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Topic: Z boson

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	Z - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Unicode the capital Z is codepoint U+005A and the lowercase z is U+007A.
		In particle physics, Z is the symbol for the Z boson.
		Z Communications is a politically progressive left-wing, journalism-intensive, media group, founded in 1987 by Michael Albert.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Z (1391 words)

	Encyclopedia: Z boson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In physics, the W and Z bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak nuclear force.
		The W and Z bosons are carrier particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, much like the photon is the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force.
		The exchange of a Z boson between particles, called a neutral current interaction, therefore leaves the interacting particles unaffected, except for a transfer of momentum.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Z-boson (951 words)

	Theory: Weak Interaction Carrier Particles
		The Z boson has no electric charge and no other distinguishable quantum number so the antiparticle of a Z boson is a Z boson.
		Because the mass of the Z is large compared to the mass of the photon in most low energy situations the effects of Z-exchanges are tiny compared to photon exchanges.
		Z bosons decay to produce either quark and its matching flavor antiquark or a lepton and its matching anti-lepton.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /vvc/theory/weakbosons.html (218 words)

	W and Z bosons : Z boson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The W Boson is an elementary particle, having an electric charge of just ±1, a mass of 80.4110 GeV (about 80 times the proton's mass), and weak isospin of the same.
		The W and Z are accurately described by a SU(2) Gauge theory[?], but the bosons in a gauge theory must be massless.
		The combination of the SU(2) gauge theory describing the W and Z, the electromagnetic interaction, and the Higgs mechanism is known as the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model.
	www.termsdefined.net /z-/z-boson.html (473 words)

	Z Boson + Photon Production at D-Zero (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From 1992-1995 we observed nearly 6 trillion collisions and identified 39 collisions in which both a Z boson and a photon were produced.
		The theory predicts that there are no direct interactions between the Z boson and the photon because they both have neutral charge.
		In total we found 17 candidate events where the Z decayed into a muon and anti-muon, 18 candidate events where the Z decayed into an electron and anti-electron (positron), and 4 candidate events (in the first 1/8 of the collisions) where the Z decayed into a neutrino and anti-neutrino.
	www-d0.fnal.gov /public/pubs/zgamma_prl.html (495 words)

	Transverse Momentum of the Z Boson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Z boson is the neutral carrier of the weak force (the W+ and W- are the other two, charged, carriers).
		In proton-antiproton collisions, Z bosons are sometimes created when a quark from the proton collides with an antiquark from the antiproton.
		I chose to study the "electron channel", where the Z boson decays into an electron and a positron, because electrons are the most precisely measured objects at DØ and would, therefore, yield the most precisely measured Z bosons.
	www.dylancasey.org /thesis.html (400 words)

	Tommaso Dorigo: Hadronization
		Z bosons are the carriers of the Weak Interactions, together with W bosons (bosons are force carriers, in general: other examples are the gluon - strong force!
		Z bosons are heavy things: more or less like silver atoms.
		The sun-like symbol at the top is the Z boson disintegrating; the arrow shows the direction of time.
	qd.typepad.com /6/2005/02/color_radiation.html (1063 words)

	CompMethPP-Z Physics-Introduction
		Visible (=measureable) decays of the Z boson are decays into lepton-antilepton pairs (electrons, muons, taus) and quark-antiquark pairs (up, down, strange, charm, bottom).
		The goal of analysing histograms is to measure the branching ratios of the Z boson for the leptonic and hadronic final state, as well as the cross section for hadron production as a function of the centre-of-mass energy.
		Perform a fit of the theoretical prediction for the resonance shape to these data points, where the free parameters to be determined are the Z mass, the Z width and the hadronic cross section at the peak of the resonance.
	ihp-lx2.ethz.ch /CompMethPP/zphys/intro.html (540 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The cross-sections of the Z boson decaying into electron-positron pairs and the W boson decaying into electron and neutrino are measured using high Pt electrons.
		The data were taken by the Collider Detector at Fermilab(CDF) from March 2002 through January 2003, with a total integrated luminosity of 72.0 pb-1.
		From the ratio of these cross sections, R = sigma_W.Br(W->e nu)/sigma_Z.Br(Z->e+e-) = 9.88 +/- 0.53, the branching ratio of W in electron and neutrino and the total width of the W boson are extracted, giving Br(W->e nu) = Gamma(W->e nu)/ Gamma(W) = (9.89 +/- 0.49)\%, and Gamma(W) = (2.29 +/- 0.12) GeV.
	www-cdf.fnal.gov /thesis/cdf6521_eratio_thesis.txt (191 words)

