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	The History of Zhonghua minzu\|china guides
		The term Zhonghua minzu was first used by President Yuan Shikai in 1912, shortly after the overthrow of the Qing Empire and the founding of the Republic of China.
		Zhonghua refers to the concept of "Chinese" independently of ethnic concepts such as the Han ethnic group and is the term for "China" used in the formal names for both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		Minzu can be translated as either "nation" or "people." Confusion also arises because the term Chinese is often used in Western languages to refer both to Zhonghua minzu and to the Han ethnicity, two concepts which are usually distinct among Chinese speakers.
	www.import.net.cn /e/guide/1/dec4a64f.html (755 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu
		Zhonghua Minzu (Traditional Chinese: 中華民族; Simplified Chinese: 中华民族; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínzú), is a Chinese term that in modern China refers to the notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions - in other words, a civic "nationality" as opposed to an "ethnic" one, with a central loyalty to China as a whole.
		For instance, Genghis Khan is claimed to be a "Chinese" by China (because the Mongolians are part of the Zhonghua Minzu) and a "Mongolian" by Mongolia.
		To resolve the contradiction, the concept of Zhonghua minzu was invented and was advocated by Chinese nationalists from 1895.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/z/zh/zhonghua_minzu.html (792 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu
		The Chinese nation or '''Zhonghua minzu''' (zh-tspt=ä¸è¯æ°‘æ—s=ä¸åæ°‘æ—p=ZhÅnghuÃ¡ MÃnzÃº), is a Chinese term that in modern China refers to the notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions - in other words, a civic "nationality" as opposed to an "ethnic" one, with a central loyalty to China as a whole.
		To resolve the contradiction, the concept of ''Zhonghua minzu'' was invented and was advocated by Chinese nationalists from 1895.
		The concept of ''Zhonghua minzu'' has continued to be invoked and remains a powerful concept among Chinese nationalists into the 21st century.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Zhonghua_Minzu (801 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu Information
		The boundaries of Zhonghua minzu are fuzzy but most Chinese use the term to include all peoples within the territorial boundaries of China along with overseas Chinese integrated as one national, political, and perhaps even ideological-moral group.
		A dispute of a similar nature has arisen over the status of the state of Koguryo in ancient history, with the Chinese claiming it as Chinese much of it existed occurred in the borders of PRC and the Koreans claiming that it was Korean on ethnic grounds.
		The concept of Zhonghua minzu has continued to be invoked and remains a powerful concept among Chinese nationalists and in China into the 21st century.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Zhonghua_Minzu (773 words)

	Chinese nation - Information at Halfvalue.com
		Zhonghua minzu, is a Chinese term that refers to the notion of a Chinese nationality transcending ethnic divisions, with a central identity to China as a whole.
		Zhonghua refers to the concept of "Chinese" independently of ethnic concepts such as the Han ethnic group and is the term for "China" used in the formal names for both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		The concept of Zhonghua Minzu is also attacked by supporters of Taiwan independence who while not denying that most people on Taiwan are ethnically Han Chinese, argue that Taiwan has a right to independence because it forms a separate and distinct political community from the Mainland.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Chinese_nation (1386 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu 中華民族 - China History Forum, Chinese History Forum
		Zhonghua 中華 ('the Civilized Centre') is a relatively old term to refer to the area occupied by Huaxia 華夏 ('the Great Civilization'), which is now known as 'China'.
		Minzu 民族 (literally 'people-lineage') is a new term invented in the 19th century in Japan, and used to translate 'nation';.
		Zhonghua Minzu 中華民族 is a composite of the two terms, first used in 1902 by Liang Qichao to refer to what were then commonly known as the 'Han'; people.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=14291 (1817 words)

	Zhonghua minzu
		Zhonghua minzu (中華民族) is the pseudo-ethnic group introduced by Chinese nationalists to justify the integration of various ethnic groups.
		The concept of nation state would have dissolved the Empire into several different nations.
		To resolve the contradiction, the fiction of Zhonghua minzu was introduced.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/zh/Zhonghua_minzu.html (122 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Zhonghua minzu, is a Chinese term that refers to the notion of a Chinese nationality transcending ethnic divisions, with a central identity to China as a whole.
		Zhonghua refers to the concept of "Chinese" independently of ethnic concepts such as the Han ethnic group and is the term for "China" used in the formal names for both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		The concept of Zhonghua Minzu is also attacked by supporters of Taiwan independence who while not denying that people on Taiwan are ethnically Han Chinese, argue that Taiwan has a right to independence because it forms a separate and distinct political community from the Mainland.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Zhonghua_minzu (1290 words)

