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Topic: Zaghawa

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Darfur conflict

	Zaghawa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zaghawa is an African ethnic group, mainly living in eastern Chad and western Sudan, including the Darfur province of Sudan.
		They have their own language, which is also called Zaghawa, and the breed of sheep that they herd is also called Zaghawa.
		The current president, Idriss Déby and several former prime ministers of Chad are Zaghawa, as well as many other members of the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zaghawa (384 words)

	Who Exactly Are the Terrorists Murdering?
		Zaghawa lands are the most ecologically fragile in Darfur and are frequently affected by drought.
		These migrant Zaghawa, part of the lower working class, are unable to sustain themselves with income and often depend on hunting for survival, although the introduction of firearms has limited the amount of game in the region.
		Zaghawa villages in northern Darfur in 2003 were the main targets of aerial bombs.
	www.progress.org /2004/africa02.htm (1125 words)

	Military of Chad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Military of Chad was dominated by members of Gourane, Zaghawa, Kanembou, Hadjerai, and Massa ethnic groups during the presidency of Hissène Habré.
		The forces that Déby led into N'Djamena on December 1, 1990, to oust President Habré, were mainly Zaghawa, including a large number of Sudanese, many of whom were recruited while Déby was in the bush.
		In the mid- and late-1990s, a rebellion in the south by the FARF delayed the promised petrol development until it was crushed by government forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Chad (476 words)

	On understanding and ending the horror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Similarly, the Zaghawa’s adversaries in this war, the Darfurian Arabs, are “Arabs”; in the ancient sense of “Bedouin,” meaning desert nomad, a sense that has only in the last few decades been used to describe the Arabs of the river Nile and the Fertile Crescent.
		A Zaghawa refugee in Chad today, looking across the border to the small town of Tine, with its gracious mosque, sees not a desert but a land in which she can survive, if only given the chance.
		The Zaghawa showed extraordinary tenacity and skill in surviving the famine, but by the late 1980s they were poorer and more desperate.
	www.alternatives.ca /print1616.html (5652 words)

	Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Zaghawa chose Abdallah Abakar as military commander, the Fur Abdel Wahid Mohamed el-Nur as chairman, and the Massaleit Mansour Arbab as deputy chairman, though he was soon replaced by the current deputy, Khamees Abdallah.
		Adding to the tension was the perception that although the Zaghawa provided the bulk of SLA military strength, Fur and Massaleit civilians bore the brunt of the government’s scorched earth counter-insurgency campaign since the remote and difficult terrain in Dar Zaghawa and the high mobility of Zaghawa rebels made such attacks riskier there.
		This is when relations were established with the future Zaghawa leadership of the SLA and the JEM, as the Zaghawa, both Sudanese and Chadian, were instrumental in replacing Habre in December 1990 with Deby, in a coup discreetly supported by Tripoli and Khartoum.
	www.sudaneseonline.com /enews2005/oct6-60717.shtml (9439 words)

	Index
		The Zaghawa (who refer to themselves as the Beri), are scattered throughout central Africa in the countries of Chad, Niger, and Sudan.
		The Zaghawa inhabit a territory that consists mainly of grassy stretches and plateaus with deep gullies; desert surrounds them to the North, East, and West.
		Many Zaghawa are merchants, traveling southward and eastward to find food supplements and manufactured goods that they lack in their own region.
	www.zaghawa.8m.com (1269 words)

	Sudan at the Crossroads: Transforming Generations of
		Zaghawa), due to the availability of cash, which they used in furthering trade investments not only in Darfur, but in other place in the Sudan (suq Libya).
		Zaghawa moved from their home land (Dar Zaghawa) to different places inside Darfur.
		With the decentralization, polarization across ethnic lines became the rule, which due to lack of adequate funds, made the struggle over jobs, and the scarce resources to be influenced by ethnic politics.
	www.darfurinfo.org /abechnava.html (3643 words)

