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Topic: Yugoslav Peoples Army

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Military of Yugoslavia

Mose Pijade

Peko Dapcevic

Partisans (Yugoslavia)

Milovan Djilas

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League of Communists of Yugoslavia

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Military of Serbia and Montenegro

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Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

	Yugoslav People's Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Yugoslav People's Army (YPA) (Serbian: Југословенска народна армија / Jugoslovenska narodna armija (JHA / JNA); Croatian: Jugoslavenska narodna armija (JNA); Slovene: Jugoslovanska ljudska armada (JLA); Macedonian: Jугословенската народна армија (JНA); Albanian: Armata Popullore e Jugosllavisë) was the military force of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
		In March of 1945, the NOVJ was renamed the Yugoslav Army (Jugoslovenska Armija) and finally on December 22, 1951 received the adjective People's (i.e.
		The army converted ten of twelve infantry divisions into twenty-nine tank, mechanized, and mountain infantry brigades with integral artillery, air defense, and antitank regiments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/JNA (2589 words)

	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was the Yugoslav state that existed from the end of World War II (1945) until it disintegrated in the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s.
		Also, there was an ethnic designation of "declared as Yugoslavs", for the people who did not wish to express specific ethnic designation, being of mixed ancestry or for other reasons.
		The Yugoslav People's Army or JNA/JLA was the main organization of the military forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia (1631 words)

	frontline: the world's most wanted man: bosnia: an expert's overview: the yugoslav people's army
		The army was basically the only federal institution that survived (the collapse of Yugoslavia.) Gradually, at the time when authority was given to the Republics and when the federal Presidency disappeared, all that was left was one single federation institution, i.e.
		So the Serbs had the dominating positions or posts in the army, and then the army was a federal institution, but lived on the communist regimes since in any communist regime the military were privileged.
		So the army as a whole, wanted to maintain the federation and, as far as most of the officers are concerned, they wanted to maintain the federation which was directly connected with defending the Serb people.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/karadzic/bosnia/yugoarmy.html (498 words)

	Ground Forces - Serbia
		The Yugoslav army lacked sufficient fire support from the air force, although by 1990, the latter was acquiring additional ground attack aircraft and helicopters to perform this mission.
		The sucessors of the YPA are the Army of Yugoslavia [VJ] and the Army of the Serb Republic [VRS], though in practice the distinction between these formations has declined with time.
		Units of the 2nd and 3rd Armies of the Yugoslav Army have conducted exercises in counterinsurgency and anti-landing operations in the area of the Pester plateau in Sandzak, and have continued similar exercises in the Kosovo area.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/serbia/army.htm (2175 words)

	Tanjug Daily News Review, 96-05-15
		the yugoslav delegation was received at the international migrations organization by james purcell who asssed as very positive the meeting of the working group for humanitarian affairs, especially the conclusions of this meeting which should give impetus to the process of the massive return of displaced persons and refugees.
		the yugoslav prime minister said the government had opted for the alternative of using facilities for debt servicing with the paris and london clubs, because it was their practice to grant 20-percent off a debt at the start and subject the remainder to reorganization.
		yugoslav authorities extradited kremenovic and erdemovic at the request of the hague tribunal on march 30 as witnesses.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/tanjug/1996/96-05-15.tanjug.html (7746 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - The Yugoslav Peoples's Army: Between Civil War and Disintegration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The officer corps of the YPA is drawn predominantly from among Serbs and Montenegrins.
		The YPA continued to defend itself in the press against charges that it was an occupation force, stating that it was preserving the territorial and constitutional integrity of the SFRY and had been forced to act because of "hatred, terror, and extremely inhumane actions" directed against it by the Slovenian Government and forces.
		[The] YPA is in a war imposed on it by the secessionists of Slovenia and Croatia, unscrupulously determined to crash the foundations of Yugoslavia, all of the achievements of socialist development within the Yugoslav community, as well as the interests of all Yugoslav nations.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/yugomr.htm (5010 words)

	Yugoslav medals and badges
		Yugoslav medal for the 10th anniversary of the Yugoslav
		Yugoslav medal for the 20th anniversary of the Yugoslav
		Yugoslav medal for the 30th anniversary of the Yugoslav
	www.tridentmilitary.com /World-Militaria/yugo-medals.html (625 words)

