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Topic: Zarathustra (fictional philosopher)

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	Philosophy and Literature Encyclopedia Article @ Mattered.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Philosophy and literature is the literary treatment of philosophers and philosophical themes, and the philosophical treatment of issues raised by literature.
		Some fiction can be thought of as a sort of a thought experiment in ethics: they describe fictional characters, their motives, their actions, and the consequences of their actions.
		A fictional philosophical movement is a part of the premise of his story Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius, and the unnamed narrator of his story The Library of Babel could also be called a fictional philosopher.
	www.mattered.net /encyclopedia/Philosophy_and_literature (1775 words)

	Philosophy and Literature Encyclopedia Article @ Morally.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		George Santayana was also a philosopher who wrote novels and poetry; the relationship between Santayana's characters and his beliefs is more complex.
		A number of philosophers are still read for the literary merits of their works apart from their philosophical content.
		Jorge Luis Borges is perhaps the twentieth century's preeminent author of philosophical fiction.
	www.morally.net /encyclopedia/Philosophy_and_literature (1402 words)

	mike king \| writings \| Krishna, Whitman, Nietzsche, Sartre
		Zarathustra stops and tells the dwarf that the path ahead represents the future, the path behind represents the present and the gateway where they were halted at represents the present moment.
		Zarathustra then proposes the theory that everything will happen again, and everything has already happened; this theme is elaborated upon and leads up to the ecstatic ending to Part Three.
		Zarathustra is to be the teacher of the eternal recurrence: there are countless passages where Zarathustra states his mission as teacher, and also his frustration at the slowness of his disciples.
	www.jnani.org /mrking/writings/essays/kwns/n2.html (5902 words)

	SeniorEssays
		He presents the various arguments for the philosophical elements and benefits of laughter, claiming that it is: (1) a kind of aesthetic experience, (2) a form of mental liberation, and (3) a way of interpreting one's life as a whole
		Zarathustra's laughter is his reaction to finally understanding his place in the world, and his laughter grants him the position atop which he can view all of human existence.
		Ancient philosophers did an injustice to laughter when they declared it was thoroughly malicious, and some of their projects hurt from this rash generalization.
	www.sewanee.edu /philosophy/Capstone/2002/Greenfield.html (8502 words)

	Zarathustra_(fictional_philosopher) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zarathustra was the first to consider the fight of good and evil the very wheel in the machinery of things: the transposition of morality into the metaphysical realm, as a force, cause, and end in itself, is his work.
		Another singular feature of Zarathustra, first presented in the prologue, is the designation of human beings as a transition between apes and the "Ãbermensch" (in English, either the "overman" or "superman"; or, superhuman or overhuman.
		He continued to emphasize his philosophical concerns; generally, his intention was to show an alternative to repressive moral codes and to avert "nihilism" in all of its varied forms.
	www.demandtwinspare.info /Zarathustra_(fictional_philosopher) (2190 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Classics S.): Books: Friedrich Nietzsche,R. Hollingdale,R.J. Hollingdale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1885) was Nietzsche's own favourite among all his books and has proved to be his most popular, having sold millions of copies in many different languages.
		This translation of Zarathustra (the first new English version for over forty years) conveys the musicality of the original German, and for the first time annotates the abundance of allusions to the Bible and other classic texts with which Nietzsche's masterpiece is in conversation.
		Zarathustra is likened to a tenacious and witty teller of how to build ones own character and rise above the herd as only Nietzsche can describe.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Thus-Spoke-Zarathustra-Classics-S/dp/0140441182 (1216 words)

	Texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zarathustra's experience among men is, of course, indicative of Nietzsche's own frustrations and mirrors the book's subtitle, "A Book for All and None," that is, of universal importance but with little likelihood of an understanding readership.
		Zarathustra is not himself the achievement of the overman, but he is on his way and his life demonstrates the seriousness and the scope of the battle before us.
		Zarathustra is worldly in his perception and understanding of life and world, but he is not corrupted by the world.
	www2.hmc.edu /~tbeckman/Philosophy/TEXTS.HTM (12753 words)

	Existentialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Among the major philosophers identified as existentialists (many of whom — for instance Camus and Heidegger — repudiated the label) were Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger, and Martin Buber in Germany, Jean Wahl and Gabriel Marcel in France, the Spaniards José Ortega y Gasset and Miguel de Unamuno, and the Russians Nicholai Berdyaev and Lev Shestov.
		And while not all existential philosophers were influenced by phenomenology (for instance Jaspers and Marcel), the philosophical legacy of existentialism is largely tied to the form it took as an existential version of phenomenology.
		As a philosophical inquiry that introduced a new norm, authenticity, for understanding what it means to be human — a norm tied to distinctive, post-Cartesian concept of the self as practical, embodied, being-in-the-world — existentialism has continued to play an important role in contemporary thought, in both the continental and analytic traditions.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/existentialism (10646 words)

	Also sprach Zarathustra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The book chronicles the wanderings and teachings of a philosopher, Zarathustra, who has named himself for Zarathustra (Zoroaster), the ancient Persian prophet who founded Zoroastrianism.
		Central to Zarathustra is the notion that human beings are a transitional form between apes and what Nietzsche called the Übermensch, literally "over-person," usually translated as "superman" or more literally "overman".
		Also sprach Zarathustra is also the title of a symphonic poem by Richard Strauss, composed in 1896 and inspired by the book.
	also-sprach-zarathustra.iqnaut.net (657 words)

	Jacket 31 - October 2006 - Anthony Stephens: Nietzsche’s Unease: The Ambiguity of Poetic Metaphor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As a creative writer, he is acutely conscious of the centrality of metaphor in the elaboration of fictional constructs, yet as an epistemologist he is constantly irritated by the metaphorical quality of language, as it is emblematic of the mismatch between his chief instrument of investigation and the external world.
		Fiction becomes, in this context, a wholly negative term because – despite all that Nietzsche has done in his published works to alert the reading public to the perpetual confusion in which it lives – the delusions engendered by the effects of unrecognised metaphors simply will not go away.
		Because there is a loose fit between poetry and the world, poetic fictions do not have to encompass their objects but may be quite content with an indicative gesture which connotes nothing about the reality or unreality of that to which it refers.
	jacketmagazine.com /31/stephens-nietzsche.html (8153 words)

	Charles J. Stivale -- G-M Summary of L'Abecedaire de Gilles Deleuze
		One thing is certain: a philosopher is not someone who contemplates or even reflects, but is someone who creates, and creates a very special kind of thing, concepts, not stars that one gazes at in the sky.
		The philosopher's task is already that of exposing the concepts that s/he's in the process of creating, so s/he can't expose the problems on top of that, or at least one can discover these problems only through the concepts being created.
		And a philosopher creates concepts, but it happens that they communiate greatly since, in certain ways, the concept is a character, and the character takes on dimensions of the concept.
	www.langlab.wayne.edu /CStivale/D-G/ABC2.html (15522 words)

	The Evolution of Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In similar fashion, Lao-tse, perhaps a fictional invention of a later period, is associated with this Axial Age.
		For Zarathustra, as the inventor of Zoroastrianism, could only by conjecture be the first to conceive of historical directionality, as Cohn cogently argues, and it must surely have begun stirring with the invention of writing and the first inklings of historical time etched in the records of hieroglyphic stone.
		Since we are passing beyond the distinction of sacred and secular ages, find Zarathustra correctly reflecting on the end state of a cyclical system in the dialectic of good and evil, and will find ‘religions’ a relationship between transitions and the oikoumenes they generate, the use of the term ‘religion’ will prove beside the point.
	www.history-and-evolution.com /new_age/page7.htm (7594 words)

	Zarathushtrians and Hinduism
		Zarathustra and Sakaya would never have finalised how the world should see the true reality, so the evolution of religious and philosophical thought is purposely left to be ongoing.
		The Lord inspired Zarathustra to teach them to build houses, and tame the goats, and to live in cities, and otherwise subdue the earth through righteousness; the chief centre of their habitations being on the river Apherteon and its tributaries.
		Zarathustra's name is not mentioned by Herodotus (480-425 BC) who seems unaware of him in his sketch of the Mado-Persian religion.
	www.angelfire.com /planet/pp0/zara.html (20441 words)

