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Topic: Zhdanov decree

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	Zhdanov Doctrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zhdanovism soon became a Soviet cultural policy, meaning the injunction on all Soviet artists, writers and intelligentsia in general to conform to the party line and has been continued until the "thaw" under Khrushchev.
		Zhdanovism also penetrated and took thorough control of what was left of Albanian literature in the 1950's.
		The decree was followed in April by a special congress of the Composers' Union, where many of those attacked were forced publicly to repent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhdanov_decree (381 words)

	Anne Applebaum -- The Worst of the Terror
		Yuri Zhdanov was not only the son of A.A. Zhdanov, a Politburo member and one of Stalin's "favorites," he was also Stalin's son-in-law, and a Central Committee member in his own right.
		After Zhdanov's death, they devoted a great deal of attention to an examination of his corpse --more than they had spared on his body when he was still alive--and they seemed exceptionally eager to exonerate themselves from Timashuk's accusations, especially when we consider how scornfully they dismissed them.
		Zhdanov was, by Kremlin standards, an independent thinker, a hero of wartime Leningrad, and, as it happens, a critic of Lysenko.
	www.anneapplebaum.com /communism/2003/7_17_nyrb_.html (3433 words)

	TAP: Vol 11, Iss. 12. After Anthrax. Wendy Orent. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The famous Russian virologist Viktor M. Zhdanov, who died in 1987, is still revered as a hero by the people involved with smallpox eradication: He was the first to propose global eradication of the smallpox virus in 1958 at the 11th World Health Assembly in Minneapolis.
		In 1973 Zhdanov was appointed by Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev as chair of the ultra-secret Interagency Science and Technology Council on Molecular Biology and Genetics.
		Boukrinskaia claims not to know that Zhdanov was ever involved in the secret work of the Interagency Council: "Maybe he did not tell me," she said in a telephone interview.
	www.prospect.org /print/V11/12/orent-w.html (2950 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Aram Khachaturian
		Andrei Zhdanov, secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, delivered the so-called Zhdanov decree in 1948.
		The decree condemned Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Khachaturian, and other Soviet composers as "formalist"?title=and "antipopular."?title=All three accused composers were forced to apologize publicly.
		The decree affected Khachaturian profoundly: "Those were tragic days for me...
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Aram_Khachaturian (697 words)

	JCWS 3:2 \| "From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism" by Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov
		This decree and its connection with Russian nationalism were of special signi- ficance at this point because both the Chechens and the Ingush had been de- ported en masse in 1944 and were still living in exile.
		The decree revealed the worrisome side of Russian nationalism in the Stalin era: that it could be directed against other groups and nations within the multinational Soviet state.
		The decree was followed by a series of other decrees--on the repertoire of dramatic theaters (August 1946), on the film "Big Life" (September 1946), and on other cultural topics.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~hpcws/egorov.htm (5445 words)

	Sleeve Notes - Shostakovich: String Quartets 4 6 & 8
		Stalin chose Marshal Zhdanov, a famous war-time soldier, to outline the Party demands, which were founded upon fomenting hatred of bourgeois western social-democracy.
		The Decree, and the consequential condemnation of music previously considered as shining examples of Soviet art, did not prevent Shostakovich from completing the Concerto in March, but the purge prevented him from releasing it to the public until 1955, two years after Stalin's death.
		His initial response to the Zhdanov decree, so far as his public concert music was concerned, was the populist oratorio The Song of the Forests, Op 81, which was written in Komarovo on the Gulf of Finland in 1949.
	www.hyperion-records.co.uk /notes/67154.html (2328 words)

	Degenerate Magazine \| Beria Degenerate Chapter Ten: Masters and Slaves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Four days later, without informing the Politburo, Stalin published a new decree on the "Mingrelian Nationalist Conspiracy." The plot - which sounds like one of the ludicrous conspiracies a young Beria might have come up with - clearly hadn't been abolished with the unfortunate Abakumov.
		Medical treatment was sabotaged, with Zhdanov's corpse dragged out as an example of what the capitalist powers and their agents armed with stethoscopes had done.
		Zhdanov, at least, had died of a real illness - and like Sergei Kirov, killed by Stalin's assassins, his corpse used as a pretext to whip up hysteria against potential enemies.
	www.diacritica.com /degenerate/9/beria10.html (1652 words)

	London Shostakovich Orchestra - November 2000 Programme Notes
		The work was received with indifference by the public and a growing sense of outrage by the critics.
		(The Eighth Symphony was later to be used against the composer in the 1948 Zhdanov decree, the second time that Shostakovich and his music were held up to public criticism and ridicule).
		The successor to Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony was expected to be the second instalment of a symphonic war trilogy, and thus the sense of bleakness that pervades the work was incomprehensible, especially when `the People' were deemed to require only uplifting and celebratory music.
	www.shostakovich.com /nov2000.html (1188 words)

