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	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| Profile: Ex-king Zahir Shah
		Born in Kabul in 1914, Zahir Shah was educated in France and was only 19 when he ascended the throne in 1933 after his father was assassinated.
		Zahir Shah brought in foreign advisers, founded the first modern university, and fostered cultural and commercial relations with Europe.
		Zahir Shah's youngest son, Mirwais, told the Washington Post newspaper that his family wanted to see Afghanistan "have peace and for the people to decide their government in a democratic manner, with free elections".
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/south_asia/1573181.stm (517 words)

	Zahir Shah, Muhammad - MSN Encarta
		Zahir was overthrown in a political coup that abolished the Afghan monarchy and precipitated decades of war and political chaos.
		Born in the Afghan capital of Kābul, Zahir was the son of Muhammad Nadir Shah, who served Afghan king Amanullah as commander in chief of the Afghan army, leading troops in the Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919-1921).
		Zahir ascended to the throne in November 1933, at the age of 19, after witnessing the assassination of his father during a public ceremony in Kābul.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_701610406/Zahir_Shah_Muhammad.html (663 words)

	History of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Muhammad Zahir, last in the 226-year dynasty of Pashtun monarchs to rule Afghanistan, emerged in the fall of 2001 as a symbol of unity for his country.
		The son of King Nadir Shah of Afghanistan, Muhammad Zahir Shah was born on October 15, 1914, in the capital city of Kabul.
		Zahir Shah was gaining a reputation of being lazy and letting everything pass him by.
	www.afghanan.net /afghanistan/zahirshah.htm (820 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Zahir Shah came to the throne at the age of 19, after the assassination of his father in November 1933, having previously served as a Cabinet minister.
		For a number of years Zahir Shah remained in the background while his uncle Shah Mahmood Khan ran the government, but he asserted his power through the constitution of 1964, which established a constitutional monarchy and prohibited royal relatives from holding public office.
		Zahir Shah undertook a number of economic-development projects, including irrigation and highway construction, backed by foreign aid, largely from the United States and the Soviet Union.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Personalities.MohammadZahirShah.shtm (243 words)

	Islam Online - The World In Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Muhammad Zahir Shah was married in 1930 to the Queen Humira’a, the daughter of al-Serdar Ahmed Shah, one of his father’s ministers.
		Zahir Shah was fortunate that his other uncle, Muhammad Hashem Khan, a prime minister at his father’s rule, was outside Kabul in a visit to the northern provinces; if he were in Kabul, it would be difficult for Zahir Shah to seize power.
		King Zahir Shah remained in power until 25 June 1973 when he was ousted to Europe by a coup led by his cousin with the assistance of some communist officers in the Afghani army.
	www.islamonline.net /English/Crisis/2001/11/article3.shtml (1873 words)

	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Mohammad Zahir Shah
		Muhammad Zahir, last in the 226-year dynasty of Pashtun monarchs to rule Afghanistan, emerged in the fall of 2001 as a symbol of unity for his country.
		The son of King Nadir Shah of Afghanistan, Muhammad Zahir Shah was born on October 15, 1914, in the capital city of Kabul.
		Zahir Shah was gaining a reputation of being lazy and letting everything pass him by.
	www.afghanland.com /history/zahir.html (897 words)

	Zahir Shah envisions rebuilding from scratch -DAWN - International; October 13, 2001
		Zahir Shah’s continuing importance, even in exile, was driven home to him in a violent way — through a failed assassination attempt some years ago.
		The sheer length of Zahir Shah’s rule — 40 years — is testimony to the fact that the ex-king was able to manage the consensus of the different ethnic groups that make up the Afghan population — the majority Pashtun from the south, as well the Tajik and Uzbek in the north, and the Hazara.
		Zahir Shah, who became king at age 19 after his father was assassinated in 1933, opened up isolated Afghanistan to the world while maintaining neutrality towards the US and the Soviet Union.
	www.dawn.com /2001/10/13/int10.htm (570 words)

	Zahir Shah \| DesPardes.com
		NEW DELHI: Zahir Shah may be the man of the hour for Afghanistan which stands precariously perched on a precipice — between its current state of internal anarchy and an impending external invasion by a multinational force.
		In bringing Zahir Shah to the centre-stage yet again — he has figured in numerous peace initiatives each time the winter forces a lull in fighting among the warring factions — the UN may be seeking penance for abruptly quitting a peace process when Najibullah was prepared to hand over power to him.
		Zahir Shah is a Mohammadzai pushtun of the Durrani clan which has provided most rulers to Afghanistan.
	www.despardes.com /people/zahirshah.html (699 words)

	Zahir Shah
		Zahir Shah was nineteen at the time of his accession-still very young to assume control of so turbulent a country.
		But when a severe drought in 1971-1972 worsened economic conditions as well, Daud Khan took advantage of the absence of Zahir Shah on a trip to Europe to seize control of the government in a relatively bloodless military coup d'etat.
		Zahir Shah now lives in Rome, Italy and he is relatively in a good health.
	www.afghan-network.net /Rulers/zahir_shah.html (655 words)

