccas.htm (654 words)

	The Yucca Helps The Yucca
		The yucca moth’s egg, in the meantime, has hatched and now is eating some of those seeds, which help it grow until it can fly away on its own.
		The yucca plant must have the yucca moth to pollinate; the yucca moth must have the yucca plant in which to grow its egg.
		The relationship between the yucca moth and the yucca plant could not have "just happened" by accident; it is too well designed.
	www.discoverymagazine.com /articles/d1999/d9907b.htm (363 words)

	South Carolina Native Plant Society - Yuccas - Not So Yucky?
		Each species of yucca has its own pollinating moth species, and their relationship is a classic example of a type of symbiosis called mutualism.
		After pollinating the moth lays her eggs in the ovary of the pistil which develops into the fruit, containing seeds.
		Yucca moths were discovered and recorded by entomologist Charles Valentine Riley in 1876, and their biology and that of yuccas is still under investigation.
	www.scnps.org /articles/yucca.html (724 words)

	Desert Diary, 27 July 2001
		Yuccas and yucca moths have a mutualistic relationship.
		For the short-lived moths, however, it's a potential disaster--in years with no yucca seeds, all their young would die.
		Oviposition and Pollination Behavior of the Yucca Moth,Tegeticula maculata, (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) and its Relation to the Reproductive Biology of Yucca whipplei (Agavaceae).
	museum.utep.edu /archive/plants/DDyuccamut.htm (426 words)

	Pronuba Moth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		The pronuba moth is the only animal that pollinates the soaptree yucca and it doesn't pollinate any other kind of plant.
		Scientists have found up to 67 different kinds of insects on or using the soaptree yucca, but this moth is the only one that pollinates it.
		The female moth crawls from flower to flower and flies from plant to plant.
	www.nps.gov /whsa/pronuba.htm (468 words)

	04/27/2005 - Recent rains bring hordes of desert moths - VIEW NEWS: A Neighborhood Newspaper
		Moths are hover-feeders, so moth-pollinated flowers typically have deep tubes to precisely match the mouthparts of the moth.
		When we see yucca pods on a yucca plant yucca moths have been busy because the yucca is pollinated in no other way.
		The hatching of the moth eggs and the development of the yucca pod are perfectly synchronized.
	www.viewnews.com /2005/VIEW-Apr-27-Wed-2005/SEast/1227889.html (1161 words)

	Benny's Yucca Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Many of the Yucca species are hardy in Denmark, but some are only suitable for cultivation in large pots, that can be stored either inside an unheated greenhouse, or frost free during the winter period.
		Some species specially in the colder and northern parts of their range, Yucca species tend to be small and trunk less, but in the warmer and tropical areas, some species may become large branched trees up to 10 meter tall (Yucca brevifolia).
		The scientist used to think that there only were 3 different Yucca moths; Tegeticula maculata which is specialized to pollinates Yucca whipplei, Tegeticula paradoxa which is specialized to pollinates Yucca brevifolia, and finally Tegeticula yuccasella which could pollinate all the other species of Yucca.
	www.bennyskaktus.dk /Yucca_UK.htm (690 words)

	Nature Canada
		The yucca moth and the yucca plant have an extraordinary relationship.
		The yucca plant is totally dependent on a single species, the yucca moth for pollination.
		What makes yuccas unique is their method of pollination: A specific female moth, in the case of the soapweed it is tegeticula yuccasella, inserts its ovipositor into the yucca plant and lays an egg.
	www.cnf.ca /species/critters/yucca.html (351 words)

	Forty million years of mutualism: Evidence for Eocene origin of the yucca-yucca moth association -- Pellmyr and ...
		The obligate mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths is a major model system for the study of coevolving species interactions.
		Moth families are given on right; names for unnamed taxa within the yuccasella complex are those given in ref. 11 and are based on host yucca and state (all of which are described in ref. 25).
		on capsular-fruited yuccas and the nonpollinating cheater yucca
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/16/9178 (3236 words)

	Banana Yucca, Yucca baccata
		The female Yucca Moth has evolved special organs which collect and distribute the pollen onto the surface of the flower.
		The moth then lays her eggs in the flowers' ovaries, and when the larvae hatch, they feed upon the yucca seeds.
		Yucca baccata was in the Aguave Family but now is in the Lilly Family.
	www.delange.org /YuccaBanana/YuccaBanana.htm (323 words)

	DCQ Spring Equinox 2004 \| Yucca whipplei: a life in verse
		Yucca moth with its fl ovipositor stuck into yucca flower ovary, to deposit an egg inside the ovary.
		Miller, J.A. Moths escape from evolutionary dead end (coevolution of the yucca plant yucca moth; research update from annual meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences).
		Ramsay, M. and Schrock, J.R. The yucca plant and the yucca moth.
	www.ventanawild.org /news/se04/yuccamoth.html (1463 words)

	yucca plant \| Sustainable Horticulture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		by the yucca moth; the insect purposefully transfers the pollen from the stamens of one plant to the stigma...
		This is because the leaves of the yucca plant are usually pointed, narrow and stiff, and have typical...
		The Yucca plant is an evergreen shrub and it...
	www.sustainablehorticulture.com /plants/yucca-plant.php (270 words)

	Yucca Moth Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Close-up view of a Yucca whipplei seed chamber containing the larva of a yucca moth (Tegeticula maculata).
		Although it is roughly the same size as female moths (or slightly smaller), it lacks the enlarged, coiled maxillary palpi and slender ovipositor.
		Yucca weevils feed on the sap of the growing flower stalk of Yucca whipplei.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ww0902c.htm (168 words)

	Global Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-22)
		Yucca plants require the moths for pollination resulting in seed production and genetic diversity.
		During the night when the flowers are open, the female Yucca moth collects a load of sticky pollen and forms it into a ball.
		The Yucca plant cannot reproduce seeds without the Yucca moth and similarly, the Yucca plants are the only known host plants for the moths.
	www.environmentaldefence.ca /aveda/yucca.htm (306 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Yucca
		Any of various evergreen plants of the genus Yucca, native to the warmer regions of North America, having often tall stout stems and a terminal cluster of white flowers.
		The Spanish bayonet (Yucca aloifolia), native to the West Indies, Mexico, and the southeastern United States, bears white flowers and grows to a height of 8 m (25 ft).
		The Spanish dagger (Yucca gloriosa) is native to the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Florida; it bears white, reddish-tinged flowers and reaches a height of 2.4 m (8 ft).
	www.fusionanomaly.net /yucca.html (437 words)

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