	Sounds of Dissent: The politics of music - NI 359 - Music rebels
		Much has been made of his Anti-Formalist Rayok which is widely seen to be a covert jeer at the expense of Stalin and his cronies.
		Characters in the piece mimic the speaking styles and wordy decrees of Stalin, his chief censor Andrei Zhdanov and others.
		Indeed, fragments of Zhdanov's infamous decree against Shostakovich's 'bourgeois' music are embedded in the text.
	www.newint.org /issue359/rebels.htm (1613 words)

	The Free Information Society - Dmitri Shostakovich Biography
		The symphony was banned in the Soviet Union until 1960.
		In 1948, he was denounced for being too formalist in the Zhdanov Decree.
		His works were banned from public performance and he was forced to publicly repent for his "actions".
	www.freeinfosociety.com /site.php?postnum=786 (924 words)

	The New Yorker: The Critics: Musical Events
		An exile in America and in Paris throughout the early Bolshevik years, he returned to Russia in 1936, and wrote the first version of "War and Peace" during the Second World War.
		He revised it in the late forties and early fifties, during the period of the 1948 Zhdanov Decree, which attacked obscurantist tendencies in the music of leading Soviet composers.
		The fact that Prokofiev had padded his opera with patriotic choruses failed to impress the authorities, who went out of their way to humiliate him.
	www.newyorker.com /critics/music/?020304crmu_music (1349 words)

	TIME.com: The Last Sacrifice -- Dec. 22, 1947 -- Page 1
		Signed by the Politburo's Andrei Zhdanov, the decree was Soviet Socialism's drastic move to control inflation by issuing new money and setting up a system of pegged commodity prices to replace rationing.
		But bread would be cheaper by 12%, cereals by ten, and most other foods remain unchanged from their previous lowest levels.
		But more striking than the rumor's accuracy was the half apologetic, half-propagandist, wholly contradictory tone of Zhdanov's decree.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,793965,00.html (733 words)

	Guggenheim Museum - Exhibitions - Russia! - Highlights
		By the early 1930s, the modernist idiom came under attack in the press, where it was criticized for “formalism” and bourgeois influences.
		In 1932, the Central Committee of the Communist Party centralized control over the nationís artistic production by issuing a decree dissolving the existing artistsí organizations and requiring that artists join the newly created Union of Soviet Artists.
		The accepted means of expression were restricted to representational painting and sculpture that was realist in style and Socialist in content.
	www.guggenheim.org /russia/highlights7.html (413 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Dmitri Dmitryevich Shostakovich - Soviet Composer
		This party decree was even more damaging to Shostakovich than the Pravda attacks in 1936: its claim that Shostakovich had written music that was 'against the People' cost him his job at the Leningrad Conservatoire, applied an effective ban on most of his music and renewed his fears of arrest.
		Around the time of the Zhdanov decree Shostakovich had a relationship with one of his composition pupils, Galina Ustvolskaya, although its nature has never been entirely clear.
		In spite of the criticism, Shostakovich's Tenth Symphony marked his official rehabilitation since the Zhdanov decree, which was finally acknowledged publicly with another decree in 1958 - however, the original 'Historic Decree' was never properly rescinded.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A12736785 (9585 words)

	About the Journals «Zvezda» and «Leningrad»
		To repeal, as politically mistaken, the decree of the Leningrad City Committee of 26 July of this year regarding the editorial staff of “Zvezda” magazine.
		To have the Orgburo of the Central Committee hear in 3 months the report of the senior editor of “Zvezda” on the implementation of the decree of the Central Committee.
		To send Comrade Zhdanov to Leningrad to explain the current decrees of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
	www.cyberussr.com /rus/zvezda-e.html (1630 words)

	Periphery and centre, an article on the Cold War from History in Focus
		Until 1947 the Soviet Union pursued a similar course in its occupied zone of Germany, but this changed in February 1948 with the propagation in Moscow of the famous decree on music, or as it often known, the 'Zhdanov decree'.
		The decree demanded that music be melodic and simple to understand, and that in each socialist country it should be based on national forms.
		The decree also legitimised the use of the terms 'realistic' and 'humanistic' to label any music of which Communists approved.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Focus/cold/articles/thacker.html (4311 words)

	Prokofiev.org Interviews Sviatoslav Prokofiev - Part 2
		It was a replay of sorts of 1937 terror.
		In 1948 father also got hit because of Zhdanov's notorious decree on formalism in music.
		With rare exceptions Prokofiev was practically never performed and he would say reproachfully: "like I never wrote anything else".
	www.prokofiev.org /interviews/svprkf2.html (2941 words)

	London Shostakovich Orchestra - May 2000 Programme Notes
		It was there, between July and October 1953, that the composer wrote his monumental Tenth Symphony.
		After the public disgrace of the 1948 Zhdanov decree Shostakovich, together with many of his fellow victims such as Khachaturyan, Kabalevsky and Muradeli, withdrew from the public genre of the symphony - Shostakovich dedicating most of his serious effort to writing chamber music.
		However, with the death of Stalin, Shostakovich appears to have felt the need to break the five-year long symphonic silence.
	www.shostakovich.com /may2000.html (1849 words)

