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Topic: ZAPU

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	Zimbabwe POLITICAL PARTIES
		The Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) was formed in December 1961 and led by Joshua Nkomo.
		ZAPU's constituency was eventually reduced to the Ndebele minority, while ZANU gained wide support among the Shona ethnic group.
		After much enmity and bitterness during most of the 1980s, ZAPU and ZANU finally agreed to merge in late 1987 under the name of ZANU-PF and the merger was consummated in December 1989.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Zimbabwe-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html (895 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Ndebele in Zimbabwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Rhodesian government lifted the ban on ZAPU and ZANU political activity in the country and called for guerrillas to agree to a cease-fire.
		ZAPU won 20 seats and became a minor partner in the government.
		ZAPU defines itself as a broad, non-racial, non-tribal movement for the whole country and seeks to establish a federation of five provinces with greater autonomy and equality (ANS).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=55203 (3221 words)

	flag of Zimbabwean political flags flags (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ZAPU was headed by the late Joshua Nkomo and had a guerrilla force know as the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) which operated mainly from bases in Zambia.
		ZAPU was predominantly Ndebele (from the south and west of the country) and ZANU was predominantly Shona.
		The Shona comprise approximately 80% of the population and hence it was not surprising that ZANU-PF won the elections.
	fotw.tukayyid.de /flags/zw}.html (1356 words)

	Zimbabwe African People's Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zapu was founded by Joshua Nkomo, at the request of Joseph Msika, currently a Vice-President of Zimbabwe.
		This ZAPU affiliation with the Soviet Union was an axis of convenience,and should not be misconstrued to suggest that the former had a Marxist/Leninist philosophy.
		ZAPU was, for its entire history, a nationalist political organisation dedicated to pragmatic solutions to Zimbabwe's political, economic and social problems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ZAPU (438 words)

	1965, Nov. 11. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Despite an official policy of reconciliation, there was initial strain, soon followed by violence, between the Patriotic Front partners ZANU (mostly Shona) and ZAPU (mostly Ndebele).
		ZAPU dissidents renewed the guerrilla war against Mugabe's government, and Matabeleland was heavily repressed by the North Korean–trained Fifth Brigade, leading to thousands of civilian deaths.
		After unity talks, ZANU and ZAPU merged, and Nkomo, returned from exile, joined the cabinet.
	www.bartleby.com /67/4467.html (470 words)

	Robert Mugabe - MSN Encarta
		Led by Joshua Nkomo, the NDP was a nationalist political party that opposed white rule in the colony.
		After the NDP was banned in 1961, Mugabe became secretary general of Nkomo’s new party, the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), which was also soon banned due to its opposition to white rule.
		He sought to incorporate ZAPU into the government and ZAPU’s military wing into the army, but he was thwarted by an abortive ZAPU rebellion and discontent in Matabeleland.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArtContent.aspx?refid=761567620 (900 words)

	CHAPTER TWO: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CONTEXT OF THE ZAPU GUERRILLAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ZAPU started its training schemes shortly after its formation in 1963 and from 1964 onwards Chikerema, its Vice-President went to a number of socialist countries on behalf the organisation to negotiate for increases to ZAPU's training facilities.
		Celliers argues that ZAPU's armed wing also did not have the ability to force a collapse of law and order and cynically concludes that the major task of the insurgent forces was to convince the OAU of their existence and wish to overthrow the Smith government.
		ZAPU guerrillas, particularly in the early stages of the war received their training mainly in Russia, Cuba and Algeria, whilst some others received their training in Bulgaria, North Korea and Zaire (Katanga province).
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/sources/vandriel-thesis/chapter-two.htm (2182 words)

	Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe
		ZAPU was established under Nkomo’s leadership in 1961 after its predecessor, the National Democratic Party, had been banned.
		To emphasise the importance of unity, ZAPU went to the polls as the PF.
		ZAPU, perhaps more accurately a repressed junior party in the government than an opposition party, was popular in Matabeleland in the first two elections.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v7/v7i2a6.htm (8456 words)

	Breaking the Silence
		ZAPU recruited mainly from the Ndebele-speaking western region of Zimbabwe, and ZANU mainly from the Shona-speaking eastern regions.
		ZAPU, dissidents and Ndebele-speakers in Zimbabwe all came to be seen as one and the same thing in the eyes of certain Government officials.
		ZAPU believed the Government was using the "dissident problem" as an excuse to crush ZAPU completely and create a one-party state.
	www.zwnews.com /BTS/BTS.html (15075 words)

	ZWNEWS.com - linking the world to Zimbabwe
		Zapu won 20 of 120 elected seats in the liberation election of 1980.
		Former Zapu combatants struggled for places in the Zimbabwe National Army and many of those who did get recruited and who were manifestly better trained than those loyal to Mugabe, found themselves stuck in junior positions.
		Top Zapu leaders were arrested and tried for treason, acquitted and detained under emergency regulations for a further four years.
	www.zwnews.com /issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=11695 (1428 words)

