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	Zamindar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Mughal Era, the Zamindari system was begun to ensure proper collection of taxes during a period when the power and influence of the Mughal emperors was in decline.
		The Zamindari system was a way of collecting taxes from peasants in which the zamindar would collect all taxes on his lands and then hand over the collected taxes to the British authorities (keeping a portion for himself).
		The abolition of the Zamindari system (which divided the society into lords, owners of property, and commoners, users of property) in East Pakistan (1950) was a major landmark in Bangladesh's movement to a "people's state".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zamindari (459 words)

	Examples of feudalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zamindari System is often referred to as a feudal-like system.
		Originally the Zamindari System was introduced in the pre-colonial period to collect taxes from peasants, and it continued during colonial British rule.
		The system of land tenure in Scotland was until recently overwhelmingly feudal in nature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feudalism_(examples) (1284 words)

	The Politics Of Land And The Besieged Lot By Goldy M. George
		The system that developed in Bengal, as a consequence of the compromise between western concepts and the power of the local elite, had formed the basis of the famous permanent (Zamindari) settlements.
		This system had one person for every estate, with whom government held the settlement for the purpose of revenue collection and in return such person was vested with proprietary interests in the land.
		While the Zamindari system continued to be based on intermediaries, the records maintained in Zamindari areas remained silent about record of rights of the actual tiller.
	www.countercurrents.org /hr-george281203.htm (5514 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Zamindari System
		Zamindari System, traditional fiscal, administrative, and social system prevalent in northern India in areas ruled by the Mughal Empire, involving...
		System, any collection of component elements that work together to perform a task.
		Solar System, the system consisting of the Sun; the nine planets and their satellites; the asteroids, comets, and meteoroids; and interplanetary dust...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Zamindari_System.html (99 words)

	Encyclopedia: Feudalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Under the system of feudalism, a fiefdom, fief, feud or fee, consisted of heritable lands or revenue-producing property granted by a liege lord in return for a vassal knights service (usually fealty, military service, and security).
		The feudal system, in which the land was owned by a monarch, who in exchange for homage and military service granted its use to tenants-in-chief, who in their turn granted its use to sub-tenants in return for further services, gave rise to several terms, particular to Britain...
		Europe's economy was involved in a transformation from a mostly agrarian system to one that was increasingly money-based and mixed.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Feudalism (5071 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Zamindar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The zamindari estates, which were never divisible between the successor of the incumbents or transferable to others, were then not inherited but obtained by a successor of the deceased incumbent with a fresh sanad from the government.
		In view of the ruinous effect of the farming system, the court of directors suggested to the Calcutta government to revert to the old zamindari system for revenue collection at the end of the Quinquennial Settlement.
		The zamindari system was finally abolished in Bangladesh under the east bengal state acquisition and tenancy act of 1950.
	banglapedia.net /HT/Z_0009.HTM (4104 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Land Tenure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Zamindari rights were restored in 1778 but settlements were made with the zamindars for a limited term only, from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years.
		It abolished the zamindari system by acquisition of all types of intermediary rent receiving interests that existed between the government at the top and the tenants cultivating the land at the bottom.
		In 1951, the zamindari system was abolished and management of the forests, including the madhupur tracts, was transferred to the Forest Department.
	as-bd.org /HT/L_0055.HTM (6874 words)

	Hunger and Blaming Games (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		With the abolition of the Zamindari system the feudal landlords have taken to extortion of the people by becoming the contractors for all the development programs in the region.
		In the absence of the proper transport system, she has to be carried on the cot physically for atleast 20 kms to catch up any means of transport.
		It is unfortunate that even the small scale sector units have almost died in the state unable to bear the burden of the Rangdari tax system on one end and the extreme or total lack of power supplies to run their units.
	www.aidindia.net /desksun1.htm (2907 words)

	Land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Zamindari abolition ended the feudal oppression faced by the raiyats, who were themselves transformed into a new landowning class.
		The Zamindari Abolition Act, by empowering the zamindar to settle gair mazarua khas land with the raiyats, rendered it impossible for the State to legally assert control over such lands and distribute it among the landless peasants.
		The end of zamindari led to the transformation of traditional sources of irrigation that had been maintained by compulsory begar labour by disuse and siltation into new cultivable lands.
	www.struggleindia.com /?q=book/print/48 (8384 words)

	[No title]
		Apart from the Zamindari system there were two other types of land tenure systems under the British rule called the Mahalwari system and the Rayatwari system.
		The Mahalwari system is characterized by joint ownership of the lands by the village communities and a village headman called Lumberdar was appointed to the fixed revenue, for which he received ‘Panchatra’ i.e.
		The Rayatwari system was comparatively a better system as there were no intermediaries and the landowner was assured of permanent tenure as long as he paid the land revenue.
	students.iiit.net /~puneet/bharathIndia1.doc (1108 words)

