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	Zimmerwald Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		It was an international socialist conference, which saw the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.
		Lenin organized a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left, which protested the centrist and centrist-leaning majority of the conference (the "Zimmerwald center", headed by Robert Grimm).
		Two different positions, which were and remained independent, were presented at the Zimmerwald conference: those of the centrists and centrist-leaning, which prevailed at the conference, and those of the revolutionary internationalists.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Zimmerwald_Conference (416 words)

	Zimmerwald
		Zimmerwald was until December 31, 2003 an independent municipality in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland.
		ZImmerwald was only settled in the late phase of the Germanic colonisation of Switzerland.
		Zimmerwald enters the annals of world history due to the Zimmerwald Conference held in 1915.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/z/zi/zimmerwald.html (280 words)

	The war in Serbia has unmasked the false revolutionaries and has shown the fundamental unity of the truly revolutionary ...
		Zimmerwald and Kienthal were not initiatives of the Bolsheviks or Lenin, but of Italian and Swiss socialists who regrouped within them a majority of the �radical� tendencies within the parties of the Second International.
		In this passage, the IBRP begins by recalling obvious things such as the fact that the conferences were initiated by Italian and Swiss socialists and not the Bolsheviks, that Lenin participated with the intention of pushing for a break with the Second International and that consequently Lenin remained in an absolute minority in both conferences.
		In conclusion, Zimmerwald and Kienthal were two crucial stages in the battle that revolutionaries waged for the rapprochement of proletarian forces, for their separation from the social patriots, and for the formation of the Third International.
	en.internationalism.org /ir/98_appeal.htm (3250 words)

	Lenin: The First International Socialist Conference at Zimmerwald
		The objective conditions are quite ripe for socialism and the great powers are fighting the current war in an effort artificially to delay the collapse of capitalism, by preserving and intensifying the dependence of colonies, by seizing privileges on the world market, and by splitting and sup pressing the international revolutionary struggle of the workers.
		On the eve of the Zimmerwald Conference, between September 2 and 4, there was a meeting of Russian and Polish delegates to discuss a “Draft Resolution Proposed by the Left Wing at Zimmerwald” which was written by Lenin, and a draft resolution motioned by Karl Radek which Lenin had criticised before the meeting.
		A majority at the Conference rejected the draft resolution on the war and the tasks of Social-Democrats and the draft manifesto motioned by the Left wing.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1915/aug/26.htm (2296 words)

	Second International - Simple English Wikipedia
		A further Conference in Paris in 1886 consisting of delegates from Italy, Spain, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain, the Scandinavian countries, France, and the United States made progress towards the formation of the International.
		The Second International was formally formed in 1889 in Paris at a Conference of delegates from 20 countries.
		A handful of representative stuck to their opposition to the Imperialist War and met in 1915 at Zimmerwald, near Berne, Switzerland to organise opposition to the War.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_International (476 words)

	Gus Fagan: Christian Rakovsky (Part 2)
		Contrary to popular belief, the Zimmerwald Conference, which met in September 1915, was not the first organized internationalist regroupment in the Second International, but was preceded in July of that year by the Conference of Bucharest, organized by Rakovsky, which brought together on an internationalist platform the social democratic parties of the Balkans.
		Thus even before the Zimmerwald Conference, the Balkan parties had indicated their implacable hostility to imperialism.” In Serbia the Social Democratic Party had two members in parliament who, unlike their German and French comrades, had refused to vote for war credits in 1914.
		Rakovsky was unable to attend the Kienthal Conference of the Zimmerwald movement because Rumania had closed its borders in preparation for entry into the war.
	marxists.anu.edu.au /archive/rakovsky/biog/biog2.htm (2795 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Stockholm Conference
		The Stockholm Conference was inspired largely by events within Russia in February 1917.
		In spite of enthusiasm from socialist parties within France, Britain, Italy and the U.S. on the one hand and Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other their respective governments were decidedly cooler on the idea, particularly once it became clear that the new Russian government was in favour of the nascent plans.
		Plans were also set in train to meet with members of the outspoken anti-war Zimmerwald Movement, an organisation which included Lenin among its sponsors.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/stockholmconference.htm (268 words)