	Communist Support for Terrorists
		During this period the external missions of ZAPU were known to be coming under increasing communist influence, especially in London, where the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was actively engaged in organising ‘platforms’ on ZAPU’s behalf.
		Both ZANU and ZAPU correspond to the type of organization prescribed in the ideology of the national liberation movement as elaborated from Moscow and Peking.
		ZAPU operated chiefly in the western area of Rhodesia, along the Zambezi and near Victoria Falls.
	rhodesian.server101.com /communist_support_for_terrorists.htm (3777 words)

	Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace - Part 1 - Background - Historical overview
		Cde Sydney Malunga, the ZAPU chief whip, was eventually charged with aiding and abetting dissidents, but the evidence against him was not convincing, and he was acquitted.
		ZAPU councils in rural areas were dissolved under emergency powers and ZAPU supporters were still suffering from the effects of 5 Brigade.
		Several ZAPU leaders were released from jail to accommodate this, including Cdes Dumiso Dabengwa and Lookout Masuku, who had been detained for many years.
	www.hrforumzim.com /members_reports/matrep/matreppart1c6.htm (1502 words)

	The Insider - ZAPU says Mugabe could impose next president if opposition boycotts elections
		ZAPU says Mugabe could impose next president if opposition boycotts elections
		Next year's elections are so crucial that opposition parties should not boycott them because the ruling ZANU-PF, which is desperate to give President Robert Mugabe a noble exit, could impose a new president without having to wait for 2008 if it wins a two-thirds majority, an opposition leader said at the weekend.
		Sibanda was accompanied by a group of cheerleaders who booed every time Coltart took the platform forcing the organisers of the even to plead with the audience to respect the speakers and views of other people.
	www.insiderzim.com /jun04zapu.html (857 words)

	Zimbabwean political flags
		There were five flags, one for ZAPU used before the election, and one for ZAPU (PF) used during the election.
		This flag of ZAPU (Zimbabwe African Peoples Union) is shown in The Flag Institute Bulletin (No. 005 of 01.08.1978) and in an article in the Czech Vexilologie journal (No.18 of March 1976) by Pavel Fojtik and Jaroslav Martykan on the Flags of Freedom.
		A second design, with the same colours, was used later: The pattern is curiously similar to the Boer Vierkleur flags (a 2:3 horizontal tricolor with a vertical stripe near the hoist: (2+2+2):(2+7), with one star centered on each stripe.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/zw}.html (3275 words)

	SW Radio Africa Nkomo letter
		To create within ZAPU a group that would believe there was a group within the party, that in fact, was plotting to overthrow the government.
		When you announced the confiscation of ZAPU and Nitram properties, property belonging to Companies of individual ZAPU members and to me and my family, you said it was because all these properties were acquired for hiding arms.
		If by ZAPU you meant farms and businesses run by companies such as Nitram and those owned by individual members of ZAPU: the position is as follows: Nitram had only 4 farms and 4 business enterprises.
	www.swradioafrica.com /pages/Nkomo_letter.htm (7366 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		August 1967: ZAPU and South Africa's ANC launched a guerrilla campaign in the Northwest.
		January 1981: Nkomo was demoted to a lesser cabinet position after the discovery of a large cache of illegal arms on property belonging to ZAPU in Matabeleland.
		November 1987: A particularly brutal massacre in Matabeleland and the worsening situation on the eastern border led to a unity agreement between ZANU-PF and ZAPU.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/zimndebchro.htm (3476 words)

	ZAPU AND ZANU
		Between March and October 1964, courses were organized for ZAPU guerrillas in the USSR, the People’s Republic of China and North Korea.
		The forces of ZAPU, now known as the Zimbabwe Peoples Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), continued to train and launch their operations from Zambian territory.
		The Rhodesian patriotic front was born from the unification of the two nationalist organizations, the ZANU and ZAPU.
	members.tripod.com /selousscouts/zapu_and_zanu.htm (934 words)

	Zimbabwe
		ZAPU, by contrast, concentrated on building a large conventional force in camps in neighboring Zambia and Angola.
		Although both ZANU and ZAPU advocated socialism as well as national liberation, the former drew support from the Chinese and the latter from the Soviet bloc.
		ZAPU mounted sustained attacks with large regiments deploying heavy weapons from Eastern bloc countries, while ZANU pursued a classic hit-and-run guerrilla war.
	raceandhistory.com /cgi-bin/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/497 (2701 words)

