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	Programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Programming languages are used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information, and to express algorithms precisely.
		The combination of the language definition, the program, and the program's inputs must fully specify the external behavior that occurs when the program is executed.
		Programming language syntax is usually defined using a combination of regular expressions (for lexical structure) and Backus-Naur Form (for grammatical structure).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Programming_language (3871 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - programming language
		All computers operate by following machine language programs, a long sequence of instructions called machine code that is addressed to the hardware of the computer and is written in binary notation (see numeration), which uses only the digits 1 and 0.
		These include the programming languages of several database and statistical programs, the scripting languages of communications programs, and the macro languages of word-processing programs.
		With some languages, such as C or Pascal, the program is turned into a separate machine language program by a compiler, which functions much as an assembler does.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p1/progrlan.asp (1198 words)

	What is Z?
		Z state variables are like instance variables and the operations are like methods; Z even provides a kind of inheritance.
		Z is just a notation, it is not a method; the Z notation can support many different methods.
		The first Z reference manual to be widely published benefited from this long experience when it finally appeared in 1989.
	staff.washington.edu /~jon/z-book/what-is-z.html (641 words)

	Programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Languages can be classified with respect to their type systems.
		Strongly-typed languages are often termed type-safe or safe, but they do not make bugs impossible.
		Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer_programming_language (3871 words)

	The Scheme Programming Language
		Scheme is a statically scoped and properly tail-recursive dialect of the Lisp programming language invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr.
		Scheme was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language.
		PLT Scheme is an umbrella name for a family of implementations of the Scheme programming language.
	swissnet.ai.mit.edu /projects/scheme/index.html (700 words)

	Programming
		Z Interpreter: implements most of the Z langauge (see below) I devised.
		Technically, this is RZ3 (RANDY'S Z, number 3) because I have 2 unreleased languages also called Z which were made before this one, but unless I release them I shall simply call this Z. The Z programming language is an esoteric programming language (that is, it is intentionally strange).
		If anyone is interested, I have written a Z compiler in Z which implements part of the standard (enough to compile itself).
	members.cox.net /c0demaster/PROGRAMMING.SHTML (811 words)

	The Goedel Programming Language
		Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language in the family of logic programming languages.
		This means that theoreticians can apply their "pure" theories of program transformation, program analysis, etc., more or less directly to Gödel and do not have to be concerned with complications of extending their theories to cope with the many non-logical aspects of languages such as Prolog.
		Gödel is developed by Antony Bowers and John Lloyd at the University of Bristol and Pat Hill at the University of Leeds.
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /~bowers/goedel.html (813 words)

	Ulf's Programming Language List
		ASL (Activity Structures Language), a software process language (modelling formalism), is a proper superset of MSL (Marvel Strategy Language) -- used to express the "local" constraints and policies on individual tools and data -- extended by Roddle's "acticivity structures" for global control flow and synchronization.
		Mozart is based on the Oz language, which supports declarative programming, object-oriented programming, constraint programming, and concurrency as part of a coherent whole.
		Cyclone is a programming language that is as C-like as possible while preventing unsafe behavior (buffer overflows, dangling pointers, format string attacks, and so on).
	www.cs.mun.ca /~ulf/pld/pls.html (2275 words)

	The Arbol Programming Language
		Arbol is primary developed to serve as a programming language for Genetic Programming experiments.
		It is functional programming language inspired by the ideas of other small and esoteric languages (Unlambda, Lazy K, Joy, Iota, Zot,...) and purely functional language Haskell (the STG machine).
		Where Z is the name of the pattern (definition) and the a,b,c,d,e,f,...,z are variables.
	cluster.phys.uni-sofia.bg /ross/arbol (1024 words)

	The Unlambda Programming Language
		A note on terminology: The phrase “purely functional programming language” is usually applied to languages, like Haskell or Clean, which are lazy and demand explicit sequencing of side effects.
		If the underlying language does not have first-class functions, then they must be emulated by means of data structures (indeed, the only “variable” part in a first-class function is its closure, and that can be represented by a data structure, since the code is always the same).
		As in any language having first-class (higher-order) functions, and, therefore, escaping closures, the lifetime of the various structures is not statically determined in Unlambda, and some kind of automatic memory management (aka “garbage collection”) is necessary.
	www.madore.org /~david/programs/unlambda (7293 words)