	Remaking socialism: part 2. Workers' Liberty #56, June 1999.
		In September 1914, the conference of Lugano confided to the Swiss party the task of re-establishing relations between the parties which were formerly linked in brotherhood, but who had now become belligerents or neutrals.
		On 11 June, a preliminary session took place at Berne, at which the nature and the object of the conference were established: it was agreed that this initiative on the part of the Italian and the Swiss parties was not taken with the intention of forming a new International.
		rom the 6 to 8 September the Conference was held at Zimmerwald which was the first manifestation of the life of the renascent international and which uttered the great call for peace.
	archive.workersliberty.org /wlmags/wl56/souv2.htm (1661 words)

	Bolsheviks and War [Sam Marcy -- 1985]: Zimmerwald Declaration of sympathy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The International Socialist Conference at Zimmerwald sends its expression of profoundest sympathy to the countless victims of the war, to the Polish and Belgian people, to the persecuted Jewish and Armenian peoples, to the millions of human beings who are tormented by boundless sufferings and who have had to bear untold horrors.
		The Conference honors the memory of the great Socialist Jean Jaures, the first victim of the war who fell as a martyr and fighter in the struggle against chauvinism and for peace.
		The Conference solemnly vows to honor the living and dead by following the example of these brave fighters and by indefatigably carrying out the task of awakening the revolutionary spirit in the masses of the international proletariat, and uniting them in the struggle against the fratricidal war and against capitalist society.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sambol/bolwar/bolwar11.htm (183 words)

	Lenin: The Second International Socialist Conference at Kienthal
		On the question of the socialists’; parliamentary action, it must be borne in mind that the Zimmerwald resolution not only expresses sympathy for the five Social-Democratic deputies of the Duma, who belong to our Party, and who have been sentenced to exile in Siberia, but also expresses its solidarity with their tactics.
		The six months since Zimmerwald have made it even clearer that a split is inevitable, that the work which the Zimmerwald Manifesto recommends cannot be conducted in unity with the old parties, and that fear of a split is a brake on every step along that way.
		Lenin wrote: “Draft Resolution on the Convocation of the Second Socialist Conference”, “For the Conference To Be Held on April 24, 1916.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /marxists/archive/lenin/works/1916/apr/17.htm (3166 words)

	Bolsheviks and War [Sam Marcy -- 1985]: 2. Zimmerwald: the internationalists regroup
		The mere convening of the conference, the fact that it was held, was in itself an important event.
		All told there were about 40 delegates from 11 countries at Zimmerwald, which in itself was a significant factor in demonstrating that the working class movement was on the road to recovering its revolutionary spirit and active opposition to the war.
		While it is true that in Europe at the time the word "Zimmerwald" itself was a synonym for opposition to the war, it was the emergence of the left-wing, of a clear and principled anti-imperialist stand, which made Zimmerwald a really historic development.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sambol/bolwar/bolwar01.htm (2214 words)

	Lenin: 1915/s+w: PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		This pamphlet was written in the summer of 1915, just before the Zimmerwald Conference.
		Zimmerwald Conference – the first conference of internationalist socialists, held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, on September 5-8, 1915.
		The conference also adopted a resolution expressing sympathy for war victims and elected the International Socialist Committee (I.S.C.).
	www.marxists.org.uk /archive/lenin/works/1915/s+w/pref02.htm (287 words)

	CCD-Astrometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Zimmerwald observatory was extensively used for astrometric purposes.
		The 1-m telescope of the Zimmerwald observatory, inaugurated in 1997, was also designed as an astrometric telescope using the CCD-technique (Charge-Coupled Device).
		In 2003 the Zimmerwald astrometry facility could be successfully used for the first time to perform a significant number of so-called NEO follow-up observations.
	www.research.unibe.ch /abstracts/A_630.html (501 words)