	Sinocentrism - New World Encyclopedia
		During the twentieth century, Sinocentrism was replaced with Chinese nationalism (zhonghua minzu), a concept representing China as a nation which originated in a “cradle of civilization” in the Yellow River Basin and interacted with various ethnic groups over the centuries, yet retained its cultural character.
		One of the enduring perceptions among Sinologists in Japan is that general depopulation and the incursion of races from the north during the period of the Three Kingdoms (三国) led to the virtual replacement of the original Chinese race by non-Chinese.
		The capitulation of the Qin government to foreign powers, the unequal treaties, and the Treaty of Versailles, which gave Chinese territory taken by the Germans during World War I to the Japanese, roused public sentiment against the government and led eventually to the rise of the Nationalist Party and then the Chinese Communist Party.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Sinocentrism (3009 words)

	ASIANaffairs
		While the concept of zhonghua minzu does not have a theoretical definition, the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) policy was directed from the very beginning at consolidating Chinese society.
		The term zhonghua minzu appeared with increasing frequency on the pages of newspapers and magazines; top-ranking political figures used it more and more in their statements and speeches; and the “democratic parties” led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) introduced provisions into their charters on the need to strengthen the unity of zhonghua minzu.
		Articles and documents appeared in the press on the primordial ancestor of zhonghua minzu- the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi), who was frequently paired with Yandi, the mythological figure of another ruler of antiquity.
	asianaffairs.com /sep2004/china.htm (1451 words)

	Zhonghua minzu: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		...Zhonghua minzu Zhonghua minzu Zhonghua minzu (中華民族)...the fiction of Zhonghua minzu was introduced.
		...the contradiction, the fiction of Zhonghua minzu was introduced.
		Post a link to definition / meaning of " Zhonghua minzu " on your site.
	www.encyclopedian.com /zh/Zhonghua-minzu.html (195 words)

	Chinese Air Pollution Affecting Japan - Page 4 - AnimeNation Anime Forums
		The phrase Zhonghua Minzu doesn't refer to an ethnicity specifically, but rather a supra group of related ethnicities called Chinese, with the Han being the largest.
		The Chinese nation or Zhonghua minzu (), is a Chinese term that in modern China refers to the notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions - in other words, a civic "nationality" as opposed to an "ethnic" one, with a central loyalty to China as a whole.
		The "Zhonghua minzu (中華民族) " is first publicly espoused by Yuan Shikai (袁世凱) who is a warlord/president of the Republic of China.
	www.animenation.net /forums/showthread.php?t=213600&page=4 (1538 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Nation-state
		Over the last few centuries (and particular over the last half-century, except in Africa), this form of state has become more common, so that now most states claim to be nation states in their claims upon the patriotism of their citizens.
		In the case of China, for example, this effort has manifested itself in the concept of "Zhonghua minzu," a Chinese people, though an ethnologist or linguist would identify many nations and languages within modern China.
		Since the disaster produced by nation-states, 1914–1945, the concept of absolute sovereignty within state borders has met increasing criticism and competition from international blocs, from organizations like the United Nations and from the corporate view of populations as markets rather than nations.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Nation-state (959 words)

	on a slow boat » Blog Archive » Racism? Here? You have the wrong number.
		In 1905, Liang Qichao pointed out that “Zhonghua minzu from the beginning was not one race, because all the races are mixed together.” Therefore, Liang Qichao really completed the word “zhonghua minzu” from form to content with his revolutionary creation.
		That is, zhonghua minzu refers to all the races in China, Han, Manchu, Miao, Hui, Tibetan ect.
		This meant that they had to then go out and classify the races that were included in the zhonghua minzu, which meant holding a ridiculous call for all the races to send in applications to be considered an official minority.
	onaslowboat.com /?p=408 (1719 words)

	Traditional Chinese - traditionalchinese.net
		The Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu), a supra-ethnic concept which includes the Han Chinese and other established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of China since at least the Qing Dynasty.
		Thousands of years of regionalized assimilation of various ethnic groups and tribes in China is the primary reason for this diversity within the Han.
		Han Chinese is a subset of the Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu).
	www.traditionalchinese.net (674 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu - Asia Finest Discussion Forum
		While the Zhonghua Minzu concept is not without it's flaws, it does have major points as well.
		Yes there is no doubt that the Zhonghua Minzu concept is somewhat politically motivated but the facts still remain.
		Also keep in mind the idea of Zhonghua Minzu does not necessarily mean China is attempting to gobble up states around them for political purposes.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?act=findpost&pid=2552344 (3727 words)

	WHITE HATS, OIL CAKES, AND COMMON BLOOD:
		That is, to the CCP's leadership and their representatives, the Mongols appeared to live almost exclusively in their own historic and well-defined territory, to use primarily their own language, to practice nomadic pastoralism in contrast to agriculture, and to possess a relatively homogeneous culture marked by common folkways such as food, music, horsemanship, and wrestling.
		Because the state has been willing to fund official minzu institutions of all kinds, members of the Huizu are now aware of their minzu identity (which they certainly were not in 1949) and that their minzu has (for example) "minzu costumes," "minzu folksongs," and "minzu literature" both ancient and modern.
		The minzu ganbu of course denied this, claiming that people who hold such opinions are ignorant of the vital contribution made by the religious and minzu affairs functionaries.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/jlipman/whitehats.htm (11847 words)