	Balkan Repository Project - Yugoslav Crisis 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Federal police and YPA were authorized to remove these border check points and regain control over state borders of Yugoslavia with Italy, Austria and Hungary, occupied by Slovenian border organs.
		The essence of the proposal is awar ding of sovereignty and independence to republics - former federal units, their international recognition as states, possibility for free association of sovereign states and establishment of the mechanism for protection of human rights and rights of natio nal and ethnic groups.
		All units and personal of the Yugoslav Peoples Army, Croatian National Guard and Territorial Defence would be withdrawn from these areas, and all paramilitary and irregular units would be disbanded and demobilized.
	www.balkan-archive.org.yu /politics/chronology/chron91.html (5729 words)

	Foreign Military Studies Office Publications -International Ramifications of Yugoslavia's Serial Wars: the Challenge of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Yugoslav Communism proclaimed a "solution" to the ethno-national conflicts that had de-stabilized the Yugoslav monarchy and fed the bloody genocide, associated with German conquest, Axis rule, and the Ustashe death camps.
		The centralist coalition represented the federal army's high command, the federal government, and the Serbian-led political bloc, with the coalition's aim being the preservation of the essentials of Yugoslavia's socialist political set-up and asserting Serbia's dominant role in the federal state.
		Since the people are both the target of the violence and the center of gravity of the aggressor force, its active or passive base of support, the coercive means applied must in some fashion break the bond between army and people.
	fmso.leavenworth.army.mil /documents/yugo-ram.htm (18198 words)

	TRIAL - Track Impunity Always : Search
		Army General Sreten Lukic was born on 28 March 1955 in the municipality of Visegrad in present day Bosnia-Herzegovina.
		Army Corps General Dragoljub Ojdanic was born on 1st June 1941 in the village of Ravni, near to Uzice in the territory of present day Serbia.
		As a former professional military officer in the Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA), he served for five years as an active military officer of the JNA in Djakovica.
	www.trial-ch.org /en/trial-watch/search/context/1.html (696 words)

	Bosnian Congres - The War in Bosnia
		Federation The Yugoslav Peoples Army and the Territorial Defense The Assembly, Presidency and Government of Yugoslavia The War.....................................................
		Hence, the truth is opposite from the teachings we have received in the Yugoslav schools: the ancestors of today's Serbs and Croats have under pressure from "outsiders" and the Crusaders abandoned their Bogumil religion.
		The basis for existence of a people, such as its sovereignty, territories and the national dignity are priceless.
	www.hdmagazine.com /bosnia/articles/book-1.html (6000 words)

	Special Weapons Facilities - Serbia
		The VJ and its predecessor the Yugoslav Peoples Army (YPA) also had an extensive and sophisticated chemical weapons program prior to the breakup of Yugoslavia.
		The army of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) inherited much of this program and that stockpiles and offensive and defensive military doctrine exist for its use potentially during the current crisis.
		According to a public document, "Yugoslav Army Involvement With Chemical Weapons," prepared by the Yugoslav Federal President's office in September 1991, thousand of rockets for the 262mm multiple rocket launcher system, were produced with chemical weapons warheads filled with phosgene and BZ.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/serbia/cw.htm (770 words)

	Project on Defense Alternatives - Slovenian Security in the European Perspective
		The partisan and all-Yugoslav liberation movement of World War II and the international power of the second Yugoslavia had given a chance to Slovenia to establish its identity as a republic and also as a kind of intra-state in its current borders.
		The decision of the Yugoslav Peoples' Army to deploy classic military intervention instruments to bring the insubordinate inhabitants and politicians of Slovenia under central meant intervention against the very people whose security the Yugoslav Peoples' Army was supposed to provide for.
		The Territorial Defense was renamed to the Slovenian Army (Slovenska vojska) in 1994.
	www.comw.org /pda/9909slov.html (10314 words)

