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	Zemstvo Listings
		Zemstvo stamps were stamps issued by local government authorities and were used for local mail in the period from about 1865 through until about the revolution in 1917.
		The zemstvo stamps contrast with the national stamps, which were used for mail between major towns and cities, but the national postal service did not extend to regional service between and within local outlying regions of the major cities.
		The first is to identify it as indeed being a zemstvo issue, the second to determine which zemstvo issue it is. Arguably the third issue is to determine if it is real or counterfeit, but that is way beyond the scope of my own meagre knowledge.
	www.rossia.com /stamps/frzemstvo.htm (871 words)

	Zemstvo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The institution of the zemstvo (singular term: zemstva) provided provincial and district government councils in Russia between 1864 and October 17, 1917.
		The zemstvos took up matters of education, medical relief, public welfare, food supply, and road maintenance in their localities, but were met with hostility by liberals, such as the Socialist Revolutionary Party, the intelligentsia, and the nihilists who wanted more reform.
		The Zemstvo took away and undermined the power of the nobles at that time, and the people on the Zemstva reported directly to the Tsar, thus being agents of the Tsar, telling him what is going on in different areas of his Empire, and letting him control it fully.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zemstvo (277 words)

	AllRefer.com - zemstvo (Russian, Soviet, And CIS History) - Encyclopedia
		The district zemstvos elected executive committees and delegates to the provincial assemblies, which in turn elected an executive committee for the province.
		Representation in the zemstvo was proportional to land ownership, and the electorate was divided into three groups : private landowners, urban population, and peasant communes.
		The zemstvo was the stronghold of the Russian liberals and constitutionalists, who after the February Revolution of 1917 democratized the electoral system and sought to make the zemstvos the basis of the new regime.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Z/zemstvo.html (309 words)

	Federal State Statistics Service - Formation of zemstvo statistical bodies and development of state statistics in ...
		The Zemstvos were controlled by the Ministry of the Interior and the respective governors (chiefs of provinces) who had the right to annul any resolutions of a zemstvo institution.
		Apart from studying the peasants' everyday life, the budgets, the zemstvo statisticians were engaged in the studies of people's education, and from the beginning of the 80ies, worked in the sphere of sanitary and medical statistics.
		In the works of zemstvo statisticians there were revealed the functions of groupings as a method of analysing relationships and as a mode of singling out the type of phenomena, which paved the way for subsequent development of the theory of typological grouping.
	www.gks.ru /eng/history/4.asp (2701 words)

	zemstvo — Infoplease.com
		The district zemstvos elected executive committees and delegates to the provincial assemblies, which in turn elected an executive committee for the province.
		Representation in the zemstvo was proportional to land ownership, and the electorate was divided into three groups—private landowners, urban population, and peasant communes.
		The zemstvo was the stronghold of the Russian liberals and constitutionalists, who after the February Revolution of 1917 democratized the electoral system and sought to make the zemstvos the basis of the new regime.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0853343.html (408 words)

	Everything you always wanted to know about Zemstvos
		According to the establishment of the Zemstvo in the middle of the sixties the local administration and the local economical activity has become centered in the districts.
		The Zemstvo Post, on the contrary, was considered as carrying on the work of the State Post in the localities where there was none, but not as competing with it, and thus its organization and its activity was not interfered with.
		The Zemstvo was allowed to transmit the mail on receiving it from the State post-offices within the boundaries of the district (but not from one town to another), to organize further postal communication, and was bound to be responsible for the same.
	web.inter.nl.net /hcc/Langenberg/Zemstvo.html (2692 words)

	FOCUS ON PHILATELY: The Zemstvo posts of Ukraine (11/04/01)
		Among the activities of the zemstvos were the building and maintenance of roads; the improvement of agriculture, trade and industry; the oversight of medical and sanitation services; the administration of public education; the management of property and insurance; and the establishment of rural postal services (Figure 1).
		Zemstvo post offices carried mail within their particular volosti (districts), and also to and from the nearest imperial post.
		The main zemstvo council buildings took on the functions of a central postal node (a main post office), through which the entire exchange of mail with the volosti was carried out.
	www.ukrweekly.com /Archive/2001/440118.shtml (1514 words)