	Computer Programming [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software.
		Compiled programs written in languages such as FORTRAN and C or C++ aren't directly executable by a computer; they are translated into lower-level machine language by compilers and then are executed directly by the hardware.
		Object-oriented programming is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as cooperative collections of objects, each of which represents an instance of some class, and whose classes are all members of a hierarchy of classes united via inheritance relationship.
	www.kosmoi.com /Computer/Programming (549 words)

	Esoteric Programming Language
		An esoteric programming language is a language not specifically designed for efficient or elegant solutions of computational problems, but rather to explore the basic ideas behind the theory of computation or weird ideas like, for example, recipe-reminiscent syntax.
		Similar to ObfuscatedCee, programming in twisted, or bizarre languages is a favorite hobby of many masochistic hackers and programming language theorists.
		Building a Brainfuck interpreter is often a very useful test of a new (serious) programming language's usability, and Brainfuck has spawned several other esoteric languages with novel ideas for representing code (PathLanguage, SnuspLanguage).
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?EsotericProgrammingLanguage (641 words)

	The World Wide Web Virtual Library: The Z notation
		Z is a formal (i.e., mathematical) specification notation used by industry (especially in high-integraity systems) as part of the software (and hardware) development process in both Europe and the US.
		A shallow embedding of Z in the higher-order logic theorem prover Isabelle.
		ZTC is a Z type-checker available free of charge for educational and non-profit uses.
	vl.zuser.org (1890 words)

	comp.specification.z Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
		Z (pronounced `zed') is a formal specification notation based on set theory and first order predicate logic.
		The leading object-oriented version of Z is Object-Z. See: http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~smith/objectz.html Subject: How can I run Z? Z is a (non-executable in general) specification language, so there is no such thing as a Z compiler/linker/etc. as you would expect for a programming language.
		Some people have looked at animating subsets of Z for rapid prototyping purposes, using logic and functional programming for example, but this is not really the major point of Z, which is to increase human understandability of the specified system and allow the possibility of formal reasoning and development.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/z-faq (2624 words)

	NLREG Programming Language
		NLREG includes a full programming language that you can use to describe the function that is to be fitted to the data values.
		The NLREG language is modeled after the C programming language and shares the same syntax and many of the same language statements.
		The data statement introduces the data for the analysis and must be the last statement in the file (data records may follow it).
	www.nlreg.com /language.htm (5225 words)

	Amazon.com: The C Programming Language (2nd Edition): Books: Brian W. Kernighan,Dennis Ritchie,Dennis M. Ritchie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The book focuses on the language itself - this is no hands-on book (no explanations on how to use this compiler or that debugger, though it is a little biased toward Unix) in a clear, concise, and thorough way covering all of the language and it's standard libraries.
		This book is not for people who study C as their first programming language (those would be better served with a pair of books - a first course in programming and compiler guide).
		Authored by the guy who invented the C language and the first edition of the book being the known standard for C for over a decade, this book is one of those unique books that is a must read if you want to learn how to program.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0131103628 (2093 words)

	ZplPackage < Nchilada < TWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		ZPL is a high level language and parallel optimizing compiler.
		The language has a PASCAL like syntax popular with computer scientists concerned with development of new algorithms.
		All material on this collaboration platform is the property of the contributing authors.
	www-hpcc.astro.washington.edu /nchilada/bin/view/Nchilada/ZplPackage?skin=print (281 words)

	A Programming Language Supporting First-Class Parallel Environments - Jagannathan (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Modern programming languages come equipped with a variety of mechanisms to create and manipulate naming environments.
		Program structures and data structures are treated differently in modern programming languages.
		160 Programming in Modula (context) - Wirth - 1985
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /jagannathan89programming.html (650 words)

	programming language
		Although the content of this site will be accessible in any browser, please consider upgrading to a web standards-compliant browser such as Firefox, Netscape, Opera, or Internet Explorer to better enjoy the new design and functionality of our site (all links open in a new window).
		Programming languages are designed to be easy for people to write and read, but must be capable of being mechanically translated (by a compiler or an interpreter) into the machine code that the computer can execute.
		Programming languages may be classified as high-level languages or low-level languages.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0005823.html (240 words)

	The Java Language Specification
		Written by the inventors of the technology, The Java Language Specification, Third Edition is the definitive technical reference for the Java programming language.
		He is well known as the co-creator of the Scheme programming language and for his reference books for the C programming language (with Samuel Harbison) and for the Common Lisp programming language.
		It describes all aspects of the language, including the semantics of all types, statements, and expressions, as well as threads and binary compatibility.
	java.sun.com /docs/books/jls/index.html (764 words)

