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Zimmerwald Conference

	Zimmerwald - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zimmerwald was until December 31, 2003 an independent municipality in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland.
		On January 1, 2004 Zimmerwald united with the municipality of Englisberg to form the new muicipality of Wald.
		Zimmerwald was only settled in the late phase of the Germanic colonisation of Switzerland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zimmerwald (276 words)

	Zimmerwald Conference -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Zimmerwald Conference was held in (additional info and facts about Zimmerwald) Zimmerwald, (A landlocked federal republic in central Europe) Switzerland, from September 5 through September 8, 1915.
		Lenin organized a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left, which protested the centrist and centrist-leaning majority of the conference (the "Zimmerwald center", headed by Robert Grimm).
		Two different positions, which were and remained independent, were presented at the Zimmerwald conference: those of the centrists and centrist-leaning, which prevailed at the conference, and those of the revolutionary internationalists.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/z/zi/zimmerwald_conference.htm (373 words)

	Zimmerwald -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Zimmerwald was until December 31, 2003 an independent municipality in the (additional info and facts about Canton of Berne) Canton of Berne, (A landlocked federal republic in central Europe) Switzerland.
		ZImmerwald was only settled in the late phase of the (A branch of the Indo-European family of languages; members that are spoken currently fall into two major groups: Scandinavian and West Germanic) Germanic colonisation of (A landlocked federal republic in central Europe) Switzerland.
		Zimmerwald enters the annals of world history due to the (additional info and facts about Zimmerwald Conference) Zimmerwald Conference held in 1915.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/Z/Zi/Zimmerwald.htm (392 words)

	On Zimmerwald
		In leaving rotten Zimmerwald we must decide immediately, at the plenary meeting on September 3, 1917, to call a conference of the Left-wingers, and entrust this to the Stockholm representatives.
		The document "On Zimmerwald" was written by Lenin in connection with the plenary meeting of the Party's Central Committee, fixed for September 3 (16).
		Lenin considered that membership in the Zimmerwald association, most of whose members adhered to a Centrist position, hampered and delayed the founding of a third, Communist International.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1917/sep/15b.htm (249 words)

	Do Internationalists Want a Split? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		SINCE the Zimmerwald Conference of the international-spirited socialists has taken place, the patriotic-minded socialists try to make out that the revolutionary internationalist wants nothing else than to annihilate the work of the socialists for these 50 years, wants to split the working class movement.
		By disavowing the Zimmerwald Conference and its purpose, the officials of the European parties are disavowing the very principles of the Socialist movement of scientific Marxism, they are disavowing the foundation on which both Internationals were built up.
		Their purpose was, and is, quite an opposite one: by working for peace, by fighting war, by calling the proletarians of all countries to unite on the old battlefield of the class struggle they want to revive the International, to call into life the greatest and indomitable force, international class solidarity.
	www.marxists.org.uk /archive/kollonta/works/split.html (795 words)

	Encyclopedia: Zimmerwald Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On January 1, 2004 Zimmerwald united with the municipality of Englisberg to form the new muicipality of...
		Zimmerwald, The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland is a landlocked federal state in Europe, with neighbours Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.
		The main question discussed at the conference was about the struggle of the proletariat for peace during Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Zimmerwald-Conference (1499 words)

	Zimmerwald (by L. Proyect)
		Zimmerwald, a small rustic town, became the center of the antiwar opposition.
		Lenin zeroed in on the bankruptcy of social democratic reformism, the existence of an objectively revolutionary situation in the warring nations, the relationship of the World War to the crisis of imperialism, the link between struggles for national self-determination and socialism, and, finally, the need for a Third International.
		It is important to understand that just as the Zimmerwald left was the Third International in embryonic form, so were the allied powers in WWII in incipient form the future United Nations.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/fascism_and_war/zimmerwald.htm (4631 words)