	HELPLESS REHABILITION SOCIETY -- NEPALIWORLD
		After having of better experience of suffering the feudal system in practice from time immemorial and Zamindari system, a sort of land lordism the serfdom the small farmers and landless farm labour who used to be the proper tillers were forcibly deprived of the share they deserved to the farm production.
		The system of slavery was the product fender system in which the then ruler or the king was the representative of supreme symbol of the system under which the landlord.
		Their poverty and ignorance which are function of the feudal system at the time never allowed them to risk of getting into worst condition, since there were not any alternatives.
	www.geocities.com /nepali_world/hrs.html (2583 words)

	[No title]
		Once the zamindaris are abolished and the Government acquire their properties, it must be their endeavour to make the best use of such properties.
		It is very deplorable that at the present moment when various legislatures are out to abolish the jagirdari and zamindari systems by payment of a small compensation or no compensation under this clause we are asked to pay compensation for any property that is ping to.
		I will go a little further and submit that these hon'ble friends have probably incomplete knowledge of the Zamindari system and therefore it is that they have come to the conclusions that many or most of the Zamindars acquired their property as a gift after the 1857 Revolution.
	parliamentofindia.nic.in /ls/debates/vol3p5.htm (13218 words)

	UNDP India - Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The UN System in India focuses its support on strategies and programmes which enable the poorest to expand their opportunities and improve their lives.
		Developed primarily for revenue collection, the zamindari system led to greater concentration of land while under the ryotwari system the size of land holdings was relatively small.
		The UN System in India believes that all forms of child labour should be eliminated to comply with Article 32 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC).
	www.undp.org.in /Report/POSITION/CCA.htm (10580 words)

	Land Reforms in Bihar
		The main role in these movements for zamindari abolition during the British raj was of occupancy and non-occupancy ryots.
		Yes, many levels of middlemen were of course eliminated and apart from the strata of erstwhile zamindars who became occupancy ryots those independent landowners who in the days of zamindari system were occupancy or non-occupancy ryots were also among the category of landowners.
		In the absence of security to title-holders and due to the changes in tenancy year after year, and finally, due to the exploitative system in the division of harvest, the tenants are not interested in increasing the quantity or quality of the produce.
	www.cpiml.org /liberation/year_1997/july/article3.htm (3834 words)

	Hyderabadi Life : Haydarabad'da yaşam
		In the initial stages, the Company had to counter strong resistance from the Zamindars in the coastal Andhra and the Palegars in the Rayalaseema districts, that were in existence from the ancient Hindu rulers or the medieval Muslim rulers.
		The Company decided to use the Zamindari system to its best advantage, entrusting the Zamindars only with collection of land revenue and taking away from them the executive and judicial powers.
		This system came to be known as `Ryotwari' system.
	www.geocities.com /hyderabad_turkey/subfiles/britisheng.htm (2296 words)

	Calcutta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During that bygone era, Calcutta was famous for its "Baboo Culture" --- incidentally a cross -fertilization of English Liberalism, European fin de siecle decadence, Mughal conservatism and indigenous revivalism inculcating aspects of socio-moral and political change.
		This culture was fostered in its wake by the Zamindari System, the Daebhaga System the Hindu Joint Family System, the Mitakshara System, the Muslim Zenana System, the Protestant spirit of free capitalist enterprise, the Mughal inspired feudal system and the Nautch.
		There are six systems of education catering to each --- the private English medium based convent school education, the central governmental system of education, the West Bengal governmental system of education, the London Edexcel / Cambridge Local Exam Syndicate education system, the Islamic Madrasah system of education and lastly the open school based education.
	www.uncover.us /en/wikipedia/c/ca/calcutta.html (2899 words)

	Hindu History - The Evolution of Landed Property in Ancient India in the Maurya Imperial Period
		This centralised system which was built upon the principle of the Arthashastra, did not create a corollary of feudal lords who could occupy the hereditary position of revenue collectors and earn their own income from retaining a part of the revenue collected.
		The Zamindari system of revenue collection introduced by the British was an adaptation of the Jagirdari and Inamdari systems of the Muslim rulers.
		Even the centralised land revenue collection system with state-employed salaried revenue collectors, gave way to one based on donees who received no salary from the state but who retained for their own use, a part of the revenue they collected.
	www.hindubooks.org /sudheer_birodkar/hindu_history/landmaurya.html (2862 words)

	BANGLAPEDIA: Decentralisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Muslim rulers developed their administrative system with two main objectives, firstly, expansion of the domain and consolidate their rule in conquered areas and secondly, to maximise revenue for the royal treasury.
		Under the zamindari system the indigenous rural organisations in Bengal were decentralised with a view to providing for a sound revenue and political support base to the central government.
		In January 1975, the multiparty parliamentary system was replaced by a single-party presidential system, and a new framework for local governance was undertaken.
	as-bd.org /HT/D_0093.HTM (1158 words)

