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Topic: Yungang Grottoes

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	Protecting the Yungang Grottoes from Air Pollution Damage
		The Yungang Grottoes belong to a string of early Buddhist cave temples that stretch across northern China.
		The Yungang Grottoes are carved into the side of a cliff in the Wuzhou hills overlooking a river valley by the village of Yungang.
		Excavation of the Buddhist cave temples at Yungang began in 454 A.D. under the patronage of the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wen-ch'eng.
	www.thesalmons.org /lynn/chinawork.html (3808 words)

	Yungang Grottoes　Research institute-Introduction to the Grottoes-- Powered By SiteEngine
		Yungang Grottoes is a treasure house of art as famous as the Ajanta Grottoes of India and the mammoth Buddha sculptures at Bamyan in Afghanistan.
		The Yungang grottoes were carved on the face of a low ridge, stretching 1km from east to west; there are 254 caves and some 51,000 statues; amongst them, the largest one is 17m in the height, but the smallest one is only 2cm.
		Yungang Grottoes, the grand symbol of the royal Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a witness of China’s culture history.
	www.yungang.org /index.php?styleid=2 (531 words)

	Yungang Grottoes
		The grottoes are located 16 kilometers to the west of Datong City in Shanxi Province, on the southern ridge of Wu Zhou Mountain.
		To the east of these five grottoes are Grottoes #9 to #13, which have come to be known as the 'painted' caves since later generations painted the carvings in them.
		Grottoes #5 and #6 are closely linked and are on a very grand scale: the central seated Buddha in #5 stands seventeen meters high, the tallest of any statue at the Yungang Grottoes.
	www.chinamuseums.com /yungang_Grottoes.htm (768 words)

	Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province
		The Yungang Grottoes are divided into three zones: east, west and central and numbered from east to west.
		Grotto No. 20 – one of the five earliest caves of monk Tan Yao – houses the sitting statute of Sakyamuni, 13.7 meters high, with a full and round face with a majestic smile, slim lips and a high nose, ears that extend almost to the shoulders, radiant eyes and broad shoulders.
		Sakyamuni statue is representative of Buddha sculptures in Yungang Grottoes.
	www.china.org.cn /english/kuaixun/75235.htm (511 words)

	Shanxi・Datong・Yungang Grottoes・3D Virtual Tour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		One of three grottoes in China, Yungang is situated in the western suburbs of Datong, Shanxi.
		In the middle stage of Yungang Grottoes, apart from a richer content in its carvings, the features and garments of the Buddhas gradually took on an oriental flavor.
		Yungang Grottoes is a treasure house of China and of mankind.
	chinavr.net /shanxi/datong/ygsk_e.htm (726 words)

	Yungang Buddhist Caves China - China tourist & travel guide for Yungang Buddhist Caves, China
		Yungang Buddhist Caves, located at the foot of the Wuzhou Mountain, 16 kilometers from Datong City, is one of China's four most famous "Buddhist Caves Art Treasure Houses".
		On the Cave walls and the four faces of the pagoda, are carved Jataka of Buddhism, on a grand scale, which, as a skillful work of art, is the essence of Yungang Grottoes.
		Yungang Caves comprise 24 mini-caves housing four seated statues which are round-faced, thin-lipped and high-nosed with a background of beautiful patterns of flames, sitting Buddha etc.
	www.orientaltravel.com /province/city/area/Yungang_Buddhist_Caves.htm (400 words)

	Yungang Grottoes presented in Arts section
		Most of the caves at Yungang were carved between 460 and 494 AD during the Northern Wei Dynasty under the supervision of a Buddhist monk named Tan Yao (T’an-yao).
		Yungang Grottoes is located at the southern foot of Mt Wuzhou, about 16 kilometres west of Datong City, Shanxi Province.
		It is as famous as the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang and Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/more/yungang_grottoes (559 words)

	Yungang Grottoes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cell murals and statues in the Yungang Grottoes
		The Yungang Grottoes (Simplified Chinese: 云冈石窟; Traditional Chinese: 雲崗石窟; pinyin: Yúngāng Shíkū) are ancient Buddhist temple grottoes near the city of Datong in the Chinese province of Shanxi.
		The grottoes were mainly constructed in the period between 460-525 AD during the Northern Wei dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yungang_Grottoes (237 words)

