Zimbabwe African National Union

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	Zimbabwe African National Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Zimbabwe African National Union was a political party during the struggle for Rhodesia's, ultimately Zimbabwe's, independence, formed as a split from ZAPU.
		Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries - ZANLA from Mozambique after the Portuguese withdrew, and ZIPRA from Zambia and other countries.
		In 1988 after 8 years of low-level civil war termed Gukurahundi, the opposition Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo, merged with ZANU to form Zanu-PF with the added moniker of Patriotic Front, in what was seen as a step towards a one party state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union (358 words)

	Zimbabwe and the Prospects for Nonviolent Political Change: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Since Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) government has used its anti-colonial legacy and its role in the war of liberation to build a nationalist platform with a stated commitment to rectify colonial injustices—a theme that garners support from many leaders in developing countries and Zimbabwe's rural populace.
		In Zimbabwe, this coalition is impeded by a strong demonstrated respect for the chain of command and the lack of a history of military involvement in politics.
		Zimbabwe is a deeply religious country, and the churches are important social institutions.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/sr109.html (9426 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Zimbabwe
		Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) win 57 out of 60 seats in an election for what would be an independent Zimbabwe's first majority rule government.
		Zimbabwe increases the number of white-owned farms it plans to seize to 5,000 despite a series of court rulings that the land seizures are illegal.
		Zimbabwe officially gains independence from the U.K. A coalition government led by ZANU leader Robert Mugabe as prime minister takes power.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/zimbabwe/timeline.html (593 words)

	Zimbabwe - February 2002 -- Genocide Watch
		Zimbabwe's electoral supervisory commission has sole power to monitor the elections and has banned foreign monitors from six European Union countries, including the Swedish chairman of the EU monitoring group.
		Zimbabwe's leaders should be notified that if such massacres occur, the U.S. and EU will support armed intervention by a UN-authorized regional force, and President Mugabe and those who might perpetrate the crimes would be subject to prosecution.
		Preparation: President Mugabe's latest moves to shut off Zimbabwe from monitoring by human rights groups, election monitors, and the press, and his new laws to criminalize anyone who criticizes him, are ominous signs that he is planning at least massive election fraud.
	www.genocidewatch.org /alerts/zimbabwe200202.htm (835 words)

	Zimbabwe’s Manmade Crisis
		Zimbabwe is in a state of crisis today because those who govern the country have systematically undermined the rule of law.
		Zimbabwe is a developing nation, but it was not and should never have become a poor country.
		Zimbabwe has declined in nearly every single category since Mugabe came to power, and the situation has only grown worse as he has amended his policies and tightened his grip on Zimbabwe.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/16501.htm (3682 words)

	Chimurenga! The Lessons of the Zimbabwe Liberation War - an anarchist analysis
		ZANU, and ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union), the two main nationalist parties, were banned, after which they turned to armed struggle, with incursions from 1966 on.
		The lessons of the Zimbabwe war, for South Africa as much as for Zimbabwe, are that: struggle must aim to overthrow of capitalism and State; that national liberation needs a class perspective; that struggle needs revolutionary ideology and independent nonheirachical grassroot bodies.
		Even ZANU, which in the latter stages of the war claimed to be socialist, believed that a "national democratic" stage had to take place first [1].
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/africa/safrica/unrest/zimbabwe1.html (1544 words)

	Zimbabwe
		ZANU was in favor of immediate armed confrontation of the enemy and self-reliance while ZAPU was still seeking intervention from the international arena.
		The land of Zimbabwe was settled by the British in 1890 and named Rhodesia after its founder, Cecil John Rhodes.
		The Patriotic Front represented a unified alliance of the ZANU and ZAPU and was jointly led by Joshua Nkomo (ZAPU's former president) and Robert Mugabe (an important leader in ZANU).
	www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Zimb.html (1102 words)

	Zimbabwe - Amnesty International
		A national teachers’ strike organized by the Progressive Teachers’ Union of Zimbabwe (PTUZ) in October was met with excessive force by police and over 600 teachers were subsequently dismissed by the government.
		ZANU-PF youth militia, trained in national youth service camps established throughout the country, were deployed to suburbs and rural areas in the run-up to elections and were implicated in the widespread harassment and torture of the political opposition.
		The Independent Journalists Association of Zimbabwe challenged the constitutionality of those sections of the AIPPA which prescribe the compulsory registration of journalists and punish journalists who write what the Act describes as “falsehoods”, on the basis that they violate freedom of expression.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/Zwe-summary-eng (2218 words)

