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Topic: Zhonghua Nationality

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	Zhonghua minzu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese nation (Traditional Chinese: 中華民族; Simplified Chinese: 中华民族; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōnghuá mínzú; Wade-Giles: Chung-hua min-tsu), is a supra-ethnic term rooted in Chinese nationalism that refers to the notion of a Chinese nationality transcending ethnic divisions, with a central identity to China as a whole.
		Zhonghua refers to the concept of "Chinese" independently of ethnic concepts such as the Han ethnic group and is the term for "China" used in the formal names for both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		For instance, Genghis Khan is claimed to be a "Chinese" by China (because the Mongol nationality is part of the "Chinese nation") and a "Mongolian" by Mongolia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhonghua_minzu (1014 words)

	Nationalities of China - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In addition to the 56 official nationalities, there are some Chinese who privately classify themselves as members of unrecognized nationalities (such as Jewish, Tuvan, Oirat and Ili Turki), although most Chinese who are uncertain of their specific nationality identify themselves generically as Han.
		In general, the system of 56 nationalities is applied only within mainland China although Taiwanese aborigines are classified as a single one of the 56 nationalities - Gaoshan (“High Mountains”) - although they represent several linguistically and culturally diverse ethnicities.
		In the PRC and the Republic of China, the various nationalities in China are part of a broader "civil ethnicity" known as the Chinese nation (中華民族, Zhonghua minzu).
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Nationalities_of_China (1018 words)

	Chinese nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Chinese nationalism refers to cultural, historiographical, and political theories, movements and beliefs that assert the idea of a cohesive, unified Chinese people and culture under state(s) that are primarily Chinese.
		In the late 19th century, Chinese nationalism identified Han with Chinese and argued for the overthrow of the Manchus who were considered outside the realm of the Chinese nation.
		Over the next decades Chinese nationalism was influenced strongly by Russian ethnographic thinking, and the official ideology of the PRC asserts that Han Chinese are one of many ethnic groups, each of whose culture and language should be respected.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/c/ch/chinese_nationalism.html (1325 words)

	nationalities of china - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The official point of view is that all of these nationalities are part of a broader nationality known as Zhonghua Minzu.
		Chinese nationalities theory is heavily influenced by that of the Soviet Union.
		Official policy claims to be against assimilation and maintains that each nationality should have the right to develop its own culture and language.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Nationalities-of-China (509 words)

	Zhonghua Minzu info here at en.88of100c.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Chinese nation (Traditional Chinese: ä¸è¯æ°‘æ—; Simplified Chinese: ä¸åæ°‘æ—; Hanyu Pinyin: ZhÅnghuÃ¡ mÃnzÃº; Wade-Giles: Chung-hua min-tsu), is a supra-ethnic slogan quintessenced in Chinese nationalism that refers to the comprehension of a Chinese nationality transcending ethnic divisions, with a outstanding parentage to China as a whole.
		Zhonghua refers to the apprehension of "Chinese" independently of ethnic concepts such as the Han ethnic clump is the slogan for "China" used in the official denominations for both the People's Republic of China the Republic of China.
		For instance, Genghis Khan is petitioned to be a "Chinese" by China (because the Mongol nationality is sector of the "Chinese nation") a "Mongolian" by Mongolia.
	en.88of100c.info /Zhonghua_minzu (1103 words)

	Zhonghua minzu
		Zhonghua Minzu (Traditional Chinese: 中華民族; Simplified Chinese: 中华民族; pinyin: ZhōnghuÃ¡ MÃnzÃº), is a Mandarin Chinese term that in modern China, describes a notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions- in other words, a civic "nationality" as opposed to an "ethnic" one, with a central loyalty to China as a whole.
		The boundaries of who is or is not a member of Zhonghua minzu have always been somewhat fuzzy and rather inconsistent and have changed from period to period.
		The roots of Zhonghua Minzu dates from the fact that China was the dominant political power in East Asia for several thousand years, and that during much of the period, the notion of "Chineseness" was defined more in civilizational and cultural terms than in racial ones.
	www.measuroo.com /eth-Z/Zhonghua_minzu.php (652 words)