	Electronic Text Archive
		In the seven district zemstvos, there were 127 delegates of the first college, 36 of the second, and 64 of the third, the total number of electors being restricted-about 3500 altogether.
		This zemstvo included in addition each of the district Marshals of the Nobility; the presidents of the executive committees of each district zemstvo; the government provincial Secretary of Agriculture, and the Superintendents of the Imperial Domains and Crown Lands; and representatives of the Church.
		Over the zemstvos was a supervising committee, under government auspices; and the decisions of the zemstvos generally required government sanction; the governor had a broad veto power, including even that of the zemstvo personnel.
	depts.washington.edu /cartah/text_archive/clark/bc_12.shtml (931 words)

	Russia - Chapter XXXII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Though a warm defender of the Zemstvo institutions, he thinks that their activity ought to be confined to a comparatively narrow field, and he thereby differs from some of his colleagues, who are ready to embark in hazardous, not to say fanciful, schemes for developing the natural resources of the province.
		The Zemstvo of Novgorod had at that time the reputation of being one of the most enlightened and energetic, and I must say that the proceedings were conducted in a business-like, satisfactory way.
		The Zemstvo had the right, for example, to co-operate in the development of education, but as soon as it organised primary schools and seminaries it came into contact with the Ministry of Public Instruction.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/russian/russia/chap48.html (3690 words)

	zemstvo -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Zemstvos existed on two levels, the uyezd (canton) and the province; the uyezd assemblies, composed of delegates representing the individual landed proprietors and the peasant village communes, elected the provincial assemblies.
		Generally dominated by the nobility, the zemstvos suffered after 1890 from legislation that restricted their authority, from insufficient revenue, and from administrative controls of a hostile bureaucracy.
		Zemstvos existed on two levels, the uyezd (canton) and the province; the uyezd assemblies, composed of delegates representing the individual landed proprietors and the peasant...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9078314 (427 words)

	Great Reforms
		The uezd zemstvo assembly is composed of zemstvo members, elected: (a) by the landed proprietors of the uezd; (b) by the urban communities; and (c) by the village communities.
		The uezd zemstvo assembly is under the chairmanship of the uezd marshal of the nobility....
		The guberniia zemstvo institutions are: the guberniia zemstvo assembly and the guberniia zemstvo executive board.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/classes/grrefsources.html (3286 words)

	The Estonian Philatelist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It is generally known that zemstvo (self-government) mail operated in Imperial Russia side by side with the State mail service.
		In 1874-1913 it functioned in the districts of Luga and Gdov of the government of St. Petersburg and in 1871-1913 in the Pskov district in the Pskov government, areas which later came to be incorporated into the Republic of Estonia.
		Registered and sent by zemstvo mail to the Bielaya post station where a 14-kopeck postage stamp has been cancelled on 19 December 1887.
	www.efur.se /articles/zemstvo.html (272 words)

	The history of homeopathy in the Russian Empire - Alexander Kotok, M.D.
		Doubtless, the experience of this zemstvo cannot be indifferent to the condition of the health of the population.
		Collaborative work between a homeopath and zemstvo physicians is impossible because the activity of the homeopaths denies the science to which physicians dedicate all their lives.
		Be this as it may, the topic of the zemstvos adopting homeopathy in the capacity of a competitor of allopathy remained a non-issue in the homeopathic press till the Bolsheviks solved the problem in a different way, when they put an end both to the zemstvos and to the homeopathic societies.
	www.homeoint.org /books4/kotok/3900.htm (4444 words)