	Zhonghua minzu - Chinese ethnics - China
		The boundaries of who is or is not a member of Zhonghua minzu has always been somewhat fuzzy and rather inconsistent and has changed from period to period.
		The roots of Zhonghua Minzu dates from the fact that China was the dominant political power in East Asia for several hundred years, and that during much of the period, the notion of "Chineseness" was defined more in civilizational terms than in racial ones.
		The concept of Zhonghua minzu has continued to be invoked and remains a powerful concept among Chinese nationalists into the twenty-first century.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Zhonghua_minzu (442 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu - Kosmix Topic Page - Medical Information for Zhonghua Minzu
		Zhonghua minzu (Chinese: 中華民族; Pinyin: Zhōnghu M nz), literally "Chinese ethnic group", refers to the modern notion of a...
		Zhonghua Minzu 中華民族is a composite of the two terms, first...
		The term Zhonghua minzu was first used by President Yuan Shikai in 1912, shortly after the overthrow of the Qing Empire and the founding of the...
	www.kosmix.com /Health/Zhonghua_minzu-s (270 words)

	“Die Entstehung des Konzepts der `Ethnie` in Taiwan und die Rolle der malayo-polynesischen Urbevolkerung bei der ...
		Though one had made use of the Japanese term 'minzoku' (`minzu` in Chinese) to refer to the 'Chinese people / nation' (zhonghua minzu) as well as to `ethnic Chinese' (hanren minzu), people in Taiwan avoided to use the term 'minzu' for differentiation within Taiwan`s society itself.
		On the basis of this understanding, Xie suggests that 'minzu' should only be used when one talks about a state-determined, juristically defined group of people, in all other cases one should better use 'zuqun'.
		Nevertheless, the term `minzu` was set aside for the time being.
	www.taiwanfirstnations.org /mem.html (6818 words)

	China History Forum, Chinese History Forum > Zhonghua Minzu 中華民族
		Oct 8 2006, 11:58 PM Zhonghua Minzu 中華民族 is a composite of the two terms, first used in 1902 by Liang Qichao to refer to what were then commonly known as the 'Han'; people.
		Nov 20 2006, 02:09 PM all arguments here seems to arise because whether zhonghua minzu is a cultural, political or ideological concept is up to anyone's interest.
		The underlying meaning behind "Zhonghua minzu" is different from "congmin".
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t14291.html (6908 words)

	Piépié's Republic of China
		Il y a 50 ans, l’administration chinoise a créé une catégorie un peu particulière pour classer ces administrés, et un mot pour désigner cette catégorie : le minzu.
		Le minzu est un concept un peu fourre-tout pour, en gros, ranger toutes les personnes qui ont une culture, une langue ou une religion un peu différente des chinois mainstream : il y a ainsi les Han, qui forment 90% de la population chinoise, les Tibétains, les Ouigours, les Kirghizes, les Mandchous, etc.
		La traduction française usuelle pour le terme de Minzu est ‘nationalité’, ce qui rend bien le principe d’inclusion entre la nationalité chinoise, qui peut se dire ‘zhonghua minzu’, et les autres nationalités.
	piepie-par-la-chine.over-blog.com (3521 words)

	China information - Search.com
		Their disparate histories are collectively the history of Zhongguo, while the overarching ethnicity that unites these different groups is known as "Zhonghua Minzu" (Chinese people).
		Many times in the past millennia many foreign groups have, in turn, shaped Han language and culture, for example the queue is a pig tail hairstyle strictly enforced by the Manchurians on the Han populace.
		The term Zhonghua Minzu is sometimes used to describe a notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions.
	www.search.com /reference/China (6120 words)

	Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center
		Minzu is a term adopted by Chinese nationalists from the Japanese minzoku in the late 19th and early 20th century to conceptualize both the new “nation” of China (Zhonghua Minzu) and its five officially recognized “nationality” groups: Chinese (Han), Manchu, Mongol, Muslims, and Tibetan (Pan 2000:9).
		The central and most visible problem of minzu in China from that time forward has, however, centered on the conflict between tne aspirations of large territorial nationalities such as the Mongols, Tibetans, and Uyghurs to retain autonomy, and that of the nationalizing Chinese state to homogenize its diverse populations and integrate them with the Chinese.
		We may say that invocation of the term Zhonghua Minzu, revived from the dustbin of history and used since the 1980s—after a single post-Cultural Revolution decade of more favorable treatment of minority peoples—is as much an attempt to nationalize (i.e., Sinicize) the Chinese state as an effort to depoliticize, deinstitutionalize, and deterritorialize minority nationalities.
	www.smhric.org /SMW_12.htm (8351 words)

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