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| | Kazakstan - Industry |
 | | Most of the republic's manufacturing, refining, and metallurgy plants are concentrated in the north and northeast, in Semey, Aqmola, Petropavl, and Aqtöbe (see fig. |
 | | In south-central Kazakstan, the most important industrial centers are Shymkent (chemicals, light industry, metallurgy, and food processing), Almaty (light industry, machine building, and food processing), and Zhambyl (chemicals, machine building, and food processing). |
 | | The energy sector is the most productive component of Kazakstan's industrial structure, accounting for about 42 percent of total output. |
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