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Topic: Zhengtong Emperor

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	Jingtai Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zhu Qiyu (September 21, 1428 – March 14, 1457) was Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty from 1449 to 1457 as the Jingtai Emperor.
		He ascended the throne in 1449 after his older brother (the Zhengtong Emperor) tried but failed to lead an army to fight against the Oirat Mongols of Esen Khan and was captured and held captive for a year.
		After Jingtai's death, the Emperor Tianshun denied Jingtai's rightful honour to be buried in the 13 Ming tombs (along with the rest of his predecessors) located north of Beijing but was instead buried away from that locale west of Beijing and was buried as a prince rather than an emperor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jingtai_Emperor (476 words)

	Ming Emperor Zhengtong (Zhu Qizhen) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The difference between he and the emperors before him was that he lived in the palace from his childhood.
		In the 8th year of Emperor Jingtai's reign, Emperor Jingtai was badly ill. Zhengtong took the chance to recapture the throne and became an emperor again.
		Before his death, he abrogated the rule of Xunzang (if the emperor died, some of the imperial concubines would be forced to commit suicide, and then they would be buried with the dead emperor, this is called Xunzang).
	library.thinkquest.org /C0126670/emperors/zhengtong_en.htm (239 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Zhengtong Emperor
		Zhengtong's accession at the age of eight makes him the first child emperor of the dynasty hence Zhengtong was easily influenced by others, namely his eunuch Wang Zhen.
		The Zhengtong Emperor was released one year later in 1450 but when he returned to China, he was immediately put under house arrest by his brother for almost seven years.
		Zhengtong's son (later Emperor Chenghua) was stripped of the title of crown prince and replaced by Jingtai's own son.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor (492 words)

	history6
		In 1398, Emperor Jian Wen ascended the throne but was deposed in 1402 by Emperor Chengzu who removed his capital from Nanjing to Beijing in the 19th year of Yongle (1421).
		During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan became part of the country and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed to determine the eastern border between the two countries.
		The early Qing emperors not only resolved the long conflict between nomads and peasants that had plagued China throughout history, but also took a series of measures to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the frontier areas.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~hzhuo/ming.html (1036 words)

	Qwika - similar:Jianwen_Emperor
		Zhu Biao朱標 (1355 – 1392) was Emperor Hong Wu's first son and Crown Prince of the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
		Wanli Emperor (September 4, 1563 - August 18, 1620) was emperor of China (Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620.
		In China proper, the Qing dynasty succeeded the Ming Dynasty in 1644, during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Jianwen_Emperor (1345 words)

	Take a BrainSip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Zhu Qizhen (November 29, 1427–February 23, 1464) was an emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
		The Zhengtong Emperor was released one year later but when he returned to China, he was put under house arrest by his brother for six years.
		After the death of his heir apparent, the Jingtai Emperor fell ill and he was deposed by a palace coup which eventually reinstalled Zhu Qizhen as emperor, who called his second reign Tianshun ("heavenly obedience").
	zhengtong-emperor.mestskadoprava.sk (212 words)

	Ming_Dynasaty
		The third emperor of the Ming dynasty was Yongle (1403-24).
		In 1416 the north-south Grand Canal had been repaired to ensure that safe grain shippment from the south to the northern capital could be done by canal, instead of by sea, which in a way did away with the need for navy ships to protect grain shipments against raids by pirates.
		In making this decision the Emperor is believed to have been guided by the Neo-Confucian bureaucracy, who enjoyed an influence at court they never had under Yongle.
	www.djtravel.homestead.com /Ming_Dynasaty.html (955 words)

	The Ming Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Hong Wu emperor paid special attention to the irrigation of farms all over the empire, and in 1394 a number of students from Kuo-tzu-chien were sent to all of the provinces to help develop irrigation systems.
		Hong Wu emperor took great care over the whole project and in his instruction to the ministers told them that the code of laws should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to leave any loophole for sub-officials to misinterpret the law by playing on the words.
		The Zhengtong Emperor personally led a punitive campaign against the Horde but the mission turned into a disaster as the Chinese army was annihilated and the Emperor was captured.
	www.personal.psu.edu /rjf5009/assignment7.html (3832 words)