	The Hindu : Other States / Uttar Pradesh News : U.P. still has zamindari system
		``The entire village is affected by the zamindari system.
		Bhagwan Singh, a villager, said, ``We are not gaining anything from this zamindari system.
		Ironically, the zamindari system was abolished from these two villages in 1989.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2004/09/24/stories/2004092403360300.htm (295 words)

	India
		In peri-urban and urban systems, the livestock are mostly tethered.
		While the urban and peri urban systems comprise mostly milk animals, the rural herds are mixed, with goats, sheep, cattle and buffalo.
		The transhumant system is prevalent in the Himalayan region.
	www.fao.org /AG/Agp/agpc/doc/counprof/india.htm (3539 words)

	inequality in India
		The feudal zamindari system divided rural society into three broad classes: landlords (zamindars), tenant farmers, and landless labourers.
		One of the effects of this system is to formalise discrimination against the lower castes, a problem that was (and still is, to some extent) most severe for the very lowest rung of society, the Untouchables.
		The dowry system (payment of money or goods by the family of a bride) means that girls are a financial burden, whereas boys are viewed as a source of income and prosperity.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~dib2/asia/inequality.html (1772 words)

	REPORT ON TIDAL AREA STUDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For many years, under Zamindari system, areas were protected with small dwarf embankment (bherry bund).
		The low lying areas are interlaced by an intricate rivers and tidal channel system which cuts the land into numerous segments In the decade 1960–70 a large programme was undertaken to empolder the individual land masses with earthern embankment known as polders.
		Under the present system of shrimp culture is Khulna area, saline water is taken during January and February and inundation and exchange of water is continued throughout the shrimp culture period.
	www.fao.org /docrep/field/003/AC352E/AC352E02.htm (4091 words)

	Forest of Munger, Bihar.(Developed By - Md. Farhan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These forests are located in the South- West part of the District in the famous Kharagpur hill range south of river Ganga and are surrounded on all sides by non-forest areas inhabited by dense population.
		After abolition of zamindari system, the ownership of these Forests vasted with the state Government.
		Even prior to the vesting of ownership rights, the zamindari Forests of Banaili Estate were taken over by the state u/s 38 of the Indian Forest act 1927 through an agreement entered into with the Ex-zamindari Forests of Banaili estate were given the lagal status of Reserved forests under Indian Forest Act 1927.
	munger.nic.in /ATMA/Munger/Forest_page.htm (1030 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: North India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Zamindari system was never as prevalent in the south, as Mughal rule did not extend to much of the South.
		The British administrators of the Bengal Presidency (Eastern India) inherited and expanded upon the Zamindari system, while the Madras Presidency which governed much of south India, relied on panchayats, or village councils, for rural administration and tax collection.
		Although the zamindari system was formally abolished after India's independence, a rural economy dominated by landlords is still prevalent across much of northern India.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=North_India (902 words)

	[No title]
		As you are aware., Sir, under the ryotwari system the owner of the land is himself the cultivator : either he personally cultivates or he cultivates with the help of agricultural labour.
		It will be seen that under the ryotwari system the holdings are very small and under the present Mitakshara system of the law of inheritance the holdings are becoming smaller and smaller.
		Referring to the abolition of zamindari system the Sardar maintained that the national and economic salvation of India did not lie in it.
	parliamentofindia.nic.in /ls/debates/vol9p32a.htm (14734 words)

	India and England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The India Act of 1784, sometimes described as the "half-loaf system," as it sought to mediate between Parliament and the company directors, enhanced Parliament's control by establishing the Board of Control, whose members were selected from the cabinet.
		The Permanent Settlement system, also known as the zamindari system, fixed taxes in perpetuity in return for ownership of large estates; but the state was excluded from agricultural expansion, which came under the purview of the zamindars.
		Neither the zamindari nor the ryotwari systems proved effective in the long run because India was integrated into an international economic and pricing system over which it had no control, while increasing numbers of people subsisted on agriculture for lack of other employment.
	www.auburn.edu /academic/liberal_arts/english/gb/gbsite/india/modern/indiaengland.html (2580 words)

	Swami And Friends - Arvind N. Das (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The family held a small zamindari, income from which had sufficed in Sahajanand's grandfathers' time, but as the family grew and the land was partitioned, prosperity dwindled and (tenant) cultivation became the main occupation.
		Gradually, Sahajanand also came round to the view that the zamindari system was `an obstacle in the way of economic and social advancement of society' and that `zamindars were parasitical elements fattening on the blood of the toiling peasantry'.
		The zamindari system could not withstand the assault from three sides, the substantial tenants, the Indian capitalists and the State.
	www.virginia.edu /soasia/symsem/kisan/papers/swami.html (15530 words)

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