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Topic: Zemsky Sobor

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	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> sobor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A sobor is a council of bishops and other clerical and lay representatives representing the church in matters of importance.
		A sobor is distinct from a synod, which is a gathering of only bishops.
		Not to be confused with a zemsky sobor, which in 16th and 17th century Russia was a high council convened by the Tsar.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/sobor (107 words)

	Zemsky Sobor
		The first ''zemsky sobor'' was held by tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1549.
		Although the Sobors were primarily a tool used to rubberstamp decisions that Ivan had already made, sometimes initiative was taken by the lower nobility and townsfolk.
		The last sobors were held by the great Galitzine in 1682, to abolish the ''mestnichestvo'', and in 1684, to ratify the "Eternal Peace" with Poland.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Zemsky_Sobor (372 words)

	Zemskiy sobor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The zemskiy sobor was a Russian council of nobles, the term roughly means assembly of the land.
		The first zemskiy sobor was held by Ivan the Terrible in 1549.
		When the Riuirikid Dynasty died out in 1598 it was a sobor that appointed Boris Gudunov as the next Czar.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/z/ze/zemskiy_sobor.html (182 words)

	Zemsky Sobor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The zemsky sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries.
		A major council assembled to ratify the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654 was the last for thirty years.
		Patriarch Tikhon (who was not present; neither was the Grand Duke) was named as the honorary chairman of the sobor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zemsky_Sobor (382 words)

	Sergey Mironov - Chairman of the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
		Zemsky sobors, that played an important role in legislation, were among most distinguished affairs of the Moscow czardom political life in the XVI-XVII centuries.
		Zemsky sobor of the XVII century consisted of two parts: one included higher authority and clergy representatives, members of the Boyar duma and heads of departments, the other assembled elective representatives from all estates.
		Zemsky sobors enjoyed wide powers regarding election of the czar in emergency cases, international affairs, taxation, interstate security and even military orders in case of enemy invasion.
	mironov.info /History (2450 words)

	Russia - MSN Encarta
		In 1547 Ivan assumed the throne and became the first Muscovite Grand Prince to be formally crowned as Tsar; in the same year he married Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family.
		Ivan opposed the old nobility because of the strife that had disrupted his childhood, and in 1549 he called the first Zemsky Sobor, an irregular national assembly, representing all classes of Russian society except the peasants.
		In 1613 a Zemsky Sobor, representing the chief towns and the Church, elected Michael Fedorovich Romanov, member of an influential boyar family and great-nephew of Anastasia Romanovna, as Tsar.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569000_12/Russia.html (2430 words)

	Peter's Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In this manner, the tsar and the Zemsky Sobor came to share in the government of the empire as the king and the estates had in the West during the Renaissance.
		The Zemsky Sobor was rarely convoked after 1653, and the Russian Church itself was so weakened by the loss of many of its most devout members that it succumbed to state control before the end of the century.
		The Zemsky Sobor was not summoned, and the boyar duma was ignored.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/petersrussia.html (4243 words)

	Lenin: 1905/tactics: The Tactics of 'Eliminating The Conservatives from the Government' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In its Zemsky Sobor it will undoubtedly attract to its side the representatives of the nobility, of the Zemstvos, the cities, the universities and similar bourgeois institutions.
		“We support the Zemsky Sobor to the extent that it fights the autocracy, and we fight it in those cases when it becomes reconciled with the autocracy.
		First of all, we shall demand that the Zemsky Sobor be convened on the basis of universal and equal suffrage, direct elections and secret ballot.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/ch07.htm (1629 words)

	EefyWiki - 18b: Rise of the Romanovs
		Russia's next tsar would need to be conservative socially and conservative in religious matters; not so strong handed that he would overwhelm the boyars but yet comfortable enough with power to lead the country in the right direction.
		They were all too familiar with history: Kievan Rus had divided itself and allowed the Mongols to come in and clean house.The Zemsky Sobor deliberated for some time before choosing a candidate acceptable to all concerned.
		After Filaret died in 1633, Mikhail found it harder to rule; he reversed Filaret's autocratic tendencies by allowing the Zemsky Sobor to meet, and proved unable to stop Tatar raids in the south.
	eefy.editme.com /L18b (1183 words)

	Czarist Russia 1462
		The boyars were extinct as a class, the peasant had no choice but to sink further and further into the clutches of the gentry, and the country was on the brink of economic collapse.
		In 1612 the assembly of the land, Zemsky Sobor, representing all classes, met and elected Michael Romanov czar.
		Consequently, the Zemsky Sobor was not capable of opposing the will of the supreme autocrat and was called upon only when the czar wished ratification of a policy.
	www.lessonsite.com /ArchivePages/HistoryOfTheWorld/Lesson14/CzaristRussia.htm (1385 words)