	Zimbabwe -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		Two nationalist organizations, the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) led by Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) led by Joshua Nkomo, operating from bases in Mozambique and Zambia, respectively, carried out guerrilla warfare campaigns against the white government throughout the 1970s.
		However, after a British commission's hearings revealed widespread African opposition to the terms, Britain refused to recognize Rhodesian independence on the basis of the accord.
		In 1963 the federation broke up as African majority governments assumed control in Northern Rhodesia and in Nyasaland (renamed Zambia and Malawi respectively).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Zimbabwe_History.asp (1843 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Africa : Zimbabwe
		International relief agencies in Zimbabwe fail to ensure that access to food is based on need alone and is not biased by domestic or international political concerns.
		Zimbabwe's several hundred thousand farm workers have been largely excluded from the program, and many have lost their jobs, driven from the farms where they work by violence or laid off because of a collapse in commercial agricultural production.
		Zimbabwe has served as co-rapporteur of the SCE on General Status and Operation of the Convention.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/pubweb/Webcat-116.htm (505 words)

	TIME Europe TIME Trail: Zimbabwe
		The country's new government was headed by the Zimbabwe National African Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), a group of African nationalists that had fought for a different kind of independence from that declared by Ian Smith's white regime in 1965 (TIME, Nov.
		The slow pace of land reform led to particular tension in Matabeleland in southwestern Zimbabwe, the home of the Ndebele people and the heartland of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), the main opposition party and onetime allies with ZANU in the struggle against apartheid.
		In April 1980, the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia was internationally recognized as the independent state of Zimbabwe.
	www.time.com /time/europe/timetrails/zimbabwe (995 words)

	Zimbabwe (09/05)
		In November 1982, Zimbabwe was chosen by the OAU to hold one of the non-permanent seats in the UN Security Council for the following two years, which brought it onto the center stage of world events and gave it much-needed experience in international affairs.
		Zimbabwe is not a member of the African Growth and Opportunity Act and a number of textile businesses have migrated to other African countries.
		African nations with embassies in Harare are Algeria, Angola, Botswana, DRC, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, the Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5479.htm (6960 words)

	Inter Press Service News Agency
		Discussions on Zimbabwe last week centred on the possibility of the two main parties - the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) and opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) - forming a government of national unity, or GNU as it is called in Zimbabwe.
		Zimbabwe's history with the government of national union is characterised by neutralising the opposition parties.
		The current political framework is not favourable for a government of national union, an agenda that seems to be pushed on Zimbabwe by external forces.
	www.ipsnews.net /print.asp?idnews=19108 (874 words)

	Zibabwe, Zimbabwe African National Union v. United African National Council
		United African National Council 1980 ZLR 69: Influencing voters.
		The proposed draw of motor-cars was not necessary to enable persons to attend the rally and amounted to the offence of bribery in terms of the Electoral Act.
		Applicant political party sought to interdict a rival party from providing food, drink and entertainment at rally, and from conducting a draw at the rally with 6 motor-cars as prizes.
	www.hrcr.org /safrica/political/zimbabwe_united.html (90 words)

	Encyclopedia: African National Congress
		In April 1994, in a tripartite coalition with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions, the ANC won a landslide victory in the 1994 general election, and Nelson Mandela was appointed the first President of South Africa.
		The African National Congress (ANC) is a centre-left political party, and has been South Africa's governing party (in a coalition) since the establishment of majority rule in May 1994.
		Originally called the South African Native National Congress until 1923, it was founded to defend the rights of the black majority on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein, and counted John Dube (its first president) and poet and author Sol Plaatje among its founder members.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/African-National-Congress (4597 words)

	TIME Europe Mugabe's Win
		Although Nkomo's party, the Zimbabwe African People's Union, won all 15 of the Matabeleland constituencies, redistricting had eliminated five seats that ZAPU held in the previous Parliament.
		Elsewhere, Mugabe's victory removed from Parliament three minority opposition parties, including pre-independence Prime Minister Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council, which had held three seats.
		Zimbabwe's 100,000 whites gave former Prime Minister Ian Smith a lopsided victory over more moderate candidates in the country's whites-only election the previous week.
	www.time.com /time/europe/timetrails/zimbabwe/zi071585.html (301 words)

	Amnesty International Report 2002 - Africa - ZIMBABWE
		Zimbabwe: Appeal to the European Union and the Commonwealth (AI Index: AFR 46/010/2001)
		The rights to the rainforest were conceded by the DRC government in return for Zimbabwe's military aid, including an estimated 1,000 troops, in the continuing conflict with rebel forces in eastern DRC.
		Tawanda Hondora had gone to Chikomba with the two other lawyers to investigate allegations of intimidation and assault of witnesses in cases where election procedures were being challenged in the High Court.
	web.amnesty.org /web/ar2002.nsf/afr/zimbabwe!Open (2153 words)

	Zimbabwe - Atlapedia Online
		In 1962 the ZAPU were banned and in Aug. 1963 the ZAPU split to form another party called the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU).
		In 1957 the African National Congress (ANC) was reformed under Joshua Nkomo and renamed the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU).
		In 1969 Rhodesian voters, mostly Whites, approved a new constitution designed to prevent Black African majorities from ever gaining control of the government and on Mar. 2, 1970 Rhodesia declared itself a republic, although it was never internationally recognized.
	www.atlapedia.com /online/countries/zimbabwe.htm (1562 words)