	Working Papers-National Questions and National Answers
		A large chunk of territory, inhabited by a "nationality," the Mongols, which is considered one of the major minority nationalities of China, has broken away and succeeded in establishing itself as an independent country, one recognized by China since 1946.
		While it often means nationality (in the sense a people who, while preserving their heritage, are not to seek for a state to express it), it can also mean a nation (a unified body of people on a particular swath of territory endowed with a single civic tradition and a right to independence).
		Similarly, the concepts of nation and national in standard Mongolian usage are rendered by the word ündüsü(n), one which is related to ündüsüten (ethnic group/nationality) and which carries clear connotations of common (ethnic) ancestry.
	www.indiana.edu /~easc/resources/working_paper/noframe_5b.htm (13014 words)

	China
		The "Chinese" thus defined their nation as culturally and politically distinct from - and as the axis mundi of surrounding nations; a concept that continued well into the Qing Dynasty, although being continually redefined while the central political influence expanded territorially, and its culture assimilated alien influences.
		Meanwhile, the disorganized and potentially corrupt ROC government of the Kuomintang fled to Taiwan, where it continued to be recognized as the legitimate government of all China by the Western bloc and the United Nations until the 1970s, when most nations and the UN switched recognition to the PRC.
		The term Zhonghua Minzu is sometimes used to describe a notion of a "Chinese nationality" transcending ethnic divisions.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/china.html (5581 words)

	Chinese language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		China is the most populous nation in the world, and about one-fifth of the people in the world speak some form of Chinese as their native language.
		Spoken in the form of Standard Cantonese, Chinese is one of the official languages of Hong Kong (together with English) and of Macau (together with Portuguese).
		The idea of Chinese as a language family may suggest that China consists of several different nations, challenge the notion of a single Han Chinese “race”, and legitimize secessionist movements.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_language (6287 words)

	WHITE HATS, OIL CAKES, AND COMMON BLOOD:
		That is, to the CCP's leadership and their representatives, the Mongols appeared to live almost exclusively in their own historic and well-defined territory, to use primarily their own language, to practice nomadic pastoralism in contrast to agriculture, and to possess a relatively homogeneous culture marked by common folkways such as food, music, horsemanship, and wrestling.
		Mirroring Stalin's reversal of the right of secession for "minority nationalities," the CCP proclaimed the indivisible unity of China (by which they meant the entire territory of the former Qing empire) and the responsibility of all citizens to love and protect the motherland.
		The Hui have national leaders, but they are all empowered and thus, to some subjective extent, delegitimized by their intimate association with the state--through the Yixie, Minwei, universities, and other government-approved organizations.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/jlipman/whitehats.htm (11847 words)

	China - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		China as it exists today has been variously described in different points of view as a single civilization or multiple civilizations, as a single state or multiple states, and as a single nation or multiple nations.
		With one of the world's longest periods of uninterrupted civilization and the world's longest continuously used written language system, China's history has been largely characterized by repeated divisions and reunifications amid alternating periods of peace and war, and violent imperial dynastic change.
		Military innovations include the crossbow and the grid sight, crossbow stirrup, repeating crossbows, poison gas (smoke from burning dried mustard), tear gas made from powdered lime, relief maps for battle planning, manned kites, fire lance, rockets, gunpowder incendiaries, gunpowder grenades, proto-handguns, various gun-related ammunition types and the cannon.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/c/h/i/China.html (5334 words)

