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Topic: Zero bit insertion

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	AX.25 Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol
		The first (low-order or bit 0) bit of each octet is the HDLC address extension bit, which is set to zero on all but the last octet in the address field, where it is set to one.
		Bits W and Y described in 2.3.4.3.3.2 should both be set to one to indicate this condition.
		The reception of a supervisory frame with the F bit set to one, except during a timer recovery condition (see 2.4.4.9), or except as a reply to a command frame sent with the P bit set to one.
	www.tapr.org /pub_ax25.html (8543 words)

	Definition: zero-bit insertion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		zero-bit insertion: A bit-stuffing technique used with bit-oriented protocols to ensure that six consecutive "1" bits never appear between the two flags that define the beginning and the ending of a transmission frame.
		Note: When five consecutive "1" bits occur in any part of the frame other than the beginning and ending flag, the sending station inserts an extra "0" bit.
		When the receiving station detects five "1" bits followed by a "0" bit, it removes the extra "0" bit, thereby restoring the bit stream to its original value.
	www.its.bldrdoc.gov /projects/devglossary/_zero-bit_insertion.html (106 words)

	DOMSAT protocols
		Note that the 3-bit sequence number fields and the poll/final bit are always 0.
		Zero-bit insertion is used (standard HDLC) and a standard CRC16 is contained in the last two bytes of data.
		Bits 5 and 4 always contain 01, indicating that a single byte follows the channel number containing sequence numbers and the 'more bit'.
	water.usgs.gov /datarelay/lrgs/lrgs_domsat.html (1325 words)

	Bit stuffing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In data transmission and telecommunication, bit stuffing (also known -- uncommonly -- as positive justification) is the insertion of noninformation bits into data.
		Stuffed bits should not be confused with overhead bits.
		A bit of the opposite value is inserted after the maximum allowed number of consecutive bits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bit_stuffing (580 words)

	Watch pager system and communication protocol - Patent 4713808
		The SOC bit indicates the beginning of a chain, the EOC indicates the chain is not ended, and the EOM bit indicates a message is not ended.
		Zero bits are deleted (block 1b) from data between the flags.
		If two consecutive data bits have the same state, the modulator sends an unshifted 76 kilohertz signal, so that its phase at the beginning of the pilot cycle is the same as its phase at the end of the pilot cycle.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4713808.html (20518 words)

	AX.25 LAYER 2 PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION
		The first (low order or bit 0) bit of each octet is the HDLC extender bit, which is set to zero on all but the last octet in the address field, where it is set to one.
		Bit 12 is set to 0 if the rejected frame was a command, or 1 if if it was a response.
		The poll bit may be used in conjunction with S frames to test for a change in the condition of the busied out station.
	www.ir3ip.net /iw3fqg/doc/ax25l2v2.htm (7895 words)

	HDLC Framing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In HDLC, frames are delimited by a sequence of bits known as a "flag".
		A technique known as 0-bit insertion is used to prevent random data synthesising a flag.
		Abort sequences may also be caused by bit errors which occur while the frame is travelling from the transmitter to the receiver.
	www.erg.abdn.ac.uk /users/gorry/course/dl-pages/hdlc-framing.html (541 words)

	Telecom Dictionary I: Phone Service Definitions
		Illegal Character - A character, or a combination of bits, that is not valid in a given system according to specified criteria, such as with respect to a specified alphabet, a particular pattern of bits, a rule of formation, or a check code.
		A character, or a combination of bits, that is not valid in a given system according to specified criteria, such as with respect to a specified alphabet, a particular pattern of bits, a rule of formation, or a check code.
		Insertion Gain - The gain resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line, expressed as the ratio of the signal power delivered to that part of the line following the device to the signal power delivered to that same part before insertion.
	www.higginsinternational.com /Definitions/telecom_dictionary_i.html (14194 words)

	3 Bit Manipulation (bits.hhf)
		If you want to compute the number of bits in an eight-bit operand it's probably faster to write a simple loop that rotates all the bits in the source operand and adds the carry into the accumulating sum.
		These routines merge two streams of bits to produce a value whose size is the combination of the two parameters.
		This function takes the L.O. n bits of source, where n is the number of "1" bits in mask, and inserts these bits into dest at the bit positions specified by the "1" bits in mask.
	webster.cs.ucr.edu /AsmTools/HLA/HLADoc/HLAstdlib/hlastdliba4.html (797 words)