	Sample: Glossary of Computer Language Terms
		Some languages require that all identifiers are defined before they are used and so a forward reference is an error in these languages.
		lexeme::=a string of characters in a language that is treated as a single unit in the syntax and semantics.
		Often used ironically by the intended victim when a suggestion for a program is made which seems easy to the suggester, but is obviously (to the victim) a lot of work.
	www.csci.csusb.edu /dick/samples/glossary.html (3989 words)

	The Programming Language Jigsaw: Mixins, Modularity And Multiple Inheritance - Bracha (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In Jigsaw, the roles of classes in existing languages are "unbundled," by providing a suite of operators independently controlling such effects as combination, modification, encapsulation, name resolution, and sharing, all on the single notion of module.
		Gilad Bracha, "The Programming Language Jigsaw: Mixins, Modularity and Multiple Inheritance," Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Utah, March 1992.
		88 A parallel object-oriented language with inheritance and sub..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /bracha92programming.html (1192 words)

	Open Directory - Computers: Programming: Languages
		An Introduction to Programming Languages - A page for people who know one language and are wondering about learning another.
		Introduction to Programming Languages - By Anthony A. Aaby; 1996.
		The Retrocomputing Museum - Dedicated to programs that induce sensations that hover somewhere between nostalgia and nausea.The freaks, jokes, and fossils of computing history.
	dmoz.org /Computers/Programming/Languages (143 words)

	Stability of the C++ ABI: Evolution of a Programing Language
		The early rapid evolution of the C++ programming language precluded a stable ABI.
		Under old language rules, a non-template function with the same name and type as a template function was considered to be a specialization of the template.
		Even when a compiler is no longer supported, programs may exist in the field that depend on using the shared library.
	developers.sun.com /prodtech/cc/articles/CC_abi/CC_abi_content.html (2811 words)

	Compiler Construction
		For the accompanying programming project we provide a detailed specification including a description of the Z# programming language and a description of the subset of the Common Intermediate Language (CIL) relevent for the project.
		Additionally, we offer code fragments for the compiler classes that should help students get started with the project, and a set of NUnit test cases as well as sample Z# programs to test the compiler.
		Besides teaching courses on compiler construction, (object-oriented) programming, algorithms & data structures, and.NET, he also regularly lectures at the Oxford Brookes University, UK, and appeared as a speaker of various.NET events.
	dotnet.jku.at /courses/CC (367 words)

	The Ferite Programming Language
		ferite is a clean language with influences from various places: objects from Java/C++, functions from C/php, closures from scheme, block calling from ruby, namespaces from C++, as well as its own a sane loose typing mechanism, variant type and set of nice APIs.
		This is the famous "Hello World" program in ferite, to see more examples have a look at this example page.
		There is significant work on the next generation compiler allowing for compile caching, multiple threaded building in parallel, code optimisation and validation, and all in about the same sort of time as the current compiler.
	www.ferite.org (1999 words)

	The XPL0 Programming Language
		It has conditional compile, include files, separately compiled modules, inline assembly language, built-in graphic and transcendental routines, peek, poke, and port I/O. The intent of this webpage is not to convince you to write programs in XPL0, but merely to make the language available.
		Programs like Pents stop running after a few seconds under Windows XP unless the Idle Sensitivity lever is set all the way to the Low position.
		This is 8088 assembly language rather than XPL code, but I didn't know where else to put it.
	www.idcomm.com /personal/lorenblaney (1709 words)

	ZPL
		9 January 2005 We're working on more complete documentation, but for the moment, the most accurate statement of ZPL is chapter 2 of Brad Chamberlain's thesis as enhanced by chapter 2 of Steve Deitz's thesis.
		The Programmer's Guide is slightly outdated, but still a valuable reference that some programmers may find easier to read.
		These performance results were previously published in a paper that appeared in PPoPP '03: Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming.
	www.cs.washington.edu /research/zpl/home/index.html (101 words)

	Category Programming Language
		The convention is to append 'Language' for the WikiName and to expand single letters according to the WikiAlphabet.
		BrainfuckLanguage (a teaching language) (I think this BrainfuckLanguage is not actually a joke, it was made to be 256 bytes compiler, but maybe it was a joke as well, I don't know)
		And discussions of LanguageAsInterface, LanguageUsability, EnglishLikeFeatures and such focus on the intersection between HumanBeings and the languages they use to communicate with each other and with compilers and interpreters.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?CategoryProgrammingLanguage (233 words)

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