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Topic: Zaporozhians

	Australian Information from Wikipedia
		In the later half of the eighteenth century the Zaporozhian Host was dissolved by the Russian authorities.
		Most of the Zaporozhians resettled to colonise the Kuban steppe which was a crucial foothold for Russian expansion in the Caucasus.
		The divisions of the Cossacks within was clearly visible between those that chose to stay loyal to the Russian Monarch and continue the service (who later moved to the Kuban) and those that chose to continue their pro-mercenary role and ran off the Danube delta.
	www.thinkingaustralia.com /thinking_australia/wikipedia/default.php?title=Cossack (5209 words)

	Zaporozhian Host - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On June 4, 1775, while the Zaporozhian cossacks were fighting the Turks, a Russian army under the command of General Tekeli surrounded the Sich and razed it to the ground.
		The last Zaporozhian leader, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was arrested and exiled to Siberia (where he lived to 105 years of age, despite latter pardon), while some of the cossacks (approximately 5,000) sought refuge on the Danube delta region in Turkey.
		Much of the original Zaporozhian legacy remains in the Kuban peoples, including in their dialect, and in the folk music, although none ([2], [3]) consider themselves to be Ukrainian, and most hold exclussively patriotic position for the future of Russia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zaporozhian_Host (1152 words)

	Military History Online - Battle of Korsun
		The Zaporozhian Cossacks were not your typical disorganized horde or "cannon fodder" as described during Napoleon’s time.
		The weaponry of the Zaporozhian’s consisted of mainly muskets, swords and knives-often acquired from raids on traveling caravans between the Tatars and Turks or between Polish regions.
		Zaporozhian’s would fight by surrounding themselves with a moving perimeter of wagons.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /horsemusket/korsun/default.aspx (2389 words)

	Cossack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zaporozhian Cossacks played an important role in European geopolitics, undergoing a series of conflicts and alliances with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muscovy, and the Ottoman Empire.
		Although since the end of the eighteenth century most of their descendants have moved to the Kuban area of Russia and do not identify themselves as Ukrainians, they are nevertheless considered progenitors of the modern Ukrainian nation by some historians.
		Most of the Zaporozhians resettled to colonise the Kuban steppe which was a crucial foothold for Russian expansion in the Caucasus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cossack (4524 words)

	Zaporizhia, The
		After Hordiienko's death in 1734, the Zaporozhians, having fared badly under the Tatars and not having their ranks replenished with new refugees from Ukraine, once again accepted Russian suzerainty and returned to their former lands.
		Although Zaporozhian society was originally egalitarian, by the mid-18th century a higher stratum of znatni or starshi tovaryshi (‘notable’ or ‘senior fellows’) had come into being.
		rebellion in Polish-ruled Ukraine; the rebellion was led by a Zaporozhian Cossack,
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/Z/A/ZaporizhiaThe.htm (776 words)

	[No title]
		The Germans have told that in the first years of their settling on Khortitsa "spirit of Cossacks had hovered: on the island and near it along the Dnieper there lived several zaporozhians who were engaged in fishing and hunting.
		According to the words of the pilots, such name is given because of it sat down in the middle of the Dnieper at the wrong moment, stupidly.
		Other legends told, that the troops of Peter The First had executed Zaporozhian Cossacks on this rock for their joining to Mazepa and Carl 12-th (1709).
	gis.zp.ua /products/chortitza_1_e.htm (3251 words)

	Cossack - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although since the end of the eighteenth century their descendants have moved to the Kuban area of Russia and do not identify themselves as Ukrainians, they are nevertheless considered progenitors of the modern Ukrainian nation by some historians.
		They were formally recognized as a state, the Zaporozhian Host, by a treaty with Poland in 1649.
		Cossack ambitions to be recognized as equal to the szlachta were constantly rebuffed, and plans for transforming the Two-Nations Commonwealth (Polish-Lithuanian) into Three Nations (with the Ruthenian Cossack people) made little progress due to their lack of popularity within the Commonwealth.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Cossack (4137 words)

