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Topic: Zeugma (city)

	Adventure Tours - Zeugma
		The ancient city of Zeugma, originally, was founded by Selevkos Nikador, one of the generals of the Alexander the Great, in 300 B.C. At that time the city was named after the general and called “ Selevkaya Euphrates.”And the population in the city was approximately 80 000.
		In 64 B.C. Zeugma was conquered and ruled by Roman Empire and with this shift the name of the city was changed into Zeugma to mean “bridge-passage.” During the roman rule, the city became one of the attractions in the region, due to its commercial potential originating from geostrategic location.
		Because, the Zeugma city was on the silkroad connecting Antiach to China with a quay on the river Euphrates.
	www.adventuretours.com.tr /showinfo.asp?InfoNo=169 (622 words)

	Zeugma (city) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zeugma – also Seleucia, Seleuceia, Seleukheia, Seleukeia, Seleukeia Euphrates, and Selevkaya Euphrates – is an ancient city of Commagene; currently located in the Gaziantep Province of Turkey It is a historical settlement which is considered among the four most important settlement areas under the reign of the kingdom of Commagene.
		The population in the city was approximately 80,000.
		During the Roman rule, the city became one of the attractions in the region, due to its commercial potential originating from its geostrategic location because the city was on the Silk Road connecting Antioch to China with a quay or pontoon bridge across the river Euphrates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zeugma_(city) (1370 words)

	Zeugma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zeugma (from the Greek word "ζεύγμα", meaning "yoke") is a figure of speech in which one word applies to two others in different senses of that word, and in some cases only logically applies to one of the other two words.
		Syntactic zeugma is when the primary word merely applies in a different sense to the secondary words.
		Zeugma is also a rhetorical or poetic device used in Classic Latin Poetry, such as Vergil's epic, the Aeneid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zeugma (491 words)

	Zeugma - All About Turkey
		The "Notitia Episcopatum" of Antioch from sixth century mentions Zeugma among the suffrages of Hierapolis.
		Ancient Zeugma City is located in Belkis Village 10 km east from Nizip / Gaziantep, by the River Euphrates.
		The excavation studies in the ancient city was started in 1992 under the management of Gaziantep Museum Directorate of the Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /zeugma.htm (808 words)

	Anadolu Evleri
		The city, which was called "Seleukeia of Euphrates" during the Hellenistic era, was an antic city having a quay on the river Euphrates and an important commercial potential because of the Silk Road stretching from Antioch to China.
		Zeugma became considerably rich, thanks to the liveliness caused by being a regional center during the Roman era.There was a bridge connecting Belkis/Zeugma with the city Apemeia on the other side of Euphrates, constructed on wooden drafts made of, most probably, logs.
		Now, the city is under a soil 4-5 meters in depth and all the area is covered by nut trees.Only a few building traces as well as a couple of architectural pieces can be seen.
	www.anadoluevleri.com /gaziantep_eng.php?konu=30 (1033 words)

	Zeugma Haberler
		The ancient city of Zeugma, originally, was founded by Selevkos Nikador, one of the generals of the Alexander the Great, in 300 B.C. At that time the city was named after the general and called “ Selevkaya Euphrates.”; And the population in the city was approximately 80 000.
		Because, the Zeugma city was on the silkroad connecting Antiach to China with a quay on the river Euphrates.
		In 256 A.D. Zeugma city experienced an invasion and it was fully destroyed by the Sassanian King, Sapur I. The invasion was so dramatic that Zeugma city was not able to recover and thrive for a long time.
	www.zeugmaweb.com /zeugma/english/enganasayfa.htm (622 words)

	Zeugma
		Zeugma – also Seleucia, Seleuceia, Seleukheia, Seleukeia, Seleukeia Euphrates, and Selevkaya Euphrates –; is an ancient city of Commagene; currently located in the Gaziantep Province of Turkey It is a historical settlement which is considered among the four most important settlement areas under the reign of the kingdom of Commagene.
		The ancient city of Zeugma, originally, was founded by Seleucus I Nicator, one of the generals of the Alexander the Great, in 300 BC.
		And the population in the city was approximately 80,000.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Cities/Zeugma.html (1374 words)

	Turkey
		An important city in Central Anatolia famous for its works of Seljuk art and architecture and for its tomb of the famous 13th century poet and philosopher Mevlana Celaleddin Rumi, the founder of the sect of the whirling dervishes.
		The old city known as Aintap is located 12 kilometres to the north of the present city, on the upper slopes of Nizip Hill.
		The ancient city of Zeugma, originally, was founded by Selevkos Nikador, one of the generals of the Alexander the Great, in 300 B.C. At that time the city was named after the general and called “ Selevkaya Euphrates.” And the population in the city was approximately 80 000.
	www.anadol.com /turkeyhighlights.htm (5202 words)