	PN423 3 March 2000 Z Boson Pair Production in e (ResearchIndex)
		In all states with at least one Z boson decaying hadronically, qq and bb final states are considered separately using lifetime and event-shape tags, thereby improving the cross-section measurement.
		61 Ward and Z (context) - Jadach - 1999
		61 Ward and Z (context) - Jadach, Placzek et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /612559.html (399 words)

	Experimental Evidence for the Z' Vector Boson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A new neutral particle, called the Z prime particle, is postulated to be a low energy manifestation of some versions of Grand Unified theory and Superstring theory.
		If the Z prime particle exist than prior to electroweak scale symmetry breaking the group structure of the Universe would be.
		This means that the bosons associated with the generators of the broken symmetry of this group structure would be the gluon octet, W+ & - bosons and THREE SU(3)_c X U(1)_em singlets the photon, the Z and the Z prime bosons.
	www.aias.us /Comments/comments12062003.html (624 words)

	Physics News Update Number 502 - Story AN INTRIGUING HINT OF THE HIGGS BOSON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		CERN decided today that the high energy electron-positron collisions at LEP will continue, the better to supplement the meager, but potentially crucial, evidence for the Higgs boson, the particle widely thought to be responsible for endowing other known particles with mass.
		Theorists have said that in some collisions a Higgs boson (h) might be produced back to back with a Z boson, one of the carriers of the weak force and itself the object of a dramatic particle hunt at CERN 20 years ago.
		In these rare events, both h and Z are expected to decay quickly into two sprays, or jets, of particles.
	www.aip.org /enews/physnews/2000/split/pnu502-1.htm (259 words)

	Citebase - Higgs and Z boson decays into light gluinos
		In contrast, the branching ratio for the two--body decay of Z bosons into pairs of light gluinos is less than 0.1\%.
		The properties of the neutral and charged Higgs bosons of the extended Higgs sector are summarized and their decay modes and production mechanisms at hadron colliders and at future lepton co...
		The remarkable agreement of electroweak data with standard model (SM) predictions motivates the study of extensions of the SM in which the Higgs boson is light and couples in a standard way to the weak gauge bosons.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/9411314 (1252 words)

	Combination procedure for the precise determination of Z boson parameters from results of the LEP experiments ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Combination procedure for the precise determination of Z boson parameters from results of the Lep experiments
		Abstract: The precise determination of the Z boson parameters from the measurements at the Z resonance by the four collaborations Aleph, Delphi, L3 and Opal in e + e collisions at the large electron positron collider Lep at CERN is a landmark for precision tests of the electroweak theory.
		The four experiments measured quantities which were used to extract the mass and width of the Z boson, the hadronic cross-section at the pole of the resonance, the ratio of hadronic and leptonic decay widths,...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /415046.html (439 words)

	Re: If a Neutrino is the smallest subatomic particle, what happens when they co
		These include the photon which carries the electromagnetic force, the gluon which carries the strong nuclear force which binds quarks together into composite particles like the proton, and the W and Z bosons which carry the weak nuclear force responsible for processes like nuclear decay.
		This means that a neutrino must exchange a neutral Z boson or a charged W boson with a passing particle, a process that occurs very rarely.
		Since the W boson also carries momentum, the outgoing particles have different directions and momenta than the initial incoming neutrinos.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1998-05/894568485.Ph.r.html (608 words)