	Novomoskovs`k - Symbolics Of Prydniprov'ia - «Patentbureau»
		It is known since the XVII century as a Zaporozhian winter camp which gradually became a big Cossack settlement Novoselytsia.
		When Russian government destroyed Zaporozhian Sich the settlement was renamed into Novomoskovs'k.
		In the upper part of the azure and purple per fess shield half of the argent rising star on the horizon to symbolize prosperity of that country; in the lower part a broken saber to signify the destruction of the Zaporozhians who were the founders of the town.
	www.patent.net.ua /symbol/regions/dp/dp8/en.html (248 words)

	JewishGates.Com - The Definitive Source for Talmudic Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Such was the condition of affairs in the Ukraine when Wladislaus IV proposed to make the Cossacks the pivot of his foreign policy and his domestic reforms.
		His far-reaching plans were based upon two facts, the absolute devotion of the Zaporozhians to himself personally, and the knowledge, secretly conveyed to him by Stanislaus Koniecpolski, that the whole of the Ukraine was in a ferment.
		By the compact of Zborów (Aug. 21, 1649) Chmielnicki was recognized as hetman of the Zaporozhians, whose registered number was now raised from 6000 to 40,000, a general amnesty was also granted, and it was agreed that all official dignities in the Orthodox palatinates of Lithuania should henceforth be held solely by the Orthodox gentry.
	www.jewishgates.com /file.asp?File_ID=688 (1971 words)

	XMEL.ORG - Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Chmielnicki)
		His good standing with the government led to a brief tenure as chancellor of the Zaporozhian Host and to his participation in a Cossack delegation to the Polish king, Wladyslaw IV, in 1646.
		In short order he persuaded the Zaporozhians to support him, expelled the Polish garrison from the Sich, and managed to have himself elected Hetman.
		Thus, in 1651, after an exchange of embassies, the Ottoman Porte formally accepted the hetman and the Zaporozhian Host as its vassals on the similar loose conditions that obtained with regard to Crimea, Moldavia, and Wallachia.
	www.xmel.org /bohdan.htm (4345 words)

	Cossack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At the new place Zaporozhian Cossacks preserved their usual lifestyle, and their stay at the border with Russia was in favour of the Ottoman Empire after the Cossacks officially vowed to serve the Sultan.
		After this point, the Cossack nation of the Zaporozhian Host was divided into two semiautonomous republics of the Grand Duchy of Moscow: the Cossack Hetmanate, and the more independent Zaporizhia.
		In 1775 the Zaporozhian Host was abolished and high ranking Cossack leaders were granted titles of nobility (''dvoryanstvo'').
	q-basic.xodox.de /Cossack (3555 words)

	Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide: Spring 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Repin's illustration depicts an anecdotal episode from the glorious past of the Zaporozhian Cossacks: the drafting in 1676 of a partly amusing, partly offensive reply to a threatening letter from the Turkish sultan Mehmed IV which had demanded that the Cossacks submit to his authority.
		During his study trips Repin assembled a large number of studies of Zaporozhian Cossack descendants, but it is clear from his figures that it was the lure of the exotic that was uppermost in the artist's mind.
		Evarnitsky, the scholar of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, is captured in the figure of the scribe.
	www.19thc-artworldwide.org /spring_02/articles/lang.html (6806 words)

	InfoUkes: Ukrainian History -- The Cossack Letter: "The Most Defiant Letter!"
		The Famous Cossack Letter immortalized in the painting "Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine Writing a Letter in Reply to the Sultan of Turkey" by Ilya Repin is a historical puzzle.
		The courageous Zaporozhians fought on several occasions to the gates of mighty Constantinople itself.
		The Cossack Letter is famous today mainly because of the great painting by Repin which captured some of the rough spirit of independence and brotherhood of the Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine.
	www.infoukes.com /history/cossack_letter (509 words)

	Dnipropentovs'k area - Symbolics Of Prydniprov'ia - «Patentbureau»
		In 1783 according to the Kateryna II decree about Sich liquidation the territory was included in the Russian empire.
		In 1753 in defiance of protests of Cossacks the greater part of the lands was given to a settlement of the Orthodox Serbians.
		On the places of old Zaporozhian settlements, Greek colonies and Turkish fortresses there appeared new towns.
	patent.net.ua /symbol/regions/dp/en.html (409 words)