	The history of homeopathy in the Russian Empire - Alexander Kotok, M.D.
		In 1871, the zemstvo had abolished the position of the physician, but because of an epidemic of cholera in 1872, this position was renewed.
		One Zemstvo body which decided to have its patients treated by homeopathy, ruled that physicians are not required for the purpose, and the priests and school teachers could administer treatment just as well.
		At the meeting of Belev district zemstvo which was held on September 5, 1869, a proposal of the Chairman came to the knowledge of those present.
	www.homeoint.org /books4/kotok/4320.htm (3432 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Members of the latter group were recruited from the universities and from the lower ranks of zemstvo service, as for instance feldshers[4] or schoolteachers.
		The zemstvo statisticians were instructed to register the age the peasants would have at their next birthday.
		In spite of the shortcomings of their publications, the zemstvo statisticians raised important questions about social and economic life, the viability of the commune, the causes of poverty and indebtedness, and the possibility of strengthening the peasant economy through cooperation and handicrafts.
	www.hist.uib.no /hovudfag/herdis/her06.html (3198 words)

	Notes and references - Chapter III - Alexander Kotok, M.D.
		It should be added that zemstvo budgets came primarly from taxes on landowners who were the dominated elments in "zemskaia uprava" (the local zemstvo authoirty) — in particular in "uezds" (districts).
		When discussing the problem of relationships between doctors and their zemstvo employers, Nancy Frieden stresses that "Many of these conflicts arose because the physicians lacked well-defined rights and obligations, and because in the early years of the program they may have had unrealistic expectations".
		It is not by chance that zemstvo deputies and officials were treated by the Bolsheviks as counter-revolutionaries who should "removed" from the way of the victorious movement of the Revolution..
	www.homeoint.org /books4/kotok/notechap3.htm (2147 words)

	IDC Publishers - Zemstvo Statistics
		The first Zemstvo statistical studies began around 1870, but the main bulk of the work was carried out in two relatively short periods, the mid-1880s and from 1906 to 1914.
		Starting in the early 1890s, the relations between Zemstvo statisticians and local officials deteriorated, the work of the statisticians was obstructed, and the amount of published material dropped sharply.
		IDC has made its collection of Zemstvo Statistics as complete as possible: on the one hand, every supplement includes new provinces ('guberniia') and new titles; on the other hand, it includes the missing volumes from the titles published in previous catalogues.
	www.idc.nl /background215_1_30.html (343 words)

	Russia - Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		To this cry of alarm the Zemstvo was neither deaf nor indifferent.
		The Zemstvo of that province received from the Central Government in 1895 a certain amount of capital for road-improvement, with instructions from the Ministry of Interior that it should classify the roads according to their relative importance and improve them accordingly.
		For a time all went well, and the Zemstvo was so well pleased with its own activity that the satirical journals compared it to Narcissus admiring his image reflected in the pool.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/hst/russian/Russia/chap49.html (2715 words)

	IALHI News Service: Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Vasudevan argues that provincial liberals framed their opposition to the central government's encroachment on zemstvo prerogatives on the basis of supraprovincial identifications (e.g., with professional organizations, or the obshchesvto more generally) and not on the basis of any specific local identity or local issues.
		During the counterreforms of the 1880s and 1890s, zemstvo liberals found themselves at odds with "Officialdom." But counterreformers themselves also emphasized the importance of local flexibility; the major dividing line was over the principle of self-government versus the "discretionary authority" of appointed officials.
		In the late 1890s Tver's zemstvo liberals openly battled with a series of provincial governors who sought to erode the zemstvo's sphere of competence by appointing officials to oversee (and control) zemstvo projects.
	www.ialhi.org /news/i0310_7.html (3874 words)