	Ulrich Baur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For the past few years, I have concentrated on di-boson production; that is, the production of WZ, W-photon, and Z-photon pairs (the W and Z bosons are the carriers of the weak force) at the Tevatron Collider, located at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) about forty miles west of Chicago.
		Because of its gauge theory nature the GSW model exactly predicts the self-interactions of W and Z bosons, and photons, and these self-interactions can be tested in W and Z boson pair production.
		More recently I have become interested in how electroweak radiative corrections and multiple photon radiation shift the experimentally measured W and Z boson masses, and how the couplings of the top quark can be measured at hadron colliders.
	www.physics.buffalo.edu /professors/baur.html (329 words)

	Search for a fourth generation charge -1/3 quark heavier than the Z boson. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Search for a fourth generation charge -1/3 quark heavier than the Z boson.
		We assume that both quarks decay through flavour-changing neutral currents and that the b' is heavier than the Z boson.
		We studied the decay mode b'øverlineb'\rightarrow ZZbøverlineb where one Z decays into e^+e^- or \mu^+\mu^- and the other decays hadronically, giving the signature two leptons + jets.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR98/BAPSAPR98/abs/S1410012.html (134 words)

	Z particle concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Z particle concept from the Astronomy knowledge base
		Next vector boson: W particle Up: vector boson
		has definition Massive boson thought to have been abundant in the early universe, when the unified electroweak force was manifest.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/Zparticle.html (91 words)

	Citebase - Electroweak Radiative Corrections to $W$ and $Z$ Boson Production in Hadronic Collisions
		Authors: Baur, U. Keller, S. Sakumoto, W. Wackeroth, D. Some results of a calculation of electroweak radiative corrections to W and Z boson production in hadronic collisions are presented.
		Special attention is paid to the influence of radiative corrections, systematic errors, and kinematic cuts on the Z' constraints.
		We discuss theoretical and phenomenological aspects of the use of boson propagators with energy-dependent widths in predictions for high-energy scattering processes.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/9609315 (713 words)

	Literature
		A Measurement of the W Boson Mass at the Fermilab proton-antiproton Collider
		Measurement of the W Boson Mass, PRL 77, 3309 (1996).
		Measurement of Mass and Width of the W Boson at LEP
	www.pa.msu.edu /people/brock/fnal_precision/literature.html (683 words)

	Articles - W and Z bosons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		All three types have a spin of 1.
		The first such machine that became available was the Super Proton Synchrotron, where unambiguous signals of W particles were seen in January 1983 during a series of experiments conducted by Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer.
		Rubbia and van der Meer were promptly awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in physics, a most unusual step for the conservative Nobel Foundation.
	www.lastring.com /articles/W_and_Z_bosons (933 words)

	Effective lagrangians for the Z boson decay into photons (ResearchIndex)
		Effective lagrangians for the Z boson decay into photons (ResearchIndex)
		Effective lagrangians for the Z boson decay into photons
		Abstract: The lowest-dimensional effective lagrangians describing the decay of a neutral massive vector boson Z into three photons are considered.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /147863.html (232 words)

	DPF99 - Study of the production of Z boson pairs in $e^+e^-$ collisions at LEP with the L3 detector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This phenomenon is enhanced for the higher cross section and integrated luminosity ofthe 1998 run at 189 GeV.
		Combining all these final states the presence of a non vanishing signal is established at more than 95\% of confidence level at 183 GeV and itscross section is measured to be in agreement with the Standard Modelpredictions.
		No evidence for the existence of anomalous triple gauge boson ZZZ and ZZ$\gamma$ couplings is found and limits on their value are set.
	www.dpf99.library.ucla.edu /session1/hou0108.html (220 words)

	Search for Long-Lived Parents of the Z Boson
		We present the results of our search for particles with long lifetime that decay to a Z
		The possibility of a long-lived parent of the Z
		We vertex dimuons with invariant mass within the Z
	www-cdf.fnal.gov /physics/exotic/r2a/20040826.mumulxy_longlifez (205 words)

	A Study of Z Boson Pair Production in e (ResearchIndex)
		A Study of Z Boson Pair Production in e (ResearchIndex)
		A Study of Z Boson Pair Production in e
		Gamma Collisions At OPAL Physics Note PN363 17th July 1998 A Study of Z Boson Pair Production in...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /343009.html (399 words)

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