	FIRST THINGS: A Journal of Religion, Culture, and Public Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The tale is set in the Ukraine, among the Cossacks of the great Zaporozhian Sech (a large fortified island encampment on the river Dnieper).
		When, for instance, the Zaporozhians resolve to make war on the Poles, they first round up the Jewish merchants of the settlement (whom they see as allies of their enemies) and throw them into the Dnieper to drown (except for one whom Bulba rescues, in return for a favor once done his brother).
		The story is set in a sanguinary and sadistic age; but it leaves one with the sense that the Cossacks may ultimately have been unrivalled in their capacity for purely impulsive pitilessness, unlit by the faintest flickering of conscience.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0401/reviews/hart.html (1467 words)

	Horikhiv - Symbolics Of Prydniprov'ia - «Patentbureau»
		It appeared in XVII century as a winter camp of Zaporozhians.
		In 1787 a large group of settlers from Poltava region came here and brought the name of Horikhiv.
		In the top flagstaff corner is red hazel nuts with green leaves.
	www.patent.net.ua /symbol/regions/zp/horikhiv/en.html (158 words)

	Cossack Pirates of the Black Sea - Speakeasy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Unlike his predecessors, Sahaidachny realized that the Zaporozhian host could be more than just a large band of mercenaries living on the fringes of the Polish Commonwealth.
		In 1621 the Zaporozhian Cossacks applied their martial skills to a strictly land campaign.
		The Zaporozhian Cossacks’ sea raids were of major political importance to Ukrainian nation-building efforts in the 17th century.
	www.speakeasy.invisionzone.com /index.php?showtopic=8047 (4179 words)

	Zaporozhian monastery "ДЕНЬ"
		The Zaporozhian “noble kish” also gave the newly-built church part of its own land with woods, arable lands, and meadows.
		The Zaporozhians took great pride in their monastery, calling it “God’s paradise on Earth, a true Palestine, and new Jerusalem.” Elderly people eagerly settled in hamlets around the monastery.
		Later, escaping from the possible wrath of Tsarina Catherine II, Tarlovsky hid in the Samara woods and soon became the head priest at the Zaporozhian church of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the founder of Samara Monastery.
	www.day.kiev.ua /158346 (1148 words)

	Elias Repin -- Master Painter From Ukraine
		His greatest oil painting may be Zaporozhian Cossacks Writing a Letter to the Turkish Sultan painted 1878-91 after extensive research and many travels through Ukraine and the Zaporozhian area.
		Into the superb canvas of Zaporozhians, his greatest masterpiece, Repin poured 13 years of his life.
		Repin's genius created in the Zaporozhians an immortal image of the heroic era of Ukrainian Cossack history.
	www.infoukes.com /culture/paintings/repin (630 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These terms were never kept, despite the earnest remonstrances of the king, and the complaints of the aggrieved borderers.
		His far-reaching plans were based upon two facts, the absolute devotion of the Zaporozhians to himself personally, and the knowledge, secretly conveyed to him by Stanislaus Koniecpolski (q.v.), that the whole of the Ukraine was in a ferment.
		By the compact of Zbor6w (Aug 21, 1649) Chmielnicki was recognized as hetman of the Zaporozhians, whose registered number was now raised from 6000 to 40,000; a general amnesty was also granted, and it was agreed that all official dignities in the Orthodox palatinates of Lithuania should henceforth be held solely by the Orthodox gentry.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=49043&locale=en (18310 words)

	POLAND - LoveToKnow Article on POLAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His far-reaching plans were based upon two facts, the absolute devotion of the Zaporozhians to himself personally, and the knowledge, secretly conveyed to him by Stanislaus Koniecpolski (q.v.), that the whole of the Ukraine was in a ferment.
		He proposed to provoke the Tatars to a rupture by repudiating the humiliating tribute with which the Republic had so long and so vainly endeavoured to buy off their incessant raids.
		By the compact of Zborw (Aug 21, 1649) Chmielnicki was recognized as hetman of the Zaporozhians, whose registered number was now raised from 6000 to4o,000; a general amnesty was also granted, and it was agreed that all official dignities in the Orthodox palatinates of Lithuania should henceforth be held solely by the Orthodox gentry.
	7.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/POLAND.htm (18908 words)