	Chapter 7
		The data bits in a frame are divided by a fixed binary number that both the transmitter and the receiver know.
		Zero-bit insertion is just that, for all fields between the flag fields, the transmitter inserts an additional zero after every string of five 1s in a row.
		The first bit defines what kind of frame this is. Usually a 0 is located in the first bit and it means that this is an information frame carrying layer three data.
	www.fhsu.edu /~kshaffer/courses/datacom1/html/chapter_7.html (3221 words)

	Glossary of Terms - Z (Zarlink Semiconductor)
		A technique whereby additional "zeros" are inserted after a fixed number of "ones" in a transmission sequence to ensure that data will not be misinterpreted as controlling information.
		A control technique used in specific T1 systems in which information on the location(s) of all-zero bytes is contained in a defined area of the transmission frame.
		A technique used to prevent the existence of eight consecutive zeros in a digital transmission frame.
	products.zarlink.com /Glossary/z.htm (220 words)

	Good Math, Bad Math : Zero
		He was the first to use zero as a real number, and work out a set of algebraic rules about how zero, positive, and negative numbers worked.
		It covers not just a bit of history and random chit-chat like this article, but a detailed presentation of everything you could ever want to know, from the linguistics of words meaning zero or nothing to cultural impacts of the concept, to detailed mathematical explanation of how zero fits into algebras and topologies.
		But it is especially relevant to this discussion because it shows the significance of the zero as a place-holder: the Romans did have a way multiply, but without zero, their method is independent of the notation (reading the linked page makes it clear that the method would work for any notation).
	scienceblogs.com /goodmath/2006/07/zero.php (6071 words)

	CHAPTER — (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bit stuffing or zero bit insertion deletion is not used in this frame format, because we have provisions for including the length of the frame in the frame header.
		This does not add an extra overhead in the frame because, even in the case of bit stuffing we are adding extra bits to preserve data transparency.
		In addition, there are a lot of unresolvable ambiguities in bit stuffing that depend on the probability of occurrence of certain bit patterns in the data.
	www.ittc.ku.edu /~rvc/projects/wirelan/datalink.htm (2092 words)

	[No title]
		An extended address (E/A) bit is reserved in each octet to indicate whether or not the octet is the last one in the header.
		This bit could be set by (1) the entry node of the network, e.g., when the input offered load is too high, or (2) the source user equipment, e.g., to discriminate data frames from the more important routing control messages.
		Receipt of a frame with the FECN bit set causes the equivalent bit in the network layer PDU header to be set, which in turn causes the end systems to reduce their offered traffic.
	www.hpl.hp.com /hpjournal/dtj/vol5num1/vol5num1art8.txt (3919 words)

	Real time fault tolerant transaction processing system - Patent 5084816
		means for rotating the bits comprising the selection field at least one place and storing resultant rotated bits within the selection field prior to transmitting the resulting selection field as part of said first message from said first node to another node.
		For each MSU, the values of these check bits (a cyclic redundancy code) are generated by a transmitting node by computing a well-known frame check polynomial on portions of the MSU (flag and check bits excluded) prior to transmitting that MSU.
		Specifically, the least significant bit in the SLS specifies which of two link sets emanating from a node is to carry the MSU with the remaining four bits designating the particular link within the specified set.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5084816.html (17343 words)

	AT Command Reference Manual
		Only the low-order 7 bits of each character are used for commands or parameters; the high-order bit is ignored.
		Controls the response of the modem to a break received from the DTE or the remote modem or the \B command according to the parameter supplied.
		The appropriate AT command which controls the relevant bits in the S-Register should be used to change the value.
	www.zoom.com /techsupport/dial_up/1048pr3a.html (14397 words)

	Satchell Evaluations -- Telecom Test Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The intent is to provide the basis of a rationale for the change in the procedure for measuring modem data throughput between TIA TSB 38 and PN 3509.
		The usual method for determining the "goodness" or robustness of a signal converter in a modem is to pass blocks of random (or pseudo-random) bits through a connection, and measure the number of blocks that were received correctly versus the number of blocks transmitted.
		When aggressive error control techniques are in use, though, the designer can "push" the modulation to transmit more bits in a given channel and see an overall throughput when the error rate rises to as high as just below one in one hundred blocks.
	www.fluent-access.com /wtpapers/TSBvPN.html (2064 words)