	Radio Netherlands Worldwide - Independent thinking, independent voice - English - Return of a King
		Zahir Shah, 87, arrived at battle-scarred Kabul airport Thursday morning to a warm reception from Afghan tribal chiefs, many of whom see his return as ushering in a new era of stability.
		Zahir Shah has been in exile in Italy from the time he was ousted in a coup in 1973.
		Zahir Shah was accompanied to Kabul by his three sons and five other family members.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /currentaffairs/region/centralasia/afghan020418.html (527 words)

	Mohammed Zahir Shah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mohammed Zahir Shah (born 16 October 1914 in Kabul) was the last King (Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning for four decades from 1933 to 1973.
		Shah is seen as a symbol of unity for Afghanistan and has been given the title "Father of the Nation".
		Shah attended the 7 December 2004 swearing in of Hamid Karzai as President of Afghanistan in Kabul.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah (534 words)

	Zahir Shah must tread carefully to capitalise on second chance - smh.com.au
		The return to Afghanistan of the former king Mohammed Zahir Shah after 34 years of exile in Italy is expected to have major implications for Afghanistan and its region.
		But Zahir Shah's political role is likely to go beyond the symbolic, giving him an opportunity to address the missed opportunities of his earlier reign and assist Afghans to move down the path of democratic change and stability.
		It is widely argued that the Zahir Shah-Daoud rivalry, together with the monarch personally vacillating too often between what was required to preserve his own powers as a ruling monarch and what was needed to put Afghanistan on a stable path of democratic change and development, laid the foundations for much of Afghanistan's subsequent troubles.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2002/04/16/1018333501005.html (663 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Vendrell and Zahir met privately for nearly an hour at the royal exile's luxurious villa in a high-security gated community on the northern edge of Rome.
		Zahir, who was stabbed in a 1991 assassination attempt at his villa, keeps a low profile and is rarely seen in public.
		Zahir's 40-year reign ended with a coup by his nephew, which opened Afghanistan to three decades of conflict that have left it devastated.
	home1.gte.net /eskandar/zahirshah.html (556 words)

	James S. Robbins in war on National Review Online
		Zahir Shah was a pro-western, moderate, liberalizing monarch who brought about parliamentary reform and economic development.
		Zahir Shah faced opposition from both religious and secular radicals, but they were not as influential as they would later become, and most Afghans supported him.
		Zahir Shah is the only man who can give Afghanistan this opportunity for peace — and it would be up to the Afghans to take it.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/comment-robbins100101.shtml (1074 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| War \| All the king's men (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Zahir Shah has indicated that he "sees his role as that of a father figure," a symbolic head of the new nation.
		Zahir Shah is part of the majority Pashtun, (the ethnic group from which the Taliban are also drawn), and so is seen as having broad appeal.
		Zahir Shah told the delegation of 11 US Congressmen and women who met him in Rome this week that he wants the UN to have a role in the transition in Afghanistan, preferably with Muslim troops.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/555/war61.htm (1267 words)

	Afghanistan's King Shah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		After the killing of Ahmad Shah Masoud, the leader of the Northern Alliance (the main force within Afghanistan that is opposed to the Taliban) the former king remains the only figure who might be acceptable to both "the people" and the international community.
		Zahir Shah is an old man. His health is good, but his ability to govern and maneuver in the tangle of rivalries in his strife-torn country is in doubt.
		According to diplomatic reports from Rome, Zahir Shah is prepared to head a transitional government in Afghanistan, but as "head of state" and not as king.
	www.charactercomputing.com /attack/muhammadshah.htm (1685 words)

	Profile: Mohamed Zahir Shah \| Special reports \| The Observer
		Born in 1914, Mohamed Zahir Shah, the former king of Afghanistan now being touted as possible leader of a post-Taliban country, lives in a modest four-bedroom villa north of Rome.
		Zahir Shah himself was frequently accused of indecisiveness.
		Zahir Shah frequently travelled abroad and it was during one trip in 1973, while taking mudbaths near Naples for his lumbago, that he was overthrown.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /waronterrorism/story/0,,556614,00.html (457 words)

	Afghanistan Country Study
		Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan, was a patient man. For 30 of his 40 years on the throne he accepted the tutelege of powerful advisers in the royal family-his uncles for the first 20 years and his cousin, Mohammad Daoud Khan, for another 10 years.
		In March 1963 King Zahir Shah, with the backing of the royal family, asked Daoud for his resignation on the basis that the country's economy was deteriorating because of Daoud's Pashtunistan policy.
		The stability Zahir Shah had sought through limited democracy under a constitution had not been achieved, and there was a generally favorable popular response to the reemergence of Daoud, even though it meant the demise of the monarchy established by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747.
	www.gl.iit.edu /govdocs/afghanistan/KingMuhammadZahirShah.html (5944 words)