	Alex de Waal: Tragedy in Darfur
		Similarly, the Zaghawa’s adversaries in this war, the Darfurian Arabs, are Arabs”; in the ancient sense of “Bedouin,” meaning desert nomad, a sense that has only in the last few decades been used to describe the Arabs of the river Nile and the Fertile Crescent.
		Furawiya, the “valley of the shepherds,” is a Zaghawa village that used to be the last permanently inhabited settlement before the vastness of the Sahara.
		The military commander of the biggest rebel movement, the Sudanese Liberation Army, is Mini Arkoy Minawi, a Zaghawa from nearby.
	bostonreview.net /BR29.5/dewaal.html (5662 words)

	Darfur
		The northernmost zone is Dar Zaghawa, part of the Libyan Sahara, and inhabited by camel nomads: principally the Zaghawa and Bedeyat, who are non-Arab in origin, and the Arab Mahariya, Irayqat, Mahamid and Beni Hussein.
		In this way the Zaghawa - who were aligned with both the Ansar and with Deby, since their ethnic group straddles the border - also obtained modern weapons.
		The Zaghawa who moved to urban centres had some success in petty trade, but those who kept to rural areas encountered hostility from the Fur farmers - who realized that the move might this time be permanent - and from government forces who accused them of camel rustling.
	www.sudanupdate.org /REPORTS/PEOPLES/Darf.htm (2043 words)

	Sudan Vision --- Independant Daily - Zaghawa Language and History
		Zaghawa tribe is one of the African tribes that played a major role in establishing African History in general and history of Islam in Africa in particular.
		It was not referred to as a kingdom except after being ruled by Zaghawa due to the fact that the language spoken there at that time was the Zaghawa language, which was used as an everyday language between all the groups that inhabit that area.
		It does not contradict with the presence of other tribal groups than Zaghawa in that region, but it was the Zaghawa who had influence and control at that time, and hence, the role of Zaghawa and their effect on that region.
	www.sudanvisiondaily.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3282 (2058 words)

	Zaghawa
		The Zaghawa are scattered throughout the African countries of Sudan, Chad and Niger.
		The problem of water is a major preoccupation for the Zaghawa, who during normal years must wait nine dry months for a short rainy season which lasts between the end of June and the end of August.
		Although Islam is widely accepted and the study of Islamic law is highly respected, the Zaghawa still hang on to many of their traditional superstitions.
	www.sudan101.com /zaghawa.htm (519 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Darfur Black Muslims in Sudan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit are most bound by their African descent, geographic location (GROUPCON = 3) and oppression by Sudanese Arabs.
		Conflicts between the Arabs and the tribes of the Masalit and Zaghawa began to break out in Darfur in the mid 1990s (the first between the Arabs and Zaghawa in 1994, and the Masalit in 1996).
		The attacks by the Janjaweed have consisted of mass killings, looting, burning villages, and the raping of women of Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit tribes.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=62504 (1418 words)

	LENIN'S TOMB: War and Resistance.
		Deby is a Zaghawa, a tribe which inhabits Darfur and eastern Chad.
		The Zaghawa of Sudan gave him sanctuary during his Libyan-backed insurgency against the regime of Hissein Habre in the late 1980s.
		He relies on the support of this ethnic group to maintain his hold on power and to balance the power of the northern oligarchs of the Gorane tribe and repress political opposition - since 1990, his regime has been responsible for the killing of 25,000.
	leninology.blogspot.com /2004/07/war-and-resistance.html (1147 words)

	Grounding Food Security Monitoring in an Understanding of the Local Economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Zaghawa are known for their large mixed livestock holdings, whilst the production of millet is relatively unimportant and most households typically harvest less than 200kg/annum.
		The Zaghawa are also known for their strong kinship solidarity and in poor years, for example when livestock prices are low and some families are struggling, support will be given by better-off households to the poor.
		This is in contrast to the Zaghawa who have to migrate further for work and where the men are predominantly involved in animal husbandry and trade rather than agricultural labour.
	www.ennonline.net /fex/08/fa10.html (1437 words)

	Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Hadjerai group, from the central Guera highlands, and the Zaghawa group, living in the north and east, were effectively opposing one another between 1987 and 1988.
		Clan rivalry was believed to be a motivation of the coup, since all three coup plotters were from the Zaghawa ethnic group in the east, and President Habre is a Gorane from Northern Chad.
		Zaghawas increasingly perceived that they were being excluded from power.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/chadsthchro.htm (6464 words)

	Sudan: Darfur Destroyed: SUMMARY
		In Zalingei, Jebel Marra, and Wadi Salih provinces the Fur predominate.
		In Kulbus province approximately 50 percent is Gimr, 30 percent Erenga, 15 percent Zaghawa, and 5 percent Arab.
		Together the Fur and the Masalit comprise the majority of the population of West Darfur.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2004/sudan0504/4.htm (966 words)

	Chad (03/06)
		In April 1989, Idriss Deby, one of Habre's leading generals and a Zaghawa, defected and fled to Darfur in Sudan, from which he mounted a Zaghawa-supported series of attacks on Habre (a Gorane).
		However, despite claims of government corruption, favoritism of Zaghawas, and security forces abuses, opposition party and labor union calls for general strikes and more active demonstrations against the government were unsuccessful.
		Most of the Deby’s key advisers are members of the Zaghawa clan, although some southern and opposition personalities are represented in his government.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/37992.htm (5165 words)

	Reuters AlertNet - SUDAN: Violence forces many to flee North Darfur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many members of the Zaghawa community have received professional military training in the Chadian and Sudanese armies and provide the bulk of SLM/A's military strength, while the Fur tend to dominate the political leadership of the movement, the International Crisis Group noted in a 6 October report.
		Growing rifts between both political leaders and military commanders as well as between Zaghawa and Fur factions of the SLM/A have led to a breakdown in the movement's command structure and a disconnect between political aspirations at the peace talks and military operations on the ground.
		Nama Abdellah Saleh, a 45-year-old Zaghawa woman with eight children, arrived in Zam Zam on 22 September from Tawilla when the Janjawid and government soldiers attacked the area south of the town on 18 September and took most of her animals.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/743606ca77e7209b07dd23cffaf084e9.htm (1757 words)

	SUDAN: Darfur rebel dispute could divide movement
		Growing rifts between both political leaders and military commanders as well as between the Zaghawa and Fur factions of the SLM/A have led to a breakdown in the movement's command structure.
		This was followed by at least three SLM/A attacks on government towns, resulting in the brief takeover of the Sudanese garrison town of Shearia on 19 September, an observer in the region said.
		Many members of the Zaghawa community have received professional military training in the Chadian and Sudanese armies and provide the bulk of SLM/A's military strength.
	globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2005/10/mil-051031-irin01.htm (725 words)

	The war in Darfur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first was between the Zaghawa and the Maharia camel pastoralists of the upper northern desert belt, against the settled Fur farmers; the second involved all the non-Arab farming communities of the Jebel Marra area against a broad coalition of virtually all Arab nomads.
		The Zaghawa were in search of water and pasture for their animals, but some of the Zaghawa had lost so much of their animal wealth that they actually became ex-nomads and were now looking for agricultural land for permanent settlement.
		The Zaghawa were left with no choice other than to arm themselves against the onslaught of the government soldiers.
	www.ifaanet.org /wardar.htm (7995 words)