	Hamazor_Summer 98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Zarathustra goes on to say that fury and violence assault the people and that everywhere deceit and deception hold the upper hand.
		In all his reflections on the human condition, Zarathustra realized that for every bright aspect of life there was also a dark side, and consequently he was able to systematize all of human existence and human endeavor into two camps: the side of good and the side of evil.
		Such a profoundly philosophic view of Asha is an abstract concept capable of being grasped by reflective thought alone, though being the blue-print of a perfect world.
	www.w-z-o.org /hamazor_issue_3_c.htm (6624 words)

	Natural Law
		Michel Foucault, the late French philosopher of postmodernism, praised "madness" as "man's ultimate truth" in his unconventional treatise, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (Vintage/Random House, 1965, 1988).
		Foucault argued that as leprosy was conquered and disappeared, society needed a stigma to fill the void and to populate the empty leprosariums.
		Philosophers, psychologists, and historians agree that modern history is witnessing a collapse of the old moral order, the "sacred canopy" upon which the Western democracies were founded.
	home.comcast.net /~shuv/naturallaw.html (8817 words)

	[No title]
		Rather, these philosophers believe that we come to know the moral law in ourselves and in the world only in knowing what it is to be fully human.
		We need new philosophers, Nietzsche thinks, those who will tell the truth about morality, that is, that good and evil are founded in fear; philosophers who will unmask the lack of authority in what is said to come from God, nature and reason.
		These new philosophers will speak of a man yet to come, a higher man, a super man, one who is capable of going beyond good and evil and able to undertake danger and pain for the sake of creating what is original in its beauty and meaning.
	personal.bgsu.edu /~dcallen/unit4.html (9744 words)

	SeniorEssays
		Enlightenment philosophers, determined to systematize reason as much as possible, set out in their works to prove existence of a universal reason that was independent of human subjectivity and error.
		The moral language, the metaphors, of Zarathustra's teaching are not ones of fulfillment but ones of heaviness and lightness: the heaviness of morality versus the lightness of individual creativity.
		Zarathustra's morality is a stranger one than Augustine's; we are certainly less familiar with the ideas it advocates.
	www.sewanee.edu /Philosophy/Capstone/1999/love.html (12072 words)

	Faithful Wounds of an Enemy
		Less than two decades after Nietzsche's death, social philosopher William Mackintire Salter wrote, "Criticism of Nietzsche is rife, understanding rare."{1} Even when I was a philosophy major at university, Nietzsche seemed to me to be a strange cross between Carl Sagan and Taz the Tasmanian devil.
		Implying his vision for a future, the philosopher said, "We children of the future, how can we be at home in the world of today?"{18} Nietzsche was famous for his self-contradiction without apology, but it is at least clear that something about his perception of the typical hope of Christians repulsed him.
		Preoccupation with the philosopher has always been considered a great hindrance to benefiting from his genius (and has also proved dangerous in the history of the twentieth century), but it is also a loss to reject him completely.
	www.leaderu.com /marshill/mhr04/faith1.html (4019 words)

	The Modern Word - "Agape Agape" Review
		In it there is the perfect pitch and toss of the human voice witnessed in that earlier masterpiece, with its clangorous cacophony and frenetic interruptedness, as if the reader had accidentally tuned in on some American Babel where conversation and discourse, and “meaning” itself, are always and ineluctably being transmitted at cross-purposes, ludicrously awry.
		Gaddis’ fiction has never been the ostentatious display of intellectual elitism, nor the putative defence of that sort of sensibility, which some commentators have taken it for.
		From even The Recognitions the ironic temper is all-embracing: not only is it the putative subject matter of the fiction, the “fictional” characters and their trivial pursuits and obsessions, towards which the wry humour is directed, the author himself, and his text, are intentionally arraigned within its purview.
	www.themodernword.com /reviews/gaddis_agape.html (2141 words)

