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	Konrad Zuse
		The Z4 The Z4, the second general purpose computer, was completed in 1944.
		In 1954, the Z4 was transferred to the Institut Franco-Allemand des Recherches de St. Louis in France, where it was in use until 1959.
		The Z4 was similar to the Z3, however improved in terms of speed.
	irb.cs.tu-berlin.de /~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/en/Rechner_Z4.html (596 words)

	Konrad Zuse
		He also founded the first computer startup company in 1946 and built the Z4, which became the first commercial computer, leased to ETH Zürich in 1950.
		The Z4 was finished and delivered to the ETH Zürich, Switzerland in September, 1950.
		At that time, it was the only working computer in continental Europe, and the first computer in the world to be sold, beating the Ferranti Mark I by five months and the UNIVAC I by ten months.
	pedia.newsfilter.co.uk /wikipedia/k/ko/konrad_zuse.html (796 words)

	The Z4 (from computer) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		History of computing > Invention of the modern computer > Developments during World War II > The Z4 In Germany, Konrad Zuse began construction of the Z4 in 1943 with funding from the Air Ministry.
		Like his Z3 (described in the section Konrad Zuse), the Z4 used electromechanical relays, in part because of the difficulty in acquiring the roughly 2,000 necessary vacuum tubes in wartime Germany.
		Computer hardware is typically protected by the same means used to protect other valuable or sensitive equipment, namely, serial numbers, doors and locks, and alarms.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=216043 (769 words)

	Konrad Zuse -- The Z4 Computer and the Zuse Apparatebau
		The Z4 Computer and the Zuse Apparatebau in Berlin (1940-1945)
		In 1940, Konrad Zuse formulated a vision, which was to use computers to release the spirits of humans from the stupid task of calculations.
		The goal of the Z4, which was developed between 1942 and 1945, was to build the prototype for a machine that was intended to be produced in the thousands.
	www.epemag.com /zuse/part6a.htm (551 words)

	ElectroMechanical
		The heavy bombing at the end of the Second World War destroyed Zuse’s computers and his contribution to the development of the computer was ignored for many years.
		Zuse used binary arithmetic, developed floating-point-arithmetic (his Z3 computer had a 22-bit word length, with 1 bit for the sign, 7 exponential bits and a 14-bit mantissa), and it has been claimed that his Z3 computers had all the features of a von Neumann machine apart from the stored program concept.
		Zuse’s Z4 computer was finished in 1945, later taken to Switzerland and was used at the Federal Polytechnical Institute in Zurich until 1955.
	www.alanclements.co.uk /History/ElectroMechanical.htm (740 words)

	He Was the First, or Happy Birthday, Computer!
		Z4 was supposed to be a prototype of the computer for engineering bureaus and technical institutes.
		Again, due to the daily bombings and terrible life conditions in Berlin in 1945, when Z4 was about to be completed, Zuse didn't finish his work, and fled with the remains of Z4 to South Germany.
		At the same time as he was building Z4, Konrad Zuse started developing and formulated the remarkably sophisticated programming language Plankalkül.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/weekly/aa021401a.htm (551 words)

	Zuse biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Some of Zuse's computers were destroyed in bombing raids near the end of the war although the Z3 was reconstructed in 1960 for display in a museum in Munich.
		Zuse began work on his Z4 computer in 1942, and it was almost complete when, due to continued air raids, it was moved from Berlin to Göttingen.
		Finally the Z4 computer was taken to Switzerland where it was installed in the ETH in Zurich in 1950.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Zuse.html (1079 words)

	Konrad Zuse -- The Zuse KG
		A photograph of the actual building.The Z4 computer was restored on the first floor close to the stairs.
		The Z4 proved to be reliable, and the frequency of breakdowns was well within the limits of what was compatible with satisfactory operation.
		Of course, the term "interactive computing" did not exist at that time, for the simple reason that the situation when computing becomes non-interactive was never encountered.
	www.epemag.com /zuse/part7a.htm (1054 words)

	Konrad Zuse - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It is sometimes claimed that this is the "first computer", though this depends on complex and subtle definitional issues, as Zuse's machine was not truly general-purpose in the manner of later machines (see the article of history of computing for a thorough discussion).
		He also designed a high-level programming language, Plankalkül, allegedly in 1945, although this was a theoretical contribution, since the language was never actually implemented within his lifetime and did not directly influence early implemented languages.
		In 1967 Zuse also suggested that the universe itself is running on a grid of computers (digital physics); in 1969 he published the book Rechnender Raum (translated by MIT into English as Calculating Space, 1970).
	www.free-definition.com /Konrad-Zuse.html (1020 words)