	Ivan IV of Russia
		Ivan introduced the first printing press to Russia, revised the law code, and created a standing army.
		He established the Zemsky Sobor[?], the council of the nobles, and subordinated the church to the state, systematising rituals and regulations.
		Ivan formed new trading connections, opening up the White Sea and the port of Archangel to English merchants.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/iv/Ivan_Grozny.html (406 words)

	Consolidation of Russian -History Of Russia At Russiangospel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After the reign of the sickly Feodor I (1584—98), state power passed to Boris Godunov (reigned 1598—1605), who was elected czar by a zemsky sobor [national council].
		In 1609, Sigismund III of Poland invaded Russia, and in 1610 Polish troops entered Moscow according to an agreement concluded with the boyars.
		However, in 1612, Russian forces led by Prince Dmitri Pozharski took Moscow, and in 1613 a zemsky sobor unanimously chose Michael Romanov as czar (see Michael; reigned 1613—45).
	www.russiangospel.org /consolidation.html (497 words)

	Czar Alexis: Between Old and New
		As the first Romanov to succeed by heredity, he had to be especially wary of court rivals and the Zemsky Sobor (the boyar assembly), even though the boyars had pledged complete loyalty to the czar at his coronation.
		Events like the uprisings of 1648 and the campaign of Stenka Razin (one of whose followers was presented as a claimant to the throne) convinced Alexis that he had to play an active role in court politics, unlike his father Michael.
		Within a few years after becoming czar, Alexis made it clear to the landed interests of Russia -- represented by the Zemsky Sobor of 1648 -- that he considered autocracy to be the best means of bringing justice and holiness to the motherland.
	www.loyno.edu /~history/journal/1987-8/botticelli.htm (4270 words)

	Metropolitan Opera International Radio Broadcast Information Center - Opera Archive
		After a period of confusion, a zemsky sobor (“Assembly of the Land”) was convened to elect a new Tsar.
		Chaos and war ran rampant in the divided country until 1612, when a national army under the leadership of butcher Kuzma Minin and general Prince Pozharsky unified the country to combat the Polish threat.
		They emerged victorious, and in 1613 the zemsky sobor chose young Michel Romanov as the new Tsar.
	archive.operainfo.org /broadcast/operaBackground.cgi?id=89&language=1 (1279 words)

	EefyWiki - 16e: Conclusions
		The only Russian principality to maintain any democratic traditions was Novgorod, which would eventually fall to Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow in 1478.
		Ivan the Terrible summoned Russia's first zemsky sobor, or National Council, in 1549, primarily to approve his plans.
		In 1613 the zemsky sobor selected Mikhail Romanov to become Tsar, but this was the exception to the rule that it was mostly for show.
	eefy.editme.com /L16e (640 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - View Single Post - A History of Russia (1614-1792)
		When Fyodor died childless in 1598, the dynasty of the house of Rurik came to an end and the Zemsky Sobor (a national assembly of town representatives and the church) elected Godunov the czar.
		Godunov was a capable ruler who did much to enhance Russia's growing economic power, albeit at the expense of the serfs' freedom.
		The Zemsky Sobor convened and appointed Mikhail Romanov as czar.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showpost.php?p=1522&postcount=1 (324 words)

	EefyWiki - 17c: Ivan the Terrible
		Later in 1547, he married a boyar's daughter named Anastasia Romanova, whom he loved and honored to her dying day.
		In 1549 he summoned the first zemsky sobor, an assembly of nobility, clergy, and townsmen.
		Although he saw the zemsky sobor as a mere rubber stamp for his plans, it was still a daringly democratic institution for Russia in that day.
	eefy.editme.com /L17c (1141 words)

	Russia Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		The new border territories were colonized by Russian settlers and defended by the Cossacks, laying the basis for the colonization and annexation of Siberia.
		A zemsky sobor [national council] elected Boris Godunov czar (reigned 1598–1605) and his death led to the “Time of Troubles”—a political crisis marked by the appearance of pretenders and the intervention of foreign powers, including a Polish attack on Moscow.
		Russia in the 17th century was not regarded as a member of the European community of nations, and it lagged economically behind Western Europe.
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Russia.html (1464 words)

	Muscovy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Boris Godunov then convened a Zemsky Sobor, a national assembly of boyars, Church officials, and commoners, which proclaimed him tsar, although various boyar factions refused to recognize the decision.
		But they were able to restore their rule over some territories, including Smolensk lost by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1509.
		In 1613 a new zemsky sobor proclaimed the boyar Mikhail Romanov as tsar, beginning the 300-year reign of the Romanov family.
	muscovy.iqnaut.net (3610 words)

	azov - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		In June 1641 they withstood a long siege by the enormous Ottoman army.
		In 1642, when the Turks retreated, the Tsar summoned a popular assembly, or Zemsky Sobor, which decided to surrender the fortress in order to avoid the full-scale war with Turkey.
		Before leaving the castle, the Cossacks annihilated all the fortifications.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Azov (418 words)