	Frame Relay and ATM Interworking
		However, in Mode 2 the ATM CLP bit of every cell generated at the SAR sublayer is set to a constant value (either 0 or 1) irrespective of the content of the DE bit in the Q.922 core frame, and the constant value is selected when the ATM connection is established.
		In Mode 2, the ATM CLP bit of every cell generated at the SAR sublayer is set to a constant value (either 0 or 1) irrespective of the value of the DE bit and is configured at the time the service is subscribed.
		In Mode 2, the CLP bit in the ATM cells is ignored; instead, the DE bit of the Q.922 core frame is set to a constant value (either 0 or 1) configured at the time of service subscription.
	www.comsoc.org /~ci/private/1996/jun/dixit.html (11280 words)

	[No title]
		The smallest N1, (the maximum number of bits in an information frame excluding flags and zero bit insertion for transparency), which shall be supported shall be 164 octets (the maximum length of) fast select caIl setup packet).
		The address of the combined station provided by the network shall be 10000000; the address of the other combined station shall be 11000000; where the left-hand bit is the least significant bit (bit number 1) and shall be transmitted first.
		The frame reject information field shall be padded with 4 zero bits in bit positions 21 through 24 of the information field to provide a length of three octets.
	www.eff.org /Net_culture/Net_info/Technical/x25.specs (9074 words)

	PMC477
		Direct control of the Serial link is provided by the on-board processor, a 32 bit RISC CPU, which includes DMA engines for efficient transfers over the PCI (over 512Mbytes/sec).
		Data is buffered in on-card SDRAM between transfer to/from the Serial interface.
		Bit oriented transmission of HDLC frame (flag, data, CRC, flag)
	www.gefanuc.com /cwc/gefanuc/embedded/products/pmc477.html (832 words)

	Reseau Packet Radio Martinique - Dossiers Techniques -
		The reception of a supervisory frame with the F bit set to one, except during a timer recovery condition (see
		2.4.4.9), or except as a reply to a command frame sent with the P bit set to one.
		If Y is set to 1, the control field received and returned in bits exceeded the maximum allowed under this recommendation in
	www.packet-radio-martinique.net /ax25v2e.html (8470 words)

	[No title]
		On transmission, the CRC is calculated first, then the zero bit insertion is done and finally the flags are added, after which the packet is transmitted flag to flag.
		On transmission, the CRC is calculated first, then the Escape stuffing and bit inversion is done and finally the flags are added, after which the packet is transmitted flag to flag.
		On receive, the data is received flag to flag, the flags are stripped, then the stuffing is removed and the bit inversion undone, after which the CRC can be verified.
	www.aerospacesoftware.com /winhexcom.html (4852 words)

	Frame Relay
		There are two octets (groups of eight bits each) that contain the address and control of the frame relay frame, then the 'payload' (as N. Erd calls it) containing the data carried by the frame, then an error control group of 32 bits which N. Erd calls the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
		In each frame header there is a bit called discard eligibility (DE) which, when set to one (1), makes that frame eligible for discard.
		I asked N. Erd, "Who sets the DE bit?" He answered that if a customer subscribes to a high quality of service (QOS), the customer may set the DE so certain important applications can be protected (the routers would do that).
	www.sce.carleton.ca /netmanage/dcommTutorials/scan04/scan04.html (2203 words)

	LAPF: Link Access Procedure/Protocol for Frame Mode Services (Q.922)
		Link Access Procedure/Protocol (LAPF) as defined in the ITU Q.922, an enhanced LAPD (Q.921) with congestion control capabilities, is for Frame Mode Services in the Frame Relay network.
		The purpose of LAPF is to convey data link service data units between DL-service users in the User Plane for frame mode bearer services across the ISDN user-network interface on B-, D- or H-channels.
		P/F - Poll bit when used as a command, final bit when used as a response.
	www.javvin.com /protocolLAPF.html (282 words)

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