	artnet.com Magazine Features - Taoism and the Arts of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Emperor Guan, a Qing dynasty silk scroll painting, depicts the celestial patron of the military.
		Emperor Guan is the deified Guan Yu, a heroic warrior of the early third century who was killed in battle.
		The Emperor Yu, an ancient mythical figure, is said to have paced the boundaries of the terrestrial world, while the god Taiyi paced the heavens.
	www.artnet.com /Magazine/features/cassidy/cassidy1-10-01.asp (1905 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Chenghua Emperor
		The Chenghua Emperor (December 9, 1447 – September 9, 1487) was Emperor of the Ming dynasty in China, between 1464 and 1487.
		Born Zhu Jianshen, he was the Zhengtong Emperor's son.
		After that his uncle, the Jingtai Emperor took over whilst his father was put under house arrest for almost 7 years.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Chenghua_Emperor (563 words)

	Ming Tombs
		It was in the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor (1436-1449) that the practice of entombing live imperial concubines was abolished.
		The concubine was elevated to Empress status by her grandson and thus re-buried with the Emperor Wanli.
		The stone stele bears the inscriptions of the Ming Dynasty Renzong Emperor (Zhu Gaozhi) and Qing rulers, the Qianlong and the Jiaqing Emperors.
	www.chinapage.com /friend/goh/beijing/mingtomb/mingtombs.html (887 words)

	1449 - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		January 6 - Constantine XI is crowned Byzantine Emperor.
		He will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.
		September 8 - Battle of Tumu Fortress - Oyirad Mongolians defeat the Chinese Ming Dynasty army and capture Zhengtong Emperor of China
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/1449 (103 words)

	The Zhengtong Emperor - China History Forum, chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Zhu Qizhen ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor from 1435-1449 and 1457-1464, with the early part of the intervening period spent as a prisoner of the Mongols (after a badly-advised campaign) before being released.
		The period 1436-49 was the Zhengtong reign (hence the Zhengtong Emperor).
		Emperor Ying of Ming dynasty, one of the inepts and lead cause for Ming decay.
	chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1747&st=0&...&#entry4692419 (800 words)

	Ming Emperor Jingtai (Zhu Qiyu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Emperor Jingtai was Emperor Xuande's second son, Emperor Zhengtong's younger brother.
		Several years later, Emperor Zhengtong recaptured his imperial throne when was badly ill, and then Emperor Jingtai was put under house arrest.
		Last, Emperor gave him a long piece of calico, it meaned that Emperor Zhengtong wanted him to hang himself.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0126670/emperors/jingtai_en.htm?tqskip1=1&... (104 words)

	Travel Places, Beijing Destination Guide
		A huge Ming army with the Zhengtong Emperor at its head was anihilated in battle and the emperor himself held hostage in 1449.
		Construction of the complex began in 1420, and was thereafter visited by all subsequent Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
		In ancient China, the Emperor of China was regarded as the "Son of Heaven", who administered earthly matters on behalf of, and representing, heavenly authority.
	www.travelplaces.co.uk /travelplaces/olympics/beijing-tourist-tips.htm (2665 words)

	List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty - China-related Topics LI-LL - China-Related Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
			2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse.
		His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion.
		However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/List_of_Emperors_of_the_Ming_Dynasty (433 words)

	Emperor Hirihito \| Zhengtong Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		We are going to help you to peep the unequalled offerings for epiphone emperor regent and anything referring to trajan the roman emperor.
		Our amateur company emperor radio site is relatively new so we have not yet managed to give lots of data, but what we have done so far is researched the very best emperor aposs new clothes marcus sedgwick sites on the net.
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	bghy.info /emperor-hirihito.htm (324 words)

	GREAT WALL
		In 1449, the 20 year old Ming Zhengtong Emperor正統 was gullible enough to allow his eunuch tutor, Wang Zhen王振;, to plan an attack on the Mongols, with the Emperor in lead.
		Half a million Ming troops with the Emperor passed through Juyong Pass to an ignominious defeat at the battle of Tumupu土木堡, where the Emperor was himself captured by the Mongol leader Esen也先, but he was later released to cause conflict between the captured Emperor and his newly installed successor.
		The Zhengtong Emperor was re-instated by his supporters as the TianShun Emperor天順in a coup in 1457.
	www.chinapage.com /friend/goh/beijing/greatwall/greatwall.html (4684 words)