	Keesing's Worldwide Online - Hot Topics: Afghanistan - King Mohammed Zahir Shah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The main mujaheddin alliance (the seven-member Islamic Unity of the Mujaheddin of Afghanistan) was openly divided on the ex-King's role, the 'moderate' groups generally favouring his involvement and the 'fundamentalist' groups opposing it.
		In the absence of King Mohammed Zahir Shah (59) in Italy for health reasons, his Government was overthrown on July 17 by troops led by Lieutenant-General Sardar Mohammed Daud Khan (64), a cousin and brother-in-law of the King.
		In his opening speech King Zahir explained that, while there had been no alternative to royal rule in the troubled times of the past, the time was now ripe for instituting a constitutional monarchy in which the royal family should be separated from the Government.
	www.keesings.com /hot_topics/afghanistan_zahir (2047 words)

	USATODAY.com - Afghans look to former king to unite nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Zahir Shah took the throne in 1933 and ruled until 1973, when he was deposed by a cousin while visiting Italy.
		Zahir Shah has said he does not intend to take the throne again unless asked.
		Abdullah said Zahir Shah was too nervous to sleep on the flight and could not turn away from the window when he first saw the mountains of Afghanistan from the air.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2002/04/18/afghan-king.htm (635 words)

	Zahir Shah - The King with 40 years of rule
		Shah, Nadir Shan's son and successor, became Afghanistan's final king.
		And only in the last decade of his sovereignty did Zahir Shah rule as well as reign unencumbered.
		hortly before the end of the war, Shah Mahmud replaced his older brother as prime minister, ushering in a period of great change in both internal and external policies.
	www.zmong-afghanistan.com /zahir.asp (424 words)

	usnews.com: In the Afghan badlands, add drugs to a devil’s brew (10/5/01)
		King Mohammad Zahir Shah, Afghanistan’s last monarch, is likely to play a principal role in organizing a new Afghan government should the U.S. coalition or internal forces topple the militant Taliban government.
		The 86-year-old Zahir Shah, seen as a unifying figure by some anti-Talbian forces, ruled Afghanistan for decades before he was deposed in 1973.
		According to the former number 2 official in the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, Zahir Shah’s inner circle was heavily involved in drug trafficking during the early 1970s, even using his plane to smuggle hashish to Italy.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/news/terror/011005.htm (709 words)

	King Zahire of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In September 1963, then King Mohammad Zahir Shah paid a state visit to the United States where he was welcomed by President John F. Kennedy.
		At a White House State dinner that evening, King Zahir observed that the social and political aspirations of the Afghan people were akin to those which had inspired hosts of immigrants to the United States.
		Zahir Shah abdicated in August 1973 and has since lived in Italy.
	www.cs.umb.edu /~rwhealan/jfk/pr_afghanistan.html (367 words)

	Muslimedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Karzai’s election was in effect confirmed in meetings between his supporters and those of former Afghan king Zahir Shah in the run-up to the Loya Jirga, which caused the 24-hour delay; the meetings ended with Zahir Shah renouncing all political ambitions under pressure from Zalmay Khalilzad, the US envoy to Afghanistan.
		The US’s response was for Khalilzad and Karzai both to rush to Zahir Shah’s villa on June 10, when the Loya Jirga was supposed to begin, for separate meetings with the ex-king; the idea was to make him announce that he was not a candidate to head the new government and was supporting Karzai instead.
		Zahir Shah had initially been the West’s favoured candidate for their man in Kabul, not least because of his reputation for being malleable and indecisive.
	www.muslimedia.com /ARCHIVES/world02/afg-jirga2.htm (1101 words)

	Biografia de Mohammad Zahir Shah
		Zahir Shah apartó a todos sus parientes de los principales puestos de responsabilidad política y cesó a su primo Daud como primer ministro, con lo que rompió con una tradición milenaria en el gobierno afgano.
		Zahir se vio obligado a exiliarse en Roma, donde fijó su residencia.
		Zahir se convirtió en un símbolo de unidad nacional de los grupos de resistencia mujaheddin.
	www.biografiasyvidas.com /biografia/z/zahir.htm (1197 words)

	Green Left - AFGHANISTAN: `We are fighting a dual war'
		In Iran, the supporters of the former Shah [of Iran] consider the return of Zahir Shah to mean a return of the monarchy and, for this reason, the Iranian government considers the new set-up under Zahir Shah to be a threat.
		Zahir Shah's talk of elections and transitional government is a deception.
		The grandson of Zahir Shah, Mustafa Zahir, and his grand-daughter, Humera Wali, are already active for the restoration of the monarchy.
	www.greenleft.org.au /2001/473/24816 (957 words)

	Afghanistan Online: Biography (Mohammad Zahir Shah)
		Mohammad Zahir, born in 1914, was the king of Afghanistan from 1933 to 1973.
		In July of 1973, while he was out of the country, his cousin Daoud Khan overthrew him; Zahir Shah decided instead to live in exile (Italy) for decades instead of regaining his throne.
		There is evidence to suggest that Zahir Shah actually had previous warning of the impending coup and perhaps left to avoid death.
	www.afghan-web.com /bios/today/zahirshah.html (201 words)

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