	Zimmerwald Observatory Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Zimmerwald Observatory is located about 10 kilometers south of the city of Bern:
		The observations of the global IGS network are used to compute orbits of GPS satellites, to determine Earth rotation parameters (i.e., variations in the position of the Earth with respect to its axis of rotation and in the angular velocity of its rotation), and to compute precise station coordinates of the observing stations.
		Earth tide gravimeter at Zimmerwald since 1994 measuring small variations in the Earth's gravity.
	www.cx.unibe.ch /aiub/zimmerw.html (564 words)

	ICC appeal to organisations of the Communist Left \| International Communist Current
		Zimmerwald and Kienthal were not initiatives of the Bolsheviks or Lenin, but of Italian and Swiss socialists who regrouped within them a majority of the ‘radical’ tendencies within the parties of the Second International.
		In this passage, the IBRP begins by recalling obvious things such as the fact that the conferences were initiated by Italian and Swiss socialists and not the Bolsheviks, that Lenin participated with the intention of pushing for a break with the Second International and that consequently Lenin remained in an absolute minority in both conferences.
		In conclusion, Zimmerwald and Kienthal were two crucial stages in the battle that revolutionaries waged for the rapprochement of proletarian forces, for their separation from the social patriots, and for the formation of the Third International.
	en.internationalism.org /ir/98_appeal.htm (3234 words)

	First Congress of the Communist International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences were of importance at a time when it was essential to unify all those proletarian elements ready to protest in any way against the imperialist slaughter.
		But the Zimmerwald Association, besides including men and women of a clearly defined Communist orientation, attracted other wavering, pacifist and ‘centrist’ socialists, who are now – as the Berne conference has shown – forging an alliance with the social-patriots to wage a struggle against the revolutionary proletariat.
		The undersigned members of the Zimmerwald movement declare that they regard its organisation to be dissolved and propose that all the documents of the Bureau of the Zimmerwald Conference be transferred to the Executive Committee of the Third International.
	www.marxistsfr.cjb.net /history/international/comintern/1st-congress/zimmerwald.htm (226 words)

	CCD-Astrometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Zimmerwald observatory was extensively used for astrometric purposes.
		The 1-m telescope of the Zimmerwald observatory, inaugurated in 1997, was also designed as an astrometric telescope using the CCD-technique (Charge-Coupled Device).
		In 2003 the Zimmerwald astrometry facility could be successfully used for the first time to perform a significant number of so-called NEO follow-up observations.
	www.forschungsportal.ch /unibe/abstracts/A_630.html (501 words)

	Zimmerwald Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Zimmerwald site can only be operated thanks to a number of contributing institutions and organizations.
		Let us mention that Zimmerwald is the origin of all Swiss first order survey activities since 1996.
		The Zimmerwald observatory stimulated many research activities in Celestial Mechanics, satellite geodesy, and geodynamics.
	www.forschungsportal.ch /unibe/abstracts/A_631.html (341 words)

	Bolsheviks and War [Sam Marcy -- 1985]: 2. Zimmerwald: the internationalists regroup
		The Zimmerwald conference was formally called by the Swiss and Italian parties of the International.
		All told there were about 40 delegates from 11 countries at Zimmerwald, which in itself was a significant factor in demonstrating that the working class movement was on the road to recovering its revolutionary spirit and active opposition to the war.
		While it is true that in Europe at the time the word "Zimmerwald" itself was a synonym for opposition to the war, it was the emergence of the left-wing, of a clear and principled anti-imperialist stand, which made Zimmerwald a really historic development.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sambol/bolwar/bolwar01.htm (2214 words)

	Glossary of Organisations: Zi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It consisted of delegates from the Central Committee of the R.S.D.L.P., the Left Social-Democrats of Sweden, Norway, Switzerland and Germany, the Polish Social-Democratic opposition and the Social-Democrats of the Latvian area.
		Led by Lenin, the Zimmerwald Left group waged a struggle against the Centrist majority of the Conference and moved resolutions condemning the First World War, exposing the betrayal by the social-chauvinists, and urging the necessity of active struggle against the war.
		The Zimmerwald left issued a special statement detailing the inadequacy and inconsistency of the manifesto and their reasons for voting for it.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/orgs/z/i.htm (277 words)