	oonderer Rescue Studies For Ancient Belkis/Zeugma City
		This mosaic which was found during the zeugma excavations in 1992 long before Zeugma became a current issue,became the symbol of Zeugma because of the mysterious look she had in her eyes.
		It is believed that all rivers and stream came into existence from Oceanos and Tethys.Yn this mosaic that was found in excavations in Zeugma which is estimated to be the floor of a pool pictures Oceanos and Tethys surrounded by sea creatures.
		After the region started to be ruled by Rome, importance of the city increased upon settlement of a military garrison called IV th Legion.
	www.geocities.com /oonderer_2000/historic/511.html (372 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon - The Secret Treasures of Zeugma
		In the summer of 2000, one of the great frontier cities of the Roman Empire, the city of Zeugma, all but disappeared from the face of the Earth under the flood waters of a dam.
		Zeugma was founded by one of Alexander the Great’s generals, Seleucia Nicator, and prospered under later Roman rule.
		The city’s bridge across the Euphrates made it one of the most critical trading cities in the region, on the silk routes to the East.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/horizon/2000/zeugma.shtml (666 words)

	Classics and Ancient History - Zeugma
		For several centuries Zeugma ("the bridge", or, as we might call it, Bridgetown), as the twin towns came to be known, flourished as a fortress city, urban centre, trade centre, garrison, nodal point of several key routes, and meeting point of East and West.
		Zeugma was on the major crossing of the Euphrates below the Taurus Mts, on a great trade route, of the Mediterranean world and of Mesopotamia, and a fortress city on a cultural and political frontier.
		Zeugma is well-known as the source of, literally, hundreds of figured and plain tombstones, and as many mosaics and other works of art, scattered now across a dozen countries.
	www.classics.uwa.edu.au /projects/zeugma (2577 words)

	[No title]
		ZEUGMA lies on the EUPHRATES river, which served as a link between ANATOLIA and MESOPOTAMIA from the earliest times.It is near the village of BELKIS 10 km.
		Seleukeia was later renamed Zeugma, and became one of the four major cities of the kingdom of COMMAGENE.
		Zeugma became important both as a military base, home for one of only three legions on the Eastern frontier, but also as a trading city on the "Silk Route" from China to the West.
	www.angelfire.com /ar/atay/ZEUGMA/ZeugMain.html (513 words)

	zeugma \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Zeugma (from the Greek word "ζεύγμα", meaning "yoke") is a figure of speech describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with a common verb or noun.
		A zeugma employs both ellipsis, the omission of words which are easily understood, and parallelism, the balance of several words or phrases.
		In a modern sense, the zeugma has been classified as a synonym for syllepsis, a particular kind of zeugma, although there is a clear distinction between the two in classical treatises written on the subject.
	www.babylon.com /definition/zeugma/English (276 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Drowned Cities of the Upper Euphrates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Zeugma, however, is different: It consists of twin towns—Seleucia on the west bank and Apamea opposite on the east—named respectively for Alexander the Great's general Seleucus Nicator and his Bactrian queen Apama.
		Zeugma, however, recovered, and it is last heard of in 1048, when a bishop of Zeugma attended a church council, although by then it had probably shrunk tolittle more than a large village squatting in the ruins of the Roman town.
		Zeugma is now being explored by Turkish, French and Swiss archeological teams, but the scale of the effort is small in light of both the riches the site holds and the brief time remaining in which to carry out the work.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199805/drowned.cities.of.the.upper.euphrates.htm (3221 words)

	NOVA \| Transcripts \| Lost Roman Treasure \| PBS
		Thousands of years ago, there was a city that was the crossroads of the ancient Roman Empire, a civilization where culture and prosperity went hand in hand, where wealthy citizens built grand villas filled with precious art.
		Zeugma is really two cities on opposite banks of the Euphrates: Seleucia, a hillside town, and Apamea, on the flat plain.
		Zeugma is buried under 10 feet of very fine sedimentary soil, the results of thousands of years of the regular flooding of the Euphrates.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/transcripts/2911_zeugma.html (4127 words)

	The Rolex Awards: unearthing mosaics at archaeological sites in Turkey, C. Abadie-Reynal
		It was a race against time, because the city of Zeugma was due to be flooded by the waters of the very river it was built to control: the Euphrates.
		Zeugma, which is Greek for "bridge", was founded around 300 BC by Seleucus I, a successor of Alexander the Great.
		The city’s archive chamber, from which more than 65,000 clay seals have already been removed, is also in the preserved part of the site, as are a large square, the remains of a theatre, and a number of basilicas and unexplored villas.
	www.rolexawards.com /laureates/laureate1.jsp (1547 words)

	Parthian Stations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In it are 10 villages, and 5 cities.
		There are the city of Barda and the city of Min and the city of Palacenti and the city of Sigal; in that place is the royal residence of the Sacae; and nearby is the city of Alexandria (and nearby is the city of Alexandropolis), and 6 villages.
		And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus.
	www.parthia.com /parthian_stations.htm (10580 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		In the vicinity of the village lay the ruins of the ancient city with the remains of a fortified wall and seven gates.
		The ancient city was protected by outer walls (today located on the Syrian side) and inner walls (today located on the Turkish side), and the citadel was built 40m/ 132 ft above the level of the Euphrates River.
		As it was occupied by the British in 1919 and by the French until 1921, the city became a center of nationalist resistance.
	www.guide-martine.com /southeastern4.asp (2109 words)