	GENERATIONS - Ukraine History Vignettes
		His reports on the Zaporozhian Sich, make it clear that the Kozak officers were well acquainted with all the subtleties of diplomatic relations and etiquette, and often surprised Lassota by their breeding and education.
		Lassota thus describes his arrival at the Zaporozhian Sich, which then was located on the island of Bazavluk in the Dnieper, where the Zaporozhian officers greeted him with an honor guard and the firing of cannons:
		His report pertains to that period in the history of the Zaporozhian Kozaks when, after the first destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich by the Russian troops, the Kozaks returned from Oleshky and Kaminka and founded a new Sich.
	www.geocities.com /amuse_amenace/ghistory.htm (11184 words)

	Armati Strategos Web Site
		Each Kazak (or Zaporozhian) FT unit may buy a Linear Obstacle.
		This reflects a general lack of Kazak horse, which was provided in turn by the Tatars.
		The Zaporozhian foot were, for the most part, marines who operated from boats (unfortunately, there is no provision for this in Armati).
	www.novatech-group.com /Armati/armies/approved/Kazak.html (231 words)

	Polish and Russian Political History - John Casimir And The Cossacks, 1648-1669
		The King furthermore promised his "faithful Zaporozhians" the confirmation of all their ancient liberties if they would retire from Zamosc, break off their alliance with the Tatars, and await fresh peace commissioners at Pereyaslavl.
		They arrived in his camp in January 1649 and found him so intoxicated with success as to be scarcely a reasonable creature.
		So early as March, 1653, the Tsar's council had determined upon war with Poland; and, in July, the Moscovite envoys told John Casimir at Lemberg that the Tsar had decided to take the Zaporozhians under his high protection, unless the King of Poland redressed all their grievances forthwith.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles11/slavic-europe-11.shtml (7240 words)

	Cossacks Famous Letter to the Sultan of Turkey
		Zaporozhian Cossacks of Ukraine Writing a Letter to the Turkish Sultan.
		We know that an insulting letter was actually written in the 1660s in answer to a letter from Sultan Mohammed IV of the Turkish Empire.
		These events were reported throughout Europe and even distant England and Holland took an interest in them.
	www.cossacks.ca /letter-to-sultan.htm (523 words)

	Culture of Ukraine - History and ethnic relations, Urbanism, architecture, and the use of space
		Nominally subject to the Polish crown, the Zaporozhian kozaks became symbols of Ukrainian national identity.
		The empress Catherine II extended serfdom to the traditionally free kozak lands and destroyed the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775.
		The most impressive exponents of this period are the bell tower of the Pechersk Monastery and the Mariinsky Palace in Kyiv, Saint George's Cathedral in Lviv, and the Pochaiv Monastery.
	www.everyculture.com /To-Z/Ukraine.html (8972 words)

	Taras Bulba Page 3
		Moreover, the republican constitution of the academy, the fearful multitude of young, healthy, strong fellows, inspired the students with an activity quite outside the limits of their learning.
		Poor fare, or frequent punishments of fasting, with the numerous requirements arising in fresh, strong, healthy youth, combined to arouse in them that spirit of enterprise which was afterwards further developed among the Zaporozhians.
		The hungry student running about the streets of Kief forced every one to be on his guard.
	www.web-books.com /classics/Stories/Gogol_Taras/GogolC2P3.htm (1782 words)

	Profile of Zaporizhzhya (Ukraine)
		One of the islands, Mala Khortytsya, south of the rapids and about five miles north of the present city, became a Cossack stronghold in the 16th century, before being overrun by Tatars in 1558.
		Zaporozhians had a turbulent history for the next several centuries that left a deep imprint on the collective memory of Ukrainians.
		Since the collapse of the former Soviet Union, there has been a Cossack revival directed principally at young people and the formation of Cossack military units.
	www.census.gov /ipc/www/ebspr96b.html (3505 words)

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