	Yungang Grottoes Retell Buddhism's Journey in China (June 11, 2004)
		At Yungang Grottoes, modern Chinese still have a chance to worship emperors from 1,500 years ago as many Buddha statues had been made with them as a prototype.
		However, while the first state-funded Buddha grotto project was started in the then capital of Pingcheng, present day Datong in Shanxi Province, program director Monk Tan Yao was required to cast five statues looking the same as the five Xianbei emperors who had contributed to the establishment of Northern Wei Dynasty.
		Compared with Mogao and Longmen Grottoes in Gansu and Henan provinces respectively, the Yungang Grottoes is the only one accomplished within one dynasty and represents Chinese people's first large-scale assimilation of Buddhist culture.
	www.chinaplanner.com /update/061104.htm (886 words)

	Chinese Architecture: Yungang Grottoes, Datong
		This was to herald the beginning of the carved grottoes at Yungang as well as the construction of other Buddhist structures in and around the capital.
		The Yungang Grottoes were not the first of China’s cave carvings, though they were China’s first major stone carved grottoes.
		The carving of the grottoes initially was a partnership between the imperial sponsors and the Buddhist community.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /datong/YUNGANG.htm (1210 words)

	caves
		The Yungang Shiku (Cloud Ridge Caves) were carved in sandstone from about AD 460 to 470.
		The grottoes are found 16 km west of the city of Datong, and located next to the pass leading to inner Mongolia.
		The earliest grottoes to be carved are 16,17,18,19, and 20.
	ias.berkeley.edu /orias/visuals/buddha/caves/BuddhaCaves.html (286 words)

	Mogao and Yungang Grottoes (Conservation at the Getty)
		The interior of Cave 61 at the Mogao grottoes, constructed in the 10th century during the Five Dynasties period.
		The Colossal Buddha at the Yungang grottoes in Datong, China.
		An overview of the Yungang grottoes in 1988.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/field_projects/sitecon/sitecon_images.html (460 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| Archaeology \| Pollution, No.1 "killer" of world heritage grottoes site
		The experts of the research institute for Yungang Grottoes found excess dust and sulfur dioxide, the industrial leftover often found in the air of Shanxi, a major coal producer in China, have sped up the natural weathering for the grottoes, said Dr. Huang Jizhong, deputy director of the institute.
		The Yungang Grottoes, 16 kilometers west of the city of Datong,were hewn from the cliffs in a honeycomb pattern and stretch for a kilometer from east to west.
		Within four decades, 1,000 grottoes and 100,000 Buddhist statues were completed together with large numbers of niches and colorful decorations.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=4,2201,0,0,1,0 (298 words)

	Clean Air Initiative: Asia - Pollution Harms Grottoes
		The China Daily reports weathering triggered by air pollution is the number one "killer" of Yungang Grottoes in North China's Shanxi Province.
		Experts at the research institute for Yungang Grottoes has found that excessive dust and sulphur dioxide, residue of industrial pollution in the air, has accelerated the natural weathering of the grottoes.
		The Yungang Grottoes were formed into a honeycomb pattern in the cliffs more than 1500 years ago and stretch for a kilometer from east to west.
	www.cleanairnet.org /caiasia/1412/article-70350.html (171 words)

	Beauty, the Land of China - Shanxi
		The Yungang Grottoes is one of them and is located at the southern foot of the Wuzhou Mountain, 10 kilometers west of Datong city.
		The first grottoes were created in 453 A.D. and later extended to one full kilometer in length.
		The costumes and crowns, architectural designs, musical and dance performance episodes, and decorative patterns retained in the grottoes provide rich and valuable subjects for the study of the ancient Chinese culture and art.
	library.thinkquest.org /20443/shanxi.html (892 words)

	China - Yungang Grottoes
		The Yungang Grottoes, in Datong city, Shanxi Province, with their 252 caves and 51,000 statues, represent the outstanding achievement of Buddhist cave art in China in the 5th and 6th centuries.
		The Yungang Grottoes, a famous Buddhist Cave Temple, is located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain in Datong, Shanxi Province.
		With a history of more than 1,500 years, construction of the Yungang Grottoes started in the mid-fifth century, and the major grottoes were completed before the time when the Northern Wei Dynasty (386 --- 534) moved its capital to Luoyang.
	worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk /frame-ChinaYungang.htm (270 words)

	CNTO - China National Tourist Office
		The Yungang Grottoes are a treasure house of ancient Buddhist art with 53 rock caves and 51,000 statues.
		It is as famous as the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, and the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province.
		It is an ancient cultural city dating back 2,000 years and known both in China and abroad for its many places of interest, such as the Yungang Grottoes and the Overhanging Monastery on Mt. Hengshan, one of the five holy mountains of Taoism.
	www.cnto.org /datong.asp (373 words)

	Yungang Grottoes - Datong Travel
		The Yungang Caves are located approximately sixteen kilometres west of Datong in Shanxi Province and consists of a series of 53 caves.
		The grottoes extend one kilometre from east to west and can be classified into three major categories.
		The Bodhisattva is engraved in Cave 7.In Yungang Cave 8 is an extremely rare statue of Shiva seen with eight arms and four heads and riding on a bull.
	www.cntravel.biz /cityguides/datong/yungang_grottoes.htm (392 words)

	Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes
		The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are located in Dunhuang County, Gansu Province, some twenty-five kilometers southeast of the city.
		The #16 grotto at Dunhuang is the one that attracted global attention and brought treasure seekers from the West.
		There are five levels in all to the Mogao Grottoes, which range from north to south across roughly 1,600 meters.
	www.chinamuseums.com /dunhuang_mogao.htm (579 words)

	Chinese Arts - Plastic and Graphic Art é åè—è¡“ - Buddhist Grotto Sculpture ...
		Although the Northern Wei had their "house" grottoes at Yungang and later at Longshan, monk artists of Dunhuang were encouraged to create hundreds and thousands of statues and paintings.
		Tang period å” emperors sponsored the grottoes too, but with the revival of Confucianism under late Tang and the Song Dynasty å®, the Dunhuang grottoes fell into oblivion.
		One of the earliest and the main Buddha statue of Yungang Caves.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /Art/Grottoes/grottoes.html (1513 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| Archaeology \| Yungang Grottoes attract 15 million tourists
		Tuesday at Yungang to discuss the protection and study of grottoes.
		The Yungang Grottoes were opened to public in 1977 when a three-year repair project was
		grottoes to survive water erosion and rescuing them from collapsing over the past 50 years.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=4,1497,0,0,1,0 (234 words)

	Protection of Yungang Grottoes Effective: Expert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Mohammad Rafique Mughal, a professor of archaeology at Boston University, said after his recent trip to the grotto in north China's Shanxi province, that he was deeply impressed with the efforts.
		The Yungang Grottoes, one of the largest and oldest Buddhist cave formations in China, applied for placement on the World Cultural Heritage List, which operates under UNESCO, last year.
		The grottoes here are even more spectacular than they are in pictures, said Mughal.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /english/200103/05/print20010305_64132.html (209 words)

	Travel in China,Yungang Buddhist Grottoes
		The affects of man's occupation of the Datong area is noticable in so many ways, from the fumes of fl sooty smoke that plumes from factory chimneys, to the crowds that litter the streets and trample the paths.
		The grottoes lie 16km west of Datong, dug out of a sandstone cliff that is a part of the large Wuzhoushan Mountain range.
		In its golden days Yungang was about 15km long, and it still remains one of the better grotto complexes along with Dunhuang's Mogao Grottoes, Luoyang's Longmen Caves and Tianshui's Maijishan Grottoes.
	www.chinavoc.com /travel/scenery/yggrottoes_s.asp?id=h (353 words)

	Yungang Caves: Buddhist Grottoes, Datong Travel
		Located 16 kilometers (10 miles) west of Datong City, Yungang Grottoes is a complex of 45 grottoes carved into the cliffs of Wuzhou Mountain.
		Yungang Grottoes, together with Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Dunhuang Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes in Gansu, are considered as the Four Greatest Buddha Grottoes in China.
		Other grottoes having been carved primarily around 494, and prior to Emperor Xiaowen of the Wei relocating his capital to today's Luoyang in Henan Province.
	www.warriortours.com /cityguides/datong/yungang_grottoes.htm (341 words)

	Donald Sturgeon's Homepage - Yungang Grottoes
		Having been to Longmen, I had expected the grottoes at Yungang to be a similar but smaller-scale affair.
		But no! Although (in what seems to be a major PR failure), Yungang had far fewer tourists, there was a great deal to see, and not just more of the same from Longmen.
		In sharp contrast to the statues at Longmen, many of the indoor buddhas and other carvings retain much of their former colours (presumably due to some relatively recent restoration, though it was unclear when this had occurred).
	www.dsturgeon.net /2003/yungang-e.html (179 words)

	Yungang Caves, Datong Attractions, Shanxi Travel
		Yungang Caves, one of the three major cave clusters in China, punctuate the north cliff of Wuzhou Mountain, Datong.
		During the reign of Emperor Xiao Wen a monk named Tanyao took charge of the construction of Yungang Caves.
		Yungang Caves graphically tell the story of past glory.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /attraction/shanxi/datong/yungang_grottoes.htm (421 words)

	Peter Cheung's YunGang Grottoes, China
		Also information on YunGang Grottoes are not unified and there are many different points of views.
		This web site is to promote YunGang Grottos as a tourist site for foreign travelers who is interested in Art and History.
		This web site is organized by grottoes numbers from 1 to 53 in three sections.
	yunganggrottoes.tripod.com (389 words)

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