	Ancient city of Zeugma on the way to becoming an archaeological park - Turkish Daily News Jul 22, 2006
		The ancient city of Zeugma, located in the southeastern province of Gaziantep, is planned to be converted into an archaeological park through a series of restoration and landscape works, said Zeugma excavations head Kutalmış Görkay.
		During Roman rule, the city became one of the attractions in the region, due to its commercial potential originating from its geographically strategic location because the city was one of the stops on the Silk Road, which went from Antakya all the way to China.
		Zeugma was invaded and totally destroyed by King Shapur I of Sassanid in A.D. In addition to the invasion, a violent earthquake later hit the city and buried it beneath rubble.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /article.php?enewsid=49450 (553 words)

	MAVORS
		The singular importance of Zeugma – an ancient metropolis founded as Seleuceia-on-the-Euphrates around 300 BC by one of Alexander’s generals – is due to its location on one of the oldest and best crossings of the Euphrates river.
		Their size, dating and short periods of occupation, as well as their location on the banks of the Euphrates next to the ancient city of Zeugma match what is to be expected of such camps as the one which was constructed 'apud Zeugma' for the escort of the Parthian prince in AD 49 (Tac., Ann.
		Zeugma, it was now clear to see, had once been a city of enormous wealth with inhabitants who enjoyed and had access to the finest products of their time!
	www.mavors.org /en/projects_2.htm (1199 words)

	Project Zeugma, History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The city of Zeugma - or rather two cities on each side of the river, Seleuceia and Apamea - was founded in 300 BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander´s generals who had been made satrap of Babylon.
		Zeugma became important both as a military base, home for one of only three legions on the Eastern frontier, but also as a trading city on the "Silk Route" from China to the West.
		Certain cities - such as Aleppo and Edessa (now Urfa) retained their importance, but Zeugma was largely forgotten when the principal Euphrates crossing moved downstream to Birecik in the Middle Ages.
	www.ist.lu /html/projets/de/zeugma/history.html (570 words)

	GATA TOURS
		Zeugma lies on the Euphrates river, which served as a link between Anatolia and Mesopotamia from the earliest times.
		The city of Zeugma - or rather two cities on each side of the river, Seleuceia and Apamea - was founded in 300 BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander´s generals who had been made satrap of Babylon.
		As the Roman empire was extended to include Mesopotamia in the fourth century the city lost its importance as a frontier post, but its wealth increased and many fine mosaics from the third and fourth centuries have been found.
	www.gata.com.tr /ing/aboutturkey/cities/zeugma.asp (1660 words)

	[No title]
		ZEUGMA ; The city that stood here 2,000 years ago, was at the eastern edge of the Roman Empire.
		In the third century, Zeugma is believed to have suffered an invasion, a devastating fire and an earthquake in quick succession.
		Before the century ended, Persians sacked Zeugma, leaving the ruins to be buried by time's accumulation of dirt.
	www.angelfire.com /ar/atay/ZEUGMA/ZeugRomanVilla.html (773 words)

	GAZIANTEP
		It is in Dügmeci neighborhood of the city.
		It is in Tabakhane neighborhood of the city.
		The antic city of Zeugma is 10 km to the east of Nizip District (Gaziantep Province).
	www.gap.gov.tr /English/Ggbilgi/gantep.html (1740 words)

	GTO
		Zeugma, which was one of the four important cities during the Commagene Kingdom period, was also one of the four great military garrisons protecting the Euphrates and the one furthest south.
		Zeugma had its most glorious period during the 2nd and 3rd Centuries AD in particular but began to lose its former liveliness during the Byzantine period, and finally lost its importance when it could not withstand the Islamic invasions.
		Zeugma was very advanced artistically, particularly during the Roman period, and its villa were decorated with mosaic floors that rival the world's other examples.
	www.gto.org.tr /index.php?hdil=eng&sf=43 (439 words)

	Museum Security Network and Museum Security Mailinglist
		ZEUGMA, Turkey - Inch by inch, the rising waters of the newly dammed Euphrates River have been swallowing this ancient city of the Roman Empire: the 2,000-year-old public piazzas, the lavish villas with their exquisite mosaic tile floors, the still-undiscovered buildings with unknown treasures.
		To provide electricity to its energy-starved cities and irrigate a broad swath of the arid, impoverished Southeast, the Turkish government is building a network of 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric plants and canals, at a cost of about $34 billion, across the Euphrates and Tigris river valleys.
		Although archaeologists, and thieves, chipped away at Zeugma's mysteries for nearly four decades, it was not until June that scientists began racing the rise of a 45-square-kilometer (17-square-mile) lake behind the Birecik dam, about a kilometer mile away.
	www.museum-security.org /00/193.html (1770 words)

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