	Han Chinese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Han Chinese is a subset of the Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu).
		Today, Hui Chinese are considered a separate nationality, but aside from their practice of Islam, little distinguishes them from the Han; two Han from different regions might differ more in language, customs, and culture than a neighboring Han and Hui.
		During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese who had entered the Eight Banners military system were considered Manchu, while Chinese nationalists seeking to overthrow the monarchy stressed Han Chinese identity in contrast to the Manchu rulers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Han_Chinese (2333 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Polymerase chain reaction for the rapid detection of cerebrospinal fluid shunt or ventriculostomy infections..
		Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi.
		Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediated up-regulation of lysyl oxidase in the kidneys of hereditary nephrotic mouse with chronic renal fibrosis..
	www.nuclease.net /articleindex.php?year=2005 (12171 words)

	Ethnologue: China
		Those in Guizhou are the Buyi official nationality in China; officially includes the T'en, Ching, and Ai-cham languages.
		The White Gelo are on the China-Viet Nam border at Tiechang and Yangwan townships, Wenshan Zhuang-Miao Autonomous District, Malipo County, Yunnan Province.
		A separate language officially under the Nu nationality with Ayi, Zauzou (1,500), and 5,500 speakers of Drung.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Chin.html (11262 words)

	Chinese Nationalities
		being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities.
		Official ideology places all Chinese nationalities as being part of a broader nationality known as zhonghua minzu.
		Official policy is against assimilation and maintains that each nationality should have the right to develop its own culture and language.
	www.chinaphile.com /chinese_nationalities.htm (324 words)

	Asia Finest Discussion Forum > Nationality
		During the Qing dynasty while the Manchu was in charge, the identity of Zhonghua was formed.
		Zhonghua refers to the five major ethnic groups living in the Middle Kingdom, which includes Han, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan, and Hui.
		When the Qing dynasty was overthrown and was replaced with the Republic of China in 1911, the Zhonghua identity passed on.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t2398-100.html (1542 words)

	Free Ebooks of Chinese people (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		- The zhonghua minzu (zhong hua min zu), a supra-ethnic concept which includes the Han Chinese and other established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of China since at least the Qing Dynasty.
		This definition stems from a nationality perspective, and includes most overseas Chinese.
		Apart from nationality (legal) reasons, place of residence (geographical factors), race (biological reasons) and ancestry (historical and genealogical factors), recognition as a Chinese and identifying with Chinese by that person and other people (mainly with those who share a close or intimate relationship with that person) is also very important.
	chinese.people.en.rhot.org (1097 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The People's Republic of China officially describes itself as a multinational unitary state and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or Mínzú, within China: the Han being the majority, and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities.
		Hakka are often thought of as an ethnic group, but they generally considered a member of the Han nationality.
		Chinese nationalities theory is heavily influenced by that of the
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Nationalities_of_China.html (405 words)

	Ethnic groups of China oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Technically, the term "nationality" is incorrect and misleading, rather "ethnicity" is correct, in that none of these groups have their own nation, and thus self-determination, and the use of the word "nationality" is a word to downplay the fact the PRC is an empire.
		In general, the system of 56 nationalities is applied only within mainland China although Taiwanese aborigines are classified as one of the 56 nationalities - Gaoshan.
		Falun Gong]] In 1971, the PRC replaced the Republic of China as the sole representative for "China" in the United Nations and as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council; it is also considered a founding member although the PRC was not in control at the founding of the UN.
	oddd.org /en/Ethnic+groups+of+China (11324 words)

	Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center
		The Kalmyks and Buryats were promoted as distinct nationalities with distinct characteristics including their separate "print languages." Likewise, Mongols in the MPR were forced to adopt a Cyrillic script based on the dialect of the Halh, the numerically dominant Mongol group, in the 1940s.
		Although socialism promised equality and national liberation, nationality was seen not as an end in itself but as a means toward achieving socialism, which in turn became in distinguishable from integration into the Chinese state.
		However, once acquiring regional nationality autonomy in the form of the IMAR, the Mongolian nationality turned itself into something akin to an "intentional community"—that is, one that was not to be assimilated or melted away, but, rather, one meant to reproduce itself in order to enjoy longevity (cf.
	www.smhric.org /SMW_12.htm (8351 words)