	Yugoslav Daily Survey, 98-05-06
		Yugoslav Information Secretary Goran Matic sent a letter to German Deutsche Welle radio station Director-General Dieter Weirich and also to the German Foreign Ministry, protesting over the radio's continued false reporting on the situation in the southern Serbian province of Kosovo and Metohija.
		During the visit to Guanxi, the Yugoslav delegation conferred with the region's Deputy Mayor and in Naning and Guilin with the town Deputy Mayors.
		Yugoslav State Attorney Vukasin Jokanovic said in an interview to the Belgrade daily Borba that the FR of Yugoslavia did not forgo the prospect of organizing a trial of World War II criminal Dinko Sakic, although Croatia was the first country to demand his extradition from Argentina.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/yds/1998/98-05-06.yds.html (3466 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 1999
		Those with an interest in the American Civil War may recall that Scott was general-in-chief of the Union Army on the eve of the war and is most often remembered as the architect of the "Anaconda Plan," a cumbersome scheme to defeat the South in a deliberate campaign.
		Born in 1786 and appointed to the Army by Thomas Jefferson in 1808, Scott became a general officer and national hero in the War of 1812.
		By 1841 he was commanding general of the Army, a position he was to hold for the next 20 years, during which time the nation pushed its boundaries westward.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/99autumn/aut-rev.htm (8084 words)

	Croatian View Point, Justice, Peace, Honour, History
		In that essay I argued that the political collapse of the rotating presidency and the transformation of the Yugoslav Peoples Army into a purely Serbian Army was part of a long term plan to create a greater-Serbian state.
		Knin was one of many army barracks in the region and because the Yugoslav Peoples Army leadership was dominated by Serbs their numbers and influence increased.
		The ineffective international response to this one-sided aggression, and the dire consequences of re-defining terrorism as ethnic cleansing or ethnic tensions have led to the death of 250,000 innocent people.
	www.croatianviewpoint.com /v_ca_cusif.htm (2054 words)

	Annex IV : The policy of ethnic cleansing
		The Slavic people migrated from the caucuses to the Balkan peninsula between the Sixth and the Eighth Century.
		Yugoslavs, for example, could travel fairly freely, visas were granted to foreign visitors or were not required at all, and foreign books, periodicals and newspapers were available.
		The federal army relocated its troops from the cities to the countryside and deployed units at major communications points.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /comexpert/ANX/IV.htm (15505 words)

	October 24, 1994 Vreme News Digest Agency No 161
		People in Subotica are quietly gossiping about the dismissal while the military authorities are keeping silent.
		They spoke of army convoys whose drivers were ordered by Jovanovic to bring the fuel from Mirkovci and Negoslavci (villages in Baranja) to Bezdan (Vojvodina), where it was transferred to ships.
		Stipanovic, the local SPS party secretary, was given Yugoslav Army weapons to arm his volunteers for battles outside FRY territory.
	www.scc.rutgers.edu /serbian_digest/161/t161-8.htm (847 words)

	Metelkova Mesto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A good half a year after the Yugoslav Peoples Armý s departure in the Autumn of 1991, in April 1992, the City of Ljubljana and the Government of Republic of Slovenia assigned the ultimate purpose of the barracks to be that of the program of Network for Metelkova.
		The people of Metelkova together with architect Kevin Kaufman from New York produced the Metelkova Developement Plan (http://www.ljudmila.org/retina/metelkova-katalo/), a plan with program solutions for individual buildings.
		In 1995, the mayor, the people of Metelkova and Retina signed a Protocol on settling Metelkova situation and made an agreement to arrange rental contracts and acceptable conditions for work.
	www.ljudmila.org /metelko/zgodovina (1199 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The "Yugoslav" is Drazen Erdemovic, a Bosnian Croat, who at various times served in all four armies during the war - the Yugoslav Peoples Army, JNA, the Croatian Defence Council, HVO, the Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina, ABH, and the Army of Republika Srpska, VRS.
		Of the former, 15 are Bosnian Serbs, eight are Yugoslav citizens and two are Bosnian Croats.
		The eight Yugoslav citizens include the so-called "Kosovo five", headed by former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic, and three former Yugoslav Peoples Army officers known as the "Vukovar three".
	www.iwpr.net /archive/tri/tri_225_1_eng.txt (1041 words)