	5. World Literature, Philosophy, and Religion. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		Not only is that traditional conception theoretically justified, it is also a practical way of including important knowledge that would normally fall between the cracks in school courses.
		A narrow conception of literature that includes only fiction, poetry, and drama is a recent innovation that has disadvantages as well as advantages.
		Because world philosophy and religion have no clearly defined place in school courses, our classification of them as literature encourages their inclusion in the school curriculum.
	www.bartleby.com /59/5 (496 words)

	John & Belle Have A Blog: Philosophy
		Among other things inverted commas have been a means for these philosophers to distinguish their philosophy from a tradition of metaphysics that they all want to destruct (Heidegger), deconstruct (Derrida) or deconstruct in a different way (Nancy).
		But she has a post up that seems to me to show she isn't sufficiently familiar with philosophical debates about liberalism to be a good judge.
		In the philosopher conversely, there is nothing whatever that is impersonal; and above all his morality bears decided and decisive witness to who he is—that is, in what order of rank the innermost drives of his nature stand in relation to each other.
	examinedlife.typepad.com /johnbelle/philosophy/index.html (11542 words)

	The Christ Conspiracy
		To get rid of the damning fact that there is no historical basis for their theological fictions, the Christian priesthood have been guilty -of the heinous crime of destroying nearly all traces of the concurrent history of the first two centuries of the Christian era.
		They will even admit that the gospel story is fiction, cagily calling it "benign deceit." Yet, these scholars and researchers will continue in their quest to find a "historical" Jesus, endlessly pumping out tomes that would be better off as trees.
		It is likewise interesting that, by constantly "borrowing from" and aligning themselves with exalted philosophers who were recognized as having penetrated the mysteries of the cosmos, the Christians themselves admitted just how advanced were their predecessors.
	www.skeptic.ca /christ_conspiracy.htm (8239 words)

	[No title]
		Revelation only appears to the philosopher when the philosopher has put politics in its proper place and he is left with the proper leisure to wonder about what he has yet to know.
		When this philosophic contemplation is the center of our reflection, we find, as Aquinas remarked, that we are not at all surprised that the political life leads to considerations of the happy life, the solitary life of reason, consulting with others yes, but still in awe at what it knows of what is.
		This position is itself one of philosophical import as it implies that a philosophy prodded by a faith is not "philosophy" even though it deepens philosophy as such.
	www.georgetown.edu /schall/WS11BJVS.html (19519 words)

	History Of Philosophy
		Philosophers at Miletus (Greek) tried to pick out the common identical elements (essentials) from the various processes of nature to arrive at a “first principle” to which all phenomena could be referred.
		This led to the concept of a primal substance, something fundamental which remains constant (unchanged) throughout all change.
		-Devoted to the doctrines of the Dutch philosopher and rationalist.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~rmuhamma/Philosophy/philo-history.html (4317 words)

	[Nietzsche Circle][Reviews]
		Nietzsche's language is a poetic-mythological structure of concepts and images that aims to dance, "off the page into the reader's life." It is hence insufficient, although not completely wrong, to read Nietzsche's books as merely conveying "doctrines." Nietzsche practiced philosophy as a mode of action, a radically agonistic, interpretative, addressive practice.
		In so doing, it can even affirm all negations of the flux in fictional houses of being as necessary forms of otherness to becoming.
		Such spiritualization of enmity avoids stagnation and recognizes that the price of fruitfulness is to be rich particularly "otherly" reading of the drama of Nietzsche's life as well as the dramatic and educational journeys of his fictional character Zarathustra.
	www.nietzschecircle.com /review3.html (789 words)

	[Nietzsche Circle][Home]
		By late 2001 or early 2002 I knew I wanted to engage with him in an extended way in my fiction, but was daunted by the prospect of trying to inhabit something analogous to the rhythms of his thought and prose from the inside out.
		If the genre of science fiction teaches us, not what the future will be like, but how the future will remain permanently unknowable, then historical fiction such as Nietzsche’s Kisses executes a similar function with respect to history and memory.
		LO: I usually think about my fiction a good deal before executing it, but in the case of what I think of as the Organ Scenes, a very strange thing occurred, something that had never occurred to me in quite the same way before: almost every one of them arrived first as a dream.
	nietzschecircle.com /interview.html (4934 words)

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