	Emperor Xuanzong, Zhu Zhanji
		Xuande died in 1435, to be succeeded by his son, Zhu Qizhen, or the Zhengtong Emperor.
		He instead seems to have been a throwback in temperament to his great-uncle, the late Jianwen Emperor, except that he was a bit of a womanizer.
		The next reign, the Zhengtong reign, 1436-49, ended in disaster when the Zhengtong Emperor was captured by the Mongols while leading an expedition against them in the southern part of Inner Mongolia.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/400741 (1344 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 1464 - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		End of the reign of Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan
		Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado ascends to the throne of Japan
		February 23 - Zhengtong Emperor of China (born 1427)
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1464.htm (279 words)

	AHA Information: Frederic Wakeman, Jr. Presidential Address (1992) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		When the Yongle emperor died in 1424, the suzerainty of China was acknowledged by more foreign rulers than ever before; and representatives of 67 overseas states, including 7 kings, came bearing tribute.
		The decline of the Ming navy was precipitate.
		There were rumors that the Jianwen emperor had escaped, although the new government announced that his remains had been found and would be buried with the other two corpses.
	www.historians.org /info/AHA_History/fwakeman.htm (7865 words)

	Daoist Philosophy
		At the end of the Warring States period (that is, the third and second centuries B.C.) there had existed people called "immortals" who claimed that by certain practices they could `extend their lives and not die.' These `immortals' were only individuals practicing by themselves; they never formed any kind of religious organization.
		Since the Tang emperors were also surnamed Li, in order to increase their own importance they said that they were descendants of Laozi (Lao Tzu).
		It was compiled in 1445 in the tenth year of the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming.
	www.russbo.com /Foundations/part3.htm (10294 words)

	Qwika - similar:Zhengtong_Emperor
		The emperor or huángdì (皇帝) of China was the head of government and head of state of China from the Qin dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
		Ming redirects here – for other uses of this term see Ming (disambiguation) History of China 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Zhou Spring and Au...
		History of China 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Western Zhou Zhou Spring and Autumn Eastern Zhou Warring States Qin Dynasty Western Han Han Xin
Eastern Han
Three...
	www.qwika.com /rels/Zhengtong_Emperor (1357 words)

	Tumu Crisis - China-related Topics TU-TZ - China-Related Topics
		The eunuch official Wang Zhen, who dominated the Ming court, encouraged the twenty-two year old Zhengtong Emperor to lead his own armies into battle against Esen.
		At Juyong Pass, the civil officials and generals wished to halt and send the emperor back to Beijing, but their opinions were overruled by Wang Zhen.
		Esen, for his part, was quite unprepared either for the scale of his victory or for the capture of the Ming emperor.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Tumu_Crisis (691 words)

	China Travel Top Attractions - Great Wall of China, History
		The Great Wall of China on the northern border was built and maintained by several dynasties at different times in Chinese history.
		The first major wall of the Great Wall of China was built during the reign of the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.
		A huge Ming Dynasty army with the Zhengtong Emperor at its head was annihilated in battle and the Emperor himself held hostage in 1449.
	www.allchinanet.com /china_travel/china_travel_great_wall_history.shtml (803 words)

	Ming7: Summary
		The emperor headed institutions that were directly responsible:
		The aversion against the scholar elite of the founding emperor Hongwu caused a
		Emperor Zhengtong was taken prisoner (released 1451) led to a limitation of fairs
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/qinglong/MingQing/Ming7.htm (585 words)

	Great Wall of China
		The first major wall was built during the reign of the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.
		This wall was not constructed as a single endeavor, but was mostly the product of joining several regional walls built by the Warring States.
		A huge Ming Dynasty army with the Zhengtong Emperor at its head was anihilated in battle and the Emperor himself held hostage in 1449.
	www.journeys-intl.com /info/greatwall (2031 words)

	Ming Dynasty -- Political, Social, Cultural, Historical Analysis Of China
		Owning to this, there was a legend about the successor emperor fleeing Nanking as a monk when attacked by his uncle, i.e., Yongle or Yung-Lo Emperor (Zhu Di).
		During the 1st year reign of Yuan Emperor Shundi, i.e., AD 1335, river bank was breached at Kaifeng, Henan Prov; in AD 1344, breached at Caozhou Prefecture and Kaifeng; in AD 1345, breached near Jinan, Shandong Prov.
		However, Yuan Emperor Shundi indulged himself in lust with his women under the sexual help of lamas from the West (i.e., Tibet and Central Asia) and concentrated his efforts in obtaining and practicing secret sexual skills from the lamas.
	www.republicanchina.org /Great_Ming.html (2732 words)

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