	Nationalities of China - Chinese ethnics - China
		Nationalities of China - Chinese ethnics - China
		and as such officially recognizes 56 nationalities or M¨ªnz¨² (民族), within China: the Han ChineseHan being the majority (>92%), and the remaining 55 nationalities being the national minorities.
		With some groups, such as the Tibetan peopleTibetans and the Uyghurs there is a great deal of resentment against the majority.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Nationalities_of_China (550 words)

	Han Chinese Encyclopedia Article @ CNAutomobiles.com (CN Automobiles) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		But with the predominance of Han-based writing and literature, local languages have not become a focus for regional self-consciousness or nationalism.
		Within some variants of Chinese nationalist theory, including the official version espoused by the Republic of China and People's Republic of China, China is composed of many ethnic groups and the various ethnicities and sub-ethnicities of China belong to a single Chinese nationality called Zhonghua minzu (中华民族).
		However, another interpretation of Chinese nationalist theory takes the opposite view and considers only the Han Chinese to be true Chinese and thus equates Chinese nationalism with Han nationalism.
	www.cnautomobiles.com /encyclopedia/Han_Chinese (2476 words)

	Genomics\|HuGENet\|Literature\|2004 Oct 14
		Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2004 Oct;21(5):522-3
		Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2004 Oct;21(5):518-21
		The co-inheritance of Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Sclerosis in Sardinia cannot be explained by genotype variation in the HLA region alone.
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/hugenet/literature/2004/Hoct14.htm (1570 words)

	Informat.io on Han Chinese
		The term "Han Chinese" is used to distinguish the majority from the various minorities in and around China.
		In Southeast Asia, another term used commonly by overseas Chinese is Huaren (Simplified Chinese: 华人; Traditional Chinese: 華人; Pinyin: huárén), derived from Zhonghua (中华), a literary name for China.
		Within some variants of Chinese nationalist theory, including the official version espoused by the People's Republic of China, China is composed of many ethnic groups and the various ethnicities and sub-ethnicities of China belong to a single Chinese nationality called zhonghua minzu (中华民族).
	www.quaest.io /?title=Han_Chinese (2130 words)

	Encyclopedia
		This not only refers to ethnic Han but also to any descendant of China's minorities (Zhonghua minzu), and those from Hong Kong.
		Some Chinese reject this usage, and conflicts over this particular usage tend to come up in discussions about ethnic minorities.
		Chinese nationalism, cultural, historiographical, and political theories, movements and beliefs that assert the idea of a cohesive, unified Chinese people and culture under state(s) that are primarily Chinese.
	www.stylokna.pl /wikipedia/index.php?title=Chinese (323 words)

	Han Chinese - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In Southeast Asia, another term used commonly by overseas Chinese is Huaren (Simplified Chinese: {{{1{{{s}}}}}}; Traditional Chinese: {{{t華人}}}; Pinyin: {{{phuárén}}}), derived from Zhonghua (中华), a literary name for China.
		During the Qing Dynasty, Han Chinese who had entered the Eight Banners miliary system were considered Manchu, while Chinese nationalists seeking to overthrow the monarchy stressed Han Chinese identity in contrast to the Manchu rulers.
		Due to its internal diversity, any study of the Han is thus of great interest to researchers in many fields, particularly anthropology and human biology.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php/Han_Chinese (2027 words)

	China - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		With one of the world's longest periods of mostly uninterrupted civilization and the world's longest continuously used written language system, China's history has been largely characterized by repeated divisions and reunifications amid alternating periods of peace and war, and violent imperial dynastic change.
		Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet, and the island of Taiwan, over time, came to be dominated (to a greater or lesser extent) by, or officially ruled by, imperial China, and are often included as a part of Zhongguo, though acceptance or denial of such claims remains politically controversial, especially where Zhongguo means PRC.
		Today, however, there is much more freedom in intellectual thought in non-political areas and propaganda, while still continuing, has lessened.
	www.voyager.in /China (5907 words)

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