	SUDAN: Continuing insecurity hurting civilians in Gereida - OCHA IRIN
		Minnawi is of Zaghawa origin, and ethnic Zaghawa are blamed for providing the SLA intelligence to launch a successful attack.
		Following the re-entry of government forces on 22 September 2005 and the withdrawal of SLA rebels to positions in the immediate vicinity, the Zaghawa population faced increasing harassment, violence and intimidation.
		A Zaghawa community leader claimed that the government had armed Messiriyah and Birgit militia and that Birgit leaders had publicly called for the displacement of "all Zaghawa from the area of Shaeria".
	www.irinnews.org /S_report.asp?ReportID=51974&SelectRegion=East_Africa (2174 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Region \| Winning the west
		The Zaghawa, with large stocks of arms and ammunition stored from the days of the Chadian civil war, easily captured Al-Fasher Airport in an early morning surprise attack.
		The main complaint of the SLA and the local non-Arab groups is that the Sudanese government is aligned with Arab tribesmen in the traditional conflict.
		The SLA was formerly known as the Darfur Liberation Front, an organisation calling for the secession of Darfur from Sudan.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/636/re5.htm (1362 words)

	PrintPreview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The movements, which are drawn from members of the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa tribes, also sought government action to end alleged abuses by their rivals - pastoralists who are driven on to farmlands by drought and desertification.
		HRW said government forces oversaw and directly participated in massacres, summary executions of civilians, burnings of towns and villages, and the forcible depopulation of wide swathes of land.
		It said the government and "its Janjawid allies" killed thousands of Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa, raped women, and destroyed villages, food stocks and other supplies essential to the civilian population.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/554FAF3A-B267-427A-B9EC-54881BDE0A2E.htm?printguid={99CECA52-C05A-442A-B81F-1994D1C296A1} (1517 words)

	IslamiCity.com - Communications & Services
		The government of Sudan is responsible for "ethnic cleansing" and crimes against humanity in Darfur, one of the world's poorest and most inaccessible regions, on Sudan's western border with Chad.
		The Sudanese government and the Arab "Janjaweed" militias it arms and supports have committed numerous attacks on the civilian populations of the African Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups.
		They also sought government action to end the abuses of their rivals, Arab pastoralists who were driven onto African farmlands by drought and desertification-and who had a nomadic tradition of armed militias.
	www.islamicity.com /Articles/articles.asp?ref=HR0407-2397 (1007 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Committed fighters in ragtag army seen as defenders in Darfur region
		Some leaders speak in nationalist terms, talking about protecting "Dar-Zaghawa," the homeland of the Zaghawa, one of Darfur's fl tribes and the one most Sudan Liberation Army rebels belong to.
		He came from a Zaghawa herding family in the village of Abu Ghamra, about 100 miles from the Chad border.
		Fellow Zaghawa in Chad and elsewhere are also thought to be helping them.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002019199_sudanrebels29.html (1093 words)

	Eight arrested and tortured in Jeway Kheen-Darfur
		On 19 March 2004 the armed forces and the military intelligence, under leadership of the First lieutenant, Daffa Ala Mahmoud Almasalli, arrested eight (8) persons from Jeway Kheen village in suspicion of participating in an attack on Bouram town on the 10 March 2004 by the SLA rebel forces.
		Mohamed Youseif, 43 yrs, Zaghawa tribe, sorghum trader 6.
		Following their arrest they were detained in a military camp in Bouram for nine (9) days then transferred them to Nyala where they were detained in a military prison.
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/12684.htm (956 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Darfur: Local conflict, international chaos
		As such, rebel divisions and incoherence at Abuja are derived from the increasing Chadian dimension to the conflict, as Chad backs Zaghawa rebels in Darfur against Khartoum, while Khartoum and Darfurian Arab militias support anti-Chadian President Idris Deby Zaghawa rebels and army defectors based in Darfur, in their cross-border raids on Chadian regular positions.
		Meanwhile, the Zaghawa leadership of the SLA under Minni has aligned itself more closely with fellow tribal Zaghawa in the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) - a pan-Sudanese as well as Darfurian opposition movement with alleged links to Islamists once part of the ruling elite in Khartoum.
		However, the Zaghawa are broken down into a variety of sub-groups, and affiliations predicated on these linkages partly drive the Zaghawa in-fighting that characterizes the intra-Chadian dimension to the conflict.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/AMMF-6NYDKR?OpenDocument (1547 words)

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