	Reckoners Chapter 6
		The "computing machine" he constructed to test the decision-problem was a paper abstraction of the activity a human being goes through when computing a number.
		A familiar example is computing an employee's weekly payroll check: the formula that computes his pay depends on whether he worked overtime or not, what kinds of insurance plan he has, tax deductions, etc.: all logical decisions that usually mean a different formula for each and every employee.
		The ability of a stored-program computer to generate its own sequence of actions from a brief sketch supplied by its programmer implies a redefinition of the nature of computing which is still poorly understood.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/Reckoners-ch-6.html (7901 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Informatik (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Electronic process computers and a one-armed industrial robot exemplify the modern potential of the field described as robotics.
		The Z4, here the original, was finished in 1945 and was used in routine operation between 1950 and 1959.
		This group of machines is explained on the beige panels because, while the computer execution is freely programmable on them, they do not display all features of the general-purpose computer.
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/dauer/inform/e_infor3.htm (337 words)

	The Life and Contributions of Konrad Zuse
		His work on the Z3 (1944), the first tape stored program controlled computer, is considered to be the first automatic digital computer as later it was found that it predated the Harvard Mark I (1944) by 3 years.Although Zuse has a degree in civil engineering, he was years ahead of his time.
		Concepts of Computing and the Z1 In 1934, Zuse had an idea for a machine to eliminate the need for tedious calculations by hand which were in abundance for his profession as a civil engineer.
		Computing is the deviation of result specifications to any specifications by a prescription.
	www.ic.sunysb.edu /Stu/emseaman (1597 words)

	Institute for Applied Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Each computing machine was built from scratch and usually constructed for a particular task.
		He concluded that a Swiss computer needed not only to be cheap, but its design had to be as simple as possible too.
		Zuse had brought the Z4 computer from the besieged Berlin to Hopferau in Bavaria.
	www.ethistory.ethz.ch /rueckblicke/departemente/dinfk/weitere_seiten/angewandte_mathematik/index_EN/printerfriendly (701 words)

	Reckoners Chapter 6
		The "computing machine" he constructed to test the decision-problem was a paper abstraction of the activity a human being goes through when computing a number.
		A human computer would presumably have at his or her disposal enough sheets of paper, a pencil or other instrument to make marks on that paper (and an eraser to erase marks from that paper).
		The ability of a stored-program computer to generate its own sequence of actions from a brief sketch supplied by its programmer implies a redefinition of the nature of computing which is still poorly understood.
	www.computerhistory.org /collections/DocumentArchive/Documents/Books/Reckoners/Reckoners-ch-6.html (7875 words)

	Definition of Z4 computer
		Computer simulations build on, and are a useful adjunct to...
		Computer models were initially used as a supplement for ot...
		The number of them required to constitute a computer is arguable, but probably at least 10 and more of...
	www.wordiq.com /search/Z4_computer.html (817 words)

	Reckoners Chapter 3
		In this method of computing, each part of the whole sequence of operations is performed for all the values of the independent variable before the deck of cards is transferred to the next station: first the values of f(x) are supplied, then all the multiplications are done, then all the additions, and so on.
		The question of whether or not the early computers could "choose" their paths of computation is a controversial one, central to the distinction between what a computer is and what it is not, even today.
		The physical layout of the computer was determined by the common driveshaft that synchronized the accumulators.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/Reckoners-ch-3.html (12453 words)

	St. John's Preparatory School - Janet Montgomery Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		By the mid-1940s, the majority of computers were being built out of vacuum tubes rather than switches and relays.
		The computer structure resulting from the criteria presented in the "First Draft" is popularly known as a von Neumann Machine, and virtually all digital computers from that time forward have been based on this architecture.
		The "First Draft" was a brilliant summation of the concepts involved in stored-program computing; indeed, many believe it to be one of the most important documents in the history of computing.
	www.stjohnsprep.org /teachers/jmontgomery/history/history8.html (1767 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Meisterwerke - Rechenautomaten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Die beiden Pioniercomputer Z3 und Z4 stehen sowohl räumlich als auch in der historisch-technischen Abfolge der mathematischen Instrumente und rechnenden Maschinen im Mittelpunkt der ständigen Ausstellung "Informatik".
		Dagegen konnte Zuse die kaum fertiggestellte Nachfolgemaschine Z4 noch in den letzten Kriegstagen von Berlin nach Göttingen transportieren und der Aerodynamischen Versuchsanstalt als Auftraggeber vorführen.
		Mit der eher zufällig entdeckten Z4 konnte er jedoch sofort rechnen und auch eigene Erfahrungen sammeln.
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/meister/zuse.htm (856 words)

	Konrad Zuse Summary
		The Z3 is claimed to be "first computer" as such, though this depends on complex and subtle definitional issues, as the machine was not truly general-purpose in the manner of later machines (see the article of history of computing for a thorough discussion).
		The Z4 was finished and delivered to the ETH Zürich, Switzerland in September 1950.
		At that time, it was the only working computer in continental Europe, and the first computer in the world to be sold, beating the Ferranti Mark I by five months and the UNIVAC I by ten months.
	www.bookrags.com /Konrad_Zuse (1583 words)