	IISH - Today in 1915 : 5 September - Compromise in Zimmerwald
		On 5 September 1915 dissident socialists from eleven countries had a meeting in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, to discuss peace and continuation of the international class struggle.
		The Leftist group led by him, the Zimmerwalder Linke, judged the final manifesto of Zimmerwald a tame compromise but is was nevertheless signed.
		The Zimmerwalder Linke is considered a prelude to the Communist International in 1919.
	www.iisg.nl /today/en/05-09.php (114 words)

	M-TH: Thoughts and Projections! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Zimmerwald by the way was and attempt by Lenin to break out of isolation and the demise of the 2nd International.
		But if their is no Leninist pole of attraction or not even a Zimmerwald left then we will see the workers move towards right wing and fascist solutions because they really DO EXIST and are growing rapidly..
		Just some thoughts..Perhaps the Zimmerwald left was in a far better position then our enthusiatic the world revolution is around the corner advocates who are popping revolutionary uppsurge champagne corks on marxism-thaxis at Jefferson Village..
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/marxism-thaxis/1998-March/007589.html (1889 words)

	Open Letter to Charles Naine
		National Councillor Robert Grimm at the meeting of the Party Executive on January 7, jointly with all the social-nationalists and to a considerable degree as their leader, in favour of the resolution to postpone the party congress fills the cup of patience to overflowing and utterly exposes Mr.
		The chairman of the International Socialist Committee elected at Zimmerwald, the chairman of the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences, the most "authoritative" representative, in the eyes of the whole world, of the entire Zimmerwald group, comes out together with, and at the head of, the social-patriots as a downright traitor to Zimmerwald.
		ties, joined Zimmerwald, supported it, appointed two members of the International Socialist Committee and appeared before the whole world as the principal representative of the Zimmerwald movement, if we do not count the Italian party, which is in an immeasurably more difficult position owing to the oppressive war conditions.
	www.marx2mao.com /Lenin/OLCN17.html (2318 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Zimmerwald Movement
		In the wake of the collapse of the socialist/pacifist movement the Second International amid waves of euphoric patriotism in August 1914 a successor organisation emerged to take its place in 1915, the so-called Zimmerwald Movement.
		No further meetings of the Zimmerwald Movement were held; the moderate members of the organisation preferred instead to work within their respective post-war governments and individually pursue their reformist agenda.
		The financial cost of the war is said to have amounted to almost $38 billion for Germany alone; Britain spent $35 billion, France $24 billion, Russia $22 billion, USA $22 billion and Austria-Hungary $20 billion.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/zimmerwaldmovement.htm (285 words)

	Leon Trotsky’s My Life—Chapter 19: Paris, and Zimmerwald
		In many questions he was in a minority of one, even within the Zimmerwald left wing, to which I did not formally belong, although I was close to it on all- important questions.
		Liebknecht himself was not in Zimmerwald; he had been imprisoned in the Hohenzollern army before he became a captive in prison.
		This had a staggering effect on the hotel proprietor the valiant Swiss told Grimm that he looked for a great in- crease in the value of his property and accordingly was ready to subscribe a certain sum to the funds of the Third International.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1930-lif/ch19.htm (3233 words)

	Chapter Forty-One, THE FIRST FOUR CONGRESSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Finally, the Zimmerwald meeting was held in September, 1917, and, although the parties of the Entente could not be present, as they could not reach Stockholm because of refusal of their governments to grant them passports, it was decided that the meeting should act decisively for all.
		At the Zimmerwald meeting, under the pressure of the Bolshevik delegates, resolutions were passed against the Stockholm conference and in sympathy with Trotsky, now in jail under the Menshevik Kerensky regime in Russia.
		At the first Congress of the Third International, the Zimmerwald Union was formally dissolved with a statement that its task was accomplished.
	www.weisbord.org /conquest41.htm (16651 words)