	Sobor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1) " Sobor" -- In the context of Sobor
		In 16th and 17th century Russia, a zemsky sobor was a high council convenedby the Tsar.
		Common Misspellings of Sobor include: sobor osbor sboor soobr sobro obor sbor soor sobr sobo aobor wobor dobor xobor zobor sibor skbor slbor spbor sabor sebor subor sovor sonor sogor sohor sobir sobkr soblr sobpr sobar sober sobur soboe sobod sobof sobot
	www.beyondtheorange.com /Help/8260-Sobor.Html (246 words)

	Home > , {New York}, {NY}, __ZIP_CODE__, Real Estate, Yellow Pages, Classifieds, News, Events, Business, Shopping, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is interesting to note that Dmitry\'s mother came from the Beklemishev family, just like the mother of Mikhail Kutuzov, who would be credited with saving Russia precisely two centuries after him.
		The family was never particularly prominent, and Pozharsky\'s early career was not documented until he took part in the Zemsky sobor which elected Boris Godunov to the throne in 1598.
		Pozharsky and Trubetskoy presided over the Muscovite government for half a year, until a new tsar was elected by the Zemsky Sobor, whereupon Pozharsky was made a boyar and Trubetskoy was honoured even more highly.
	www.centralparknyusa.com /topic/Dmitri_Mikhailovich_Pozharski (1125 words)

	Lenin: 1905/3rdcong: Speech on the Attitude Towards the Government's Tactics on the Eve of the Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Everything will depend on the political situation, on the electoral system, and on other specific factors which cannot be estimated in advance.
		Some say that the Zemsky Sobor is a fraud.
		But there are times when we must take part in elections to expose a fraud.
	marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1905/3rdcong/8.htm (279 words)

	russian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This disastrous reign was the result of Ivan’s temper, which led him to the inadvertent murder of his eldest son and heir when he stuck the young man with too great a force.
		After a period of fourteen years and six rulers, which culminated in the occupation of Russia by a Polish king, the Zemsky Sobor, a body similar to that of the French Estates General, elected a new Czar, Michael Romanov.
		The Romanov line survived until the murder of Czar Nicholas II and his family during the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.
	colfa.utsa.edu /drinka/pie/lang_russian.htm (968 words)

	Political Intrigue Surrounds The House of Romanov
		This same monastery provided sanctuary for the first Romanov tsar, Mikhail, also 16, when he was appointed the Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia by the zemsky sobor, or "assembly of the land." Kostroma is thus the cradle of the Romanov tsarist dynasty.
		The Party of the Monarchist Center, meanwhile, argues that the Moscow Patriarchy ought to convene a zemsky sobor to choose a new tsar.
		Candidates would have to display involvement in Russian Orthodoxy and knowledge of Russia's language and culture, said Viktor Antonov, an executive with the group's St. Petersburg branch.
	www.west.net /~antipas/protected_files/news/russia/czar/house_romanov.html (1232 words)

	The first Romanovs
		In 1641 the Turks (overlords of the Tatar khanates) launched a counterattack and bullied the Russians into abandoning the Cossacks.
		The Zemsky sobor had no stomach for the costs of war, and Michael's finances were still in a parlous state.
		Russia did nothing to retaliate as the Turks encouraged the Tatars to raid still more boldly in 1643 and 1644.
	faculty.history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-102.htm (1780 words)

	[NATION]Moscovy - MTG Salvation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		History - After a new zemsky sobor Declared Mikhail Romanov as Tsar in 1613, the Cossack, Miatezh Rahl launched a massive plot to assassinate the "Tsar", to remove the Romanov's from history.
		Yet another Zemsky Sobor was organized, and Miatezh was proclaimed Tsar.
		Shortly thereafter, the Poles attempted to once again plant a False Dimitri on the throne, yet were fought off by the Cossacks and increasingly nationalistic Peasants.
	forums.mtgsalvation.com /showthread.php?t=22968 (1074 words)

	Slavophiles and Westernizers - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The differences between them, however, were not always clear cut.
		The Slavophiles held that Russian civilization was unique and superior to Western culture because it was based on such institutions as the Orthodox Eastern Church, the village community, or mir, and the ancient popular assembly, the zemsky sobor.
		The Slavophiles supported autocracy and opposed political participation; however, they also favored emancipation of serfs and freedom of speech and press.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-slavophi.html (365 words)

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