	Lenin: A Letter to the Zemstvoists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Every step of the Zemstvo as a public institution comes up against an intricate cobweb of numerous circulars from the various ministers, and the Zemstvoist is obliged to spend no little time, energy and wit on the thankless task of untangling this web, if he wants to give effect to this or that measure.
		The only possible way to lead the Zemstvos out of the impasse into which they have been led by the system of tutelage is to fight energetically against the absurd idea that a consideration of questions going beyond the bounds of the minor details of local life is fraught with national disaster.
		As Zemstvoists, we are especially obliged to uphold the rights of the Zemstvo institutions, defend them against the arbitrariness and despotism of the bureaucracy, and uphold their right to independence an d the satisfaction in the broadest way of the needs of all sections of the people.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1902/mar/10.htm (2898 words)

	Welcome to Rainer's Zemstvo Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Please note, I have stopped collecting Zemstvo stamps, these pages therefore will not be updated anymore.
		The goal of these Pages is therefor the promote the collecting of the Zemstvo stamps.
		Zemstvo's, what are they, the answer I try to give here...
	fuchs-online.com /zemstvos (274 words)

	HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY FOUNDATION
		The library budget was paid by the City Public Administration and District Zemstvo.
		The Central library of the District Zemstvo Council was named in Memory of the 19th of February 1961.
		The library named after Leo Tolstoy was also set up by the Zemstvo Committee and in this case was accessible for all the city and its surrounding habitants.
	www.booksite.ru /ecology/project/histore.htm (465 words)

	Zemstvo Study Group'Discussion page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		I have a datestamped stampless cover from the first Soviet period with Zemstvo markings proving that the Zemstvo post was allowed to carry-on as before, presumably under the control of the local Soviet.
		It has the "letter number" cachet of the Cherdyn Zemstvo Uezd as well as the undated postmark of "Postman No.7" This marking was only used on a particular postman's delivery round.
		It is just conceivable that the old Zemstvo postal service was still operating at this time in a remote spot in the Urals but I find it hard to believe that the Uezd cachet would still be used rather than a Soviet replacement.
	home.nestor.minsk.by /ph/zemstvo/0/1030401.html (388 words)

	YUL Slavic & East European Microform Collection: Zemstvo Statistics
		Different sides of life in Russian society in the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century were carefully examined by zemstvo statisticians.
		The main topic of zemstvo statistical studies was the agricultural economy.
		An electronic guide to the complete IDC zemstvo microfiche collection is available in the Slavic Reading Room 406 in Yale's Sterling Memorial Library.
	www.library.yale.edu /slavic/microform/zemstvo.html (253 words)

	zemstvo - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Zemstvo : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		the power of the noble landowners was increased, the peasants allowed only to elect candidates from whom the governor of the province nominated the deputy, and all acts of the zemstvo subjected to the approval of the governor.
		Theoretically the zemstvo has large powers relating to taxation, education, public health, etc., but practically these powers are in most cases limited to the adjustment of the state taxation.
	www.onelook.com /?loc=rescb&w=zemstvo (218 words)

	Members' Display (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		GLORIOUS ZEMSTVOS At the beginning of Dec 2002 David Feldman auctions in Switzerland sold the gold medal collection of Zemstvos formed by the late Boris Sten'shinski of Russia.
		There were a few extremely rare tri-combinations covers - from one zemstvo via the imperial post, and a stamp of the zemstvo of destination.
		At one time the zemstvo area of collecting was largely neglected by the journals and magazines - it is now coming into the rightly deserved limelight.
	www.bsrp.org /news/3011301.html (1949 words)

	On Official Duty
		On the road they were overtaken by a snowstorm; they spent a long time going round and round, and arrived, not at midday, as they had intended, but in the evening when it was dark.
		There were lights in all the huts, as though it were the eve of a great holiday: the peasants had not gone to bed because they were afraid of the dead body.
		He felt hot and uncomfortable, and it seemed to him in his sleep that he was not at Von Taunitz's, and not in a soft clean bed, but still in the hay at the Zemstvo hut, hearing the subdued voices of the witnesses; he fancied that Lesnitsky was close by, not fifteen paces away.
	www.eldritchpress.org /ac/jr/196.htm (4587 words)

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