	Zimbabwe - HISTORY
		With Kauanda's Zambian support the nationalist groups were convinced to come together under the united front of Muzorewa's African National Congress.
		* The formation of a number of political parties along with sporadic acts of sabotage came as a result of African impatience with the prospects of constitutional change.
		By 1953, the mining and industrial concerns were in favour of a more racially mixed middle class as a balance to the radical elements in the labour force.
	www.africanet.com /africanet/country/zimbabwe/history.htm (936 words)

	The NewsAhead Agency for future world news
		Zimbabwe voters elect 120 members of a 150-member parliament in March, and few would be surprised if President Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) wins again.
		A former trade union leader, Tsvangirai said his party would win the popular vote in March despite what he describes as the hostile electoral environment.
		Zimbabwe accredits observers for general election (Reuters 2 Mar 2005)
	www.newsahead.com /content/view/597/71 (292 words)

	Elections in Zimbabwe
		The ruling Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front party (ZANU-PF) of President Robert Mugabe won the elections with an increased majority agaisnt the opposing Movement for Democratic Change (MDC).
		Zimbabwe has a population of around 12,5 million on 386,670 km².
		Freedom House rated the country on political rights with a 6 and on civil rights with a 6, both on a scale of 1 to 7 (in which 1 is the most free).
	www.electionworld.org /zimbabwe.htm (249 words)

	IRI : Around The Globe
		Since Zimbabwe achieved independence in 1980, political life has been governed by President Robert Mugabe and his party, the Zimbabwean African National Union-Patriotid Front (ZANU-PF).
		Widespread disappointment with the economy, dissatisfaction with Zimbabwe's commitment of military troops to the Democratic Republic of Congo, food price riots, and political rebellion by the veterans of the liberation war have all served to challenge the ruling party.
		The labor movement in Zimbabwe had a history of successful demonstrations and work stayaways before making the decision to organize as a political party.
	www.iri.org /countries.asp?id=7638294383 (488 words)

	The World Guide 2003/2004
		Social organizations: Organization of Rural Associations for Progress; Council of Trade Unions of Zimbabwe, National Students Union of Zimbabwe.
		Peoples: The majority of Zimbabweans, 94 per cent, are of Bantu origin from the Shona (founders of the first nation in the region) and the Ndebele group (a Zulu people that arrived in the 19th century).
		Religions: African traditional beliefs 55 per cent; Christian 45 per cent, predominantly Anglican.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/countries/zwe/index.cfm (166 words)

	ICL - Zimbabwe Index
		The multi-party democracy for the past 16 years did not have any oppostion and is thoroughly controlled by Robert Mugabe whose formerly marxist Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party holds 98% of the seats in parliament.
		The ruling party is the only one big enough to qualify for state finances.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/zi__indx.html (79 words)

	Elections in Zimbabwe
		The United African National Council (UANC) boycotted elections for the African** "B" roll seats.
		Boycotted by the Zimbabwe* Unity Movement (ZUM) and United Parties (UP).
		Ballot Question: Are you in favour of or against Southern Rhodesia obtaining independence on the basis of the Constitution of Southern Rhodesia 1961?
	africanelections.tripod.com /zw.html (778 words)

	Find in a Library: Zimbabwe : the final advance : documents on the Zimbabwe liberation movement
		Zimbabwe : the final advance : documents on the Zimbabwe liberation movement
		Find in a Library: Zimbabwe : the final advance : documents on the Zimbabwe liberation movement
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/c34f1ca6c0e4f911.html (57 words)

	zimbabwe20001.txt
		REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE ELECTIONS OF 24 AND 25 JUNE 2000==================================================================== These statistics are taken from the website of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC).
		I make no claims for their completeness or accuracy, but they appear to be the only statistics available.
	psephos.adam-carr.net /countries/z/zimbabwe/zimbabwe20001.txt (43 words)

	Countries of the World: Zimbabwe: Chapter 4C. Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front@ HighBeam Research
		They were not motivated by a single ideology, their attitudes ranging from strident Marxism to old-style African nationalism.
		Many had just been released from political detention; others had been in exile promoting the nationalist cause in Africa and other world capitals.
		ZANU- PF's policymaking body, the central committee, was crisscrossed...
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28387029&refid=ip_almanac_hf (168 words)

	SA Observer Mission (SAOM) meets Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF)
		Following the meeting with the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) yesterday the mission met with the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANU PF) at its headquarters in Harare.
		The SAOM has since its arrival in Zimbabwe on 14 March 2005 met with President Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC), Electoral Supervisory Commission (ESC), Zimbabwe Electoral Support Network (ZESN), Zimbabwe Council of Churches, Zimbabwe Crisis Coalition and National Constitutional Assembly (NCA) among others.
		The South African Observer Mission (SAOM) today continued with its consultation with various stakeholders involved in the 31 March parliamentary elections.
	www.dfa.gov.za /docs/2005/zim0323.htm (224 words)

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