	Daniels, A Documentary History of Communism in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Decree on Land 63
		War Communism: Decree on Nationalization of Large-Scale Industry (1918) 81
		The Zhdanov Movement: Zhdanov, Report to the Union of Soviet Writers (Aug, 1946) 235
	users.dickinson.edu /~quallsk/daniels_readings.htm (517 words)

	Paperny Moscow in 1937
		The General Plan itself was adopted in July 10, 1935, by Sovnarkom and the Central Committee, the highest civil and party organs.
		In a noticeable departure from the language of a government decree of the previous decade, the plan was dealing with aesthetics.
		It required “a consistent architectural organization of squares, highways, embankments, and parks, utilizing best examples of both classical and new architecture, as well as all achievements of building technology, in the design of residential and industrial buildings.”[48]
	www.unlv.edu /centers/cdclv/archives/ncs/paperny_moscow.html (8314 words)

	Music under Soviet rule: Sanderling Interview
		I can well imagine that someone else told him this story and - even if it was not true - he found it so wonderful he wanted to believe it.
		In 1949 you gave the first performance of a Shostakovich work following the terrible events of 1948 - the Zhdanov decree and so on.
		Was it your will that finally reopened the door of Shostakovich's repertoire to the public?
	www.siue.edu /~aho/musov/sanderling/sandint.html (2602 words)

	Amazon.com: Kabalevsky: Piano Concertos Nos. 1 & 2: Music: Dmitry Kabalevsky,Dmitry Yablonsky,Russian Philharmonic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One can read about how Kabalevsky appeared to like such pieces as the 24 Preludes and Fugues and 14th String Quartet of Shostakovich and then savagely criticize the work.
		When the Zhdanov Decree was issued in 1948, Kabalevsky persuaded party officials to substitute Myaskovsky's name for his own.
		Sorting through the personality and the music, I have found that his concertos are certainly inspired and beautifully written works which, if not of the same genius as a Shostakovich or a Prokofiev, certainly are a match for Khachaturian and are hardly second rate.
	www.amazon.com /Kabalevsky-Piano-Concertos-Nos-2/dp/B000EBEGXW (1035 words)

	naxos.com, Your World of Classical Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of the landmark compositions of the twentieth century piano literature, Shostakovich¡¦s Preludes and Fugues were inspired by his study of the music of Bach, in particular The Well Tempered Clavier.
		They were written in 1950-51, shortly after the notorious 'Zhdanov Decree' had the effect of making Shostakovich's concert and recital music unperformable in Russia.
		To this day the Preludes and Fugues remain amongst the composer¡¦s most personal and uncompromising compositions, as wide ranging in emotion as they are varied in form.
	www.naxos.com /naxos/usa/new_releases_February2001.asp (6202 words)

	The Witold Lutoslawski Biography Page on Classic Cat
		In 1947, the Stalinist political climate led to the suppression by the ruling Polish United Workers' Party of music in a specifically Polish idiom, including the music of Chopin.
		This artistic censorship, which ultimately came from Stalin personally, was to some degree prevalent over the whole Eastern bloc, and was reinforced by the 1948 Zhdanov decree.
		Composers were required to write music following the principles of Socialist realism.
	www.classiccat.net /lutoslawski_w/biography.htm (4162 words)

	CLASSICAL MUSIC ARCHIVES: Biography of Dmitry Shostakovich
		In 1943 he settled in Moscow, becoming prof.
		composers, he was again in disgrace following the notorious Zhdanov decree against ‘formalism’ and ‘anti-people art’.
		He was relieved of his Moscow professorship and did not resume the post until 1960.
	www.classicalarchives.com /bios/codm/shostakovich.html (1882 words)

	The Missing Classical Russian Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		reprimanded by public decree because they did not write music that was
		self-respect, particularly after the Zhdanov decree of 1948.
		Soviet cultural life by assigning Marshal Zhdanov to the post of
	www.panartist.com /missingclassics02.htm (2783 words)

	Music under Soviet rule: Ustvolskaya
		Yet, during the Forties, their involvement seems to have been intense.
		Mstislav Rostropovich knew both of them around 1948 and records of Ustvolskaya that "she certainly regarded Shostakovich very highly, and indeed there was a very 'tender' relationship between them." Rostropovich further notes that Ustvolskaya was one of the close friends who gave Shostakovich emotional support during the aftermath of the Zhdanov Decree.
		Shostakovich: A Life Remembered is the source of Rostropovich's observations) reveals that Shostakovich's marriage to Nina Varzar was, by mutual agreement, "open" and that his liaison with Ustvolskaya was an "open secret".
	www.siue.edu /~aho/musov/ust/ust.html (4033 words)

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