	L-I: More on Kosovo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All this is what lies beneath the phrase 'national defense'--some of it deeply hidden, some of it very near the surface and soon to emerge to challenge us." (From a speech by Virgil Jordan, president of the National Industrial Conference Board, to the Convention of the Investment Bankers Association, Dec.
		To our Party, the question of the expediency of a break with the social-chauvinists does not exist, it has been answered with finality.
		THE CLASS CHARACTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS It is important to understand that just as the Zimmerwald left was the Third International in embryonic form, so were the allied powers in WWII in incipient form the future United Nations.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/leninist-international/1998-July/000576.html (4427 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Second International
		While the 'gradualists' merely favoured reform of existing constitutional frameworks the revolutionary element of the organisation favoured wholesale replacement, by violent means if need be, of existing systems of government.
		With governments protesting that their own war was to be strictly defensive many socialists assuaged their consciences in the belief that they were not aiding aggressive wartime expansionism.
		With the collapse of the Second International in August 1914 as an effective socialist vehicle a new anti-war organisation sprang up in 1915, the similarly ineffective Zimmerwald Movement.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/secondinternational.htm (427 words)

	Lenin: 1917/tasks: THE COLLAPSE OF THE ZIMMERWALD INTERNATIONAL.— THE NEED FOR FOUNDING A THIRD INTERNATIONAL
		In January 1917, the chairman of the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences, Robert Grimm, joined the social-chauvinists in his own party (Greulich, Pflüger, Gustav Mümller and others) against the internationalists in deed.
		behaviour of the Zimmerwald majority was formally stigmatised by the Left internationalists of several countries: by Munzenberg,secretary of the international youth organisation and editor of the excellent internationalist publication
		We must not, for the sake of the Zimmerwald “Kautskyites”, continue the semi-alliance with the chauvinist International of the Plekhanovs and Scheidemanns.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1917/tasks/ch11.htm (917 words)

	Zimmerwald
		At 31/07/02 08:50 -0400, Louis Proyect quoted from his article on Zimmerwald in response to my comment: >Chris Burford: >Most relevantly on this particular debae, I think Lenin was wrong at >Zimmerwald, and I appreciate Louis Proyect highlighting this issue some >years ago and arguing that Lenin was correct.
		But if it helps to indicate the lines of difference rather than to be polemical, (as I have to tidy things up for a while) the reasons for my statement are It is almost ahistorical to say that Lenin was "wrong" in that the war happened, Zimmerwald happened, Lenin happened and the Russian Revolution happened.
		Struggling for peace is a long term major goal of internationalism, but it is a process, and needs to be about uniting, temporarily, with people who, in Lenin's terms, are opportunists, if that helps to get a hearing from the mass of working people.
	www.mail-archive.com /pen-l@galaxy.csuchico.edu/msg71554.html (629 words)

	Trotsky and Trotskyism: The Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		September 38 Socialist delegates from eleven countries met at Zimmerwald to oppose the war.
		Trotsky wrote the Zimmerwald Manifesto against the war but did not join the Left who supported Lenin’s internationalist position calling for “the imperialist war to be turned into a civil war”
		Trotsky’s speeches to them on the Zimmerwald Conference were halted by the prison authorities.
	www.internazionalisti.it /BIPR/Inglese/doc/trotsky_chronology.htm (1822 words)

	Lenin: The Second International Socialist Conference at Kienthal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		On the question of the socialists’; parliamentary action, it must be borne in mind that the Zimmerwald resolution not only expresses sympathy for the five Social-Democratic deputies of the Duma, who belong to our Party, and who have been sentenced to exile in Siberia, but also expresses its solidarity with their tactics.
		The question of calling the International Socialist Bureau, placed on the agenda of the Second International Socialist Conference, which is being convened, inevitably raises a more fundamental question of principle, as to whether the old parties and the Second International can be united.
		The six months since Zimmerwald have made it even clearer that a split is inevitable, that the work which the Zimmerwald Manifesto recommends cannot be conducted in unity with the old parties, and that fear of a split is a brake on every step along that way.
	mia.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1916/apr/17.htm (3166 words)

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