	The Insider -Dabengwa to feature in new book
		There have been reports that the discovery of arms caches on ZAPU properties soon after independence was masterminded by South African agents who were working for the government who wanted to break up the alliance between ZAPU and ZANU.
		After succeeding to create enemies out of the former allies the agents were able to fuel this for the next six years not only causing untold suffering to the people of Matebeleland by also stunting the development of the region.
		ZAPU leaders were sacked from the government with several being detained for years after being acquitted by the courts.
	www.insiderzim.com /aug92dabengwa.html (862 words)

	Breaking the Silence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The government claimed the dissidents were actively supported by ZAPU who wished to overthrow the government.
		ZAPU believed the Government was using the ‘dissident problem’ as an excuse to crush the party completely and create a one-party state.
		Zanu (PF) now openly accused ZAPU of plotting another war and its leaders were arrested or removed from cabinet.
	www.thezimbabwean.co.uk /18-march-2005/breaking-the-silence.html (619 words)

	Swans Commentary: Zimbabwe: Mugabe: 'No remote control ever again,' Interview by Baffour Ankomah - ankomah7
		So ZAPU was my choice actually as publicity secretary, and I thought it would give a better ring and a better appeal to the people - the people's union.
		By the way, we in ZAPU had imposed on ourselves a restriction that we would not go to the United Nations to make appeals for financial help, because in the NDP we had tended to rely too much on outside help.
		The members of ZAPU who had remained at home formed a new party, and Ndabaningi Sithole was made the leader, and I was made secretary general, but I was still in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
	www.swans.com /library/art9/ankomah7.html (11636 words)

	Welcome to the Financial Gazette Online! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I shall not dwell on the ascendancy of Mugabe to the presidency of ZANU in 1975 in succession to Nbabaningi Sithole except that it was part of the struggle within the struggle without, of course, being blind to the merits and demerits of both men.
		The centrists were mainly those ZAPU leaders who had been restricted at Gonakudzingwa, like Josiah Chinamano, Joseph Msika, Willie Musarurwa and Nkomo himself.
		In 1978, Alfred Nikita Mangena, the ZAPU veteran commander, believed to have been very close to JZ Moyo, was killed in a landmine blast outside Lusaka.
	www.fingaz.co.zw /fingaz/2004/March/March18/5010.shtml (1118 words)

	Wikinfo \| Rhodesia
		ZAPU was also a Marxist-socialist African nationalist liberation movement, which was led by Joshua Nkomo (ZAPU was generally considered by the British and the West as more moderate than ZANU).
		The international community recognised that the resolution of the war in Rhodesia must include Mugabe's ZANU and Nkomo's ZAPU in order to be successful because these two were critical factors in the armed conflict.
		As a result of the exclusion of the major Afican nationalist parties, i.e., ZANU and ZAPU, "terrorism" from the perspective of the Rhodesian government and "war of liberation" from the perspective of ZANU and ZAPU, continued unabated.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Rhodesia (707 words)

	Welcome to the Financial Gazette Online! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But to the old guard in the former ZAPU, the gala is a sad reminder of how the grand old man of Zimbabwe politics, the late Vice-President, "sold out".
		According to sources, some still harbour the idea that they could revive ZAPU, which was literally swallowed by President Robert Mugabe's ZANU PF at the height of political disturbances in Matabeleland back in 1987.
		A former senior ZAPU official told The Financial Gazette that some of the old guard in ZAPU believed the unity accord, signed on December 22 1987, was responsible for the present political crisis in the country, especially ZANU PF's intolerance of the opposition.
	www.fingaz.co.zw /fingaz/2004/July/July1/5855.shtml (601 words)

	Robert Mugabe - MSN Encarta
		Mugabe was freed in 1974 and became active in the further development of ZANU’s guerrilla army.
		Reelected in 1985, Mugabe moved towards a conciliation and merger between ZANU-PF and ZAPU.
		ZAPU was incorporated into ZANU-PF and Nkomo was appointed to a senior cabinet position in 1988 (he would become co-vice president in 1990).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567620/article.html (900 words)

	BBC News \| Africa \| Obituary: Joshua Nkomo
		Mr Nkomo came from Zimbabwe's Ndebele minority, and a year after Zapu's foundation there was a split with the nation's Shona majority under the leadership of Nkomo's former lieutenant, Robert Mugabe.
		On his release, Mr Nkomo went to Zambia, from where he fought for Zimbabwean independence at the head of Zapu and its Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army, which was backed by the Soviet Union.
		In 1982 Zapu was accused of plotting a coup and Nkomo was fired, his passport taken away, and he was restricted to Bulawayo.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/382848.stm (610 words)

	CNN Cold War - Historical Documents: Castro-Honecker meeting
		The best man in the ZAPU, General Secretary [Jason] Moyo, was murdered [in Zambia in January 1977].
		The Patriotic Front in Zimbabwe is made up of both the ZANU and the ZAPU, but this is only a formality.
		There are today 6,000 ZAPU men in Angola, and one could make an army out of them.
	edition.cnn.com /SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/17/documents/castro (2982 words)

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