	Events and Sightings Web Extras
		Chapters discuss computers in Germany (especially the work of Conrad Zuse), Bessie—the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Howard Aiken and IBM’s work with the Mark I and II at Harvard), computers at Bell Labs, the development of the ENIAC, progressing to the first generation, and a summation.
		There is discussion of Stibitz and the Bell Labs computers, the work of Aiken at Harvard and Zuse in Germany, the codebreaking development of the “bombe” and “Heath Robinson” machines in Britain, the Colossus, the Atanasoff story, and chapters on both the ENIAC and EDVAC machines.
		This is a heavily “designed” book, including some “computer style” text that is difficult to read, but the chief attraction is the illustrations of computers, related hardware (such as very early mouse devices) and computers within their social context–early pictures of computers at use, including as features in motion pictures.
	www.computer.org /portal/site/annals/menuitem.8933248930f8c11dbe1fbe108bcd45f3/index.jsp?&pName=annals_level1&path=annals/articles/xtras/a2-2005&file=bibliography_hw.xml&xsl=article.xsl& (8357 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Z4 - the computer his company was trying to design.
		The first fully functioning electronic digital computer to be built in the U.S. was ENIAC, constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, for the Army Ordnance Department, by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
		The first computer to run the first compiler was the IBM 704, which John Backus helped design.
	www.cs.montana.edu /courses/355/lectures/ch2.html (749 words)

	Reckoners Chapter 3
		In this method of computing, each part of the whole sequence of operations is performed for all the values of the independent variable before the deck of cards is transferred to the next station: first the values of f(x) are supplied, then all the multiplications are done, then all the additions, and so on.
		The question of whether or not the early computers could "choose" their paths of computation is a controversial one, central to the distinction between what a computer is and what it is not, even today.
		Later generations of computer designers would find ways of minimizing round-off errors while carrying fewer digits in the machine's registers-a careful analysis of the problem beforehand often would reveal just how many digits were needed to give the desired accuracy, and in many cases that proved to be far fewer than twenty-three decimal digits.
	www.ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/Reckoners-ch-3.html (12453 words)

	Inventors Of The Modern Computer: Konrad Zuse - Inventors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		He constructed his first three digital-calculators/computers during the war, but was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work, for a computer based on electronic valves, the proposal was rejected on the grounds that the Germans were so close to winning the War that further research effort was not necessary.
		The Z1 was Zuse's test model, he used it to explore several, ground-breaking, technologies, in calculator development: on the software side there was program control, using the binary system of numbers and floating point arithmetic, a high-capacity memory, and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle.
		The Z4 (finished in1949), escaped being destroyed, like the Z1 thru Z3, by being smuggled from Germany in a horse drawn cart and hidden in stables on route to Zurich, Switzerland, where Zuse completed and installed the Z4 in the Applied Mathematics Division of Zurich's Federal Polytechnical Institute, where it was used until 1955.
	www.american.edu /carmel/ps1554a/Zuse.htm (586 words)

	Zuse Apparatebau Berlin and Zuse KG
		The first task of the Zuse KG in 1949 was to restore the Computer Z4, which survived the air attacks of the allies in Berlin and on the way from Berlin to Hinterstein (Allgäu).
		The restored Z4 in Neukirchen Kreis Hünfeld in 1950.
		The computer Z11, a relay computer, was sold from 1955 to German companies, mostly to the optical industry and universities.
	irb.cs.tu-berlin.de /~zuse/Konrad_Zuse/en/ZKG_Artikel_3.html (847 words)

	OBITUARY : Konrad Zuse Independent, The (London) - Find Articles
		With the intervention of Wernher von Braun the Z4 was taken to safety in the underground Harz mountain chambers where the V1 and V2 flying bombs were being developed.
		Like his earlier computer work, the Plankalkul was a kind of desert-island computing - entirely born of Zuse's mind, neither influenced by, nor influencing, the work of others.
		In 1949, when the first electronic computers in America and Britain were becoming operational, the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich acquired the carefully preserved Z4.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19951221/ai_n14025121 (910 words)

	Triumph of the Nerds: A History of the Computer
		Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by December of 1943.
		EDVAC, for Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, is completed under contract for the Ordinance Department in 1952.
		The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer.
	www.pbs.org /nerds/timeline/elec.html (228 words)

	Konrad Zuse and his Z1, Z3, and Z4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Sadly, the original Z3 was destroyed by bombing in 1944 and therefore didn't survive the war (although a new Z3 was reconstructed in the 1960s).
		However, the Z4 did survive (in a cave in the Bavarian Alps) and by 1950 it was up and running in a Zurich bank.
		For example, in 1958 he proposed a parallel processor called a field computer, years before parallel computing became well understood.
	www.maxmon.com /1941ad.htm (428 words)

	Konrad Zuse -- Part II
		The breakthrough to a new computing age went hand-in-hand with new scientific ideas and the development of new components.
		The possibility of a computer being able to deal with numeric calculations and logic organization was so exciting that I gave serious thought to a "logical computing machine".
		Computers were needed to calculate how fields and land were to be reallocated.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/Zuse.2.html (3206 words)

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