	Annex III : The military structure, strategy and tactics of the warring factions
		The history of war clearly reveals that professional armies that are under effective command and control commit fewer violations than fighting units that are not properly trained in the law of armed conflict and are not under the effective command and control of superior officers.
		The specter of a Soviet invasion permeated Yugoslav strategic thought at all levels, and was directly responsible for the force structure that evolved in the former Yugoslavia and in the republics.
		This threat of secession prompted a military response from the Yugoslav federal government in an attempt to preserve the territorial integrity of the government.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /comexpert/ANX/III.htm (14088 words)

	Federation of American Scientists
		This raises the concern as yet unreported in the press that Milosevic may be planning to use or threatening to use, as a last resort, chemical weapons in Kosovo or in greater Serbia, especially if NATO ground troops enter the conflict, which is becoming increasingly possible.
		In the same document, the Yugoslav Federal President's office also claimed that several thousands of these rockets -- it is not indicated what type -- were shipped to Iraq in 1989-90.
		Manufacturing was slowed after the dissolution of Yugoslavia but stockpiles which are in control of the VJ have remained viable and have not been destroyed.
	www.commondreams.org /pressreleases/april99/040899c.htm (720 words)

	Press Release - 9 November 1995
		The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia announces today the indictment of three senior officers of the Yugoslav Peoples Army (JNA) allegedly responsible "for the mass killing at Ovcara, near Vukovar (Eastern Slavonian region of Croatia) of approximately 260 captive non-Serb men who had been removed from Vukovar Hospital on 20 November 1991".
		After the siege of Vukovar, he was promoted to the rank of general with the Yugoslav Army (JA) before becoming in 1995 the commanding officer of the "Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina".
		Since then, he has been promoted to the rank of colonel with the Yugoslav Army (JA) and is now in command of a JA Brigade in Podgorica (Montenegro).
	www.un.org /icty/pressreal/p024-e.htm (744 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Spring 2002
		A nation, as Thomas Franck has noted, largely comprises a people, while a state consists of its citizenry and bounded territory.[36] Only rarely does a nation of one people find itself within the exclusive territory of a defined boundary in a “pure” nation-state.
		Once the compromise name, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), was approved by the UN, the country was finally able to join the International Monetary Fund and attain observer status in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).
		She recently completed a book-length manuscript titled ”The Fight for Legitimacy: Democracy Versus Terrorism,” which examines three specific European security cases: the Basques and ETA in Spain, the ethnic Albanians and the NLA in Macedonia, and the Kurds and the PKK in Turkey.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/02spring/liotta.htm (6255 words)

	Sarajevo, breadline massacre. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The entire people, the Serbs, were to endure four years of harshest sanctions ever imposed by the UN.
		The majority of the people killed are alleged to be "tame Serbs".
		People, and children in particular, die as the direct result of the sanctions.
	www.srpska-mreza.com /library/facts/breadline.html (1537 words)

	TEKST 07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At the beginning of the 1960s, the architect Ivan Vitić, born in Šibenik, designed the building of the Hall of the Yugoslav People’s Army on Poljana, [ibenik, one of the key works in his rather fruitful career.
		This previous study of the redevelopment of the entire space between Poljana and St. Francis’s church represents some kind of creative initial vision located between the demands of the preservationists and the imperative of powerful modernity which would be realized later on.
		The said study clearly shows the intention of including a new primary school as a separate extension, and the need to retain the former city coffee house on the location of the future Army Hall was being questioned.
	www.revijaoris.net /oris_br_38/tekst_07.htm (349 words)

	A Marxist view of the Yugoslav tragedy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The central government of Yugoslavia was dominated by the Serbian elite, Karadjis details: “By the 1970s, Serbs, around 40% of the population, made up 78.9% of personnel in the federal administration and about 70% of the military officialdom of the [Yugoslav Peoples Army]”.
		Greater centralisation of Yugoslavia and “Greater Serbia” are seemingly in contradiction but, argues Karadjis, Milosevic and his backers saw centralisation as a useful, intermediate step towards their long-term goal, as it would disproportionately strengthen the position of the Serb elite.
		The fear of “instability” due to the struggle of the Kosovan people for national self-determination worried both Milosevic and the West.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2001/435/435p24.htm (1392 words)

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