	Chapter Forty-One, THE FIRST FOUR CONGRESSES
		Finally, the Zimmerwald meeting was held in September, 1917, and, although the parties of the Entente could not be present, as they could not reach Stockholm because of refusal of their governments to grant them passports, it was decided that the meeting should act decisively for all.
		At the Zimmerwald meeting, under the pressure of the Bolshevik delegates, resolutions were passed against the Stockholm conference and in sympathy with Trotsky, now in jail under the Menshevik Kerensky regime in Russia.
		That the communists were not afraid to confer with their worst enemies in the interests of the working class was seen in April, 1922, when there gathered together the representatives of the Second, Third, and Vienna Union ("Two-and-a-half") Internationals.
	www.weisbord.org /conquest41.htm (16651 words)

	Youth-Party Relations in the Communist Youth International
		The Berne conference represented a confusion of centrist and revolutionary political tendencies, and like the Zimmerwald conference which followed it, its resolution was tainted by social pacifism, i.e., the dominance of pacifist anti-war perspectives over a class-struggle approach.
		The cutting edge of the difference between the centrists and the left (the Bolsheviks) at the Zimmerwald conference was Lenin’s slogan, "Turn the Imperialist War into a Civil War," whose concrete and immediate agitational demands were for the anti-war general strike and socialist propaganda in the army.
		The conference also established the publication of Die Jugendinternationale (The Youth International), which was to appear for the next three years and carry many articles by the representatives of the revolutionary left.
	www.bolshevik.org /history/youth/Youth01CYI.html (3000 words)

	Glossary of Events: Zi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The conference manifesto called on workers of all countries to stage a general strike against war, but it did not reflect any of the revolutionary Social-Democratic slogans on turning the imperialist war into a civil war and fighting for a defeat of the home government in each belligerent country.
		The Third Zimmerwald Conference bore out Lenin's conclusion that the Zimmerwald Association had gone bankrupt and that there was a need to break with it immediately and set up a Third, Communist, International.
		The Third Zimmerwald Conference was the last one held by the Association.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/events/z/i.htm (333 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Zimmerwald Movement
		In the wake of the collapse of the socialist/pacifist movement the Second International amid waves of euphoric patriotism in August 1914 a successor organisation emerged to take its place in 1915, the so-called Zimmerwald Movement.
		A follow-up conference was convened at Kienthal in April 1916 and a third in Stockholm in July 1917 (coinciding with the less than successful socialist Stockholm Conference).
		No further meetings of the Zimmerwald Movement were held; the moderate members of the organisation preferred instead to work within their respective post-war governments and individually pursue their reformist agenda.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/zimmerwaldmovement.htm (285 words)

	Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution - Part 5, Section 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Zimmerwald conference was a conference of very confused elements in its majority.
		Zimmerwald set up an International Socialist Commission which served to co-ordinate the left, but was mainly composed of centrists like Grimm and Balabanova.
		In his memoirs, Shlyapnikov explains how the news of the Zimmerwald Conference gradually reached the workers in Russia and had a very positive effect in encouraging particularly those groups that were not directly affiliated to the Bolsheviks.
	www.marxist.com /bolshevism/part5-6.html (2820 words)

	Reclaim Lenin from "Leninists" and "Leninism"
		At the Prague conference, the line of division was between, on the one side, most of the Bolsheviks and the pro-party Mensheviks, led at that time by Plekhanov (the chairman of the Prague conference), and on the other the Liquidators, who were mainly Mensheviks.
		At the first conference of the united RSDLP at Tammerfors, Lenin was one out in the Bolshevik faction in opposing abstention from the first Duma, but he didn't make a big issue of it at that point.
		He chose, at the 1912 conference, which was in fact a very small conference, to dub that conference a full conference of the RSDLP and to proclaim the exclusion of the Liquidators from the party.
	members.optusnet.com.au /spainter/LeninII.html (11312 words)

	Founding of Third International
		In September 1915 the Italian and Swiss socialists convened an anti-war conference that met at Zimmerwald, Switzerland.
		The majority at Zimmerwald voted to reject the Bolshevik position of turning the imperialist war into a civil war.
		The Zimmerwald movement, as it came to be called, rallied increasing support as the horror of the war hit home.
	www.fifthinternational.org /LFIfiles/thirdinternational.html (3107 words)

	British Socialist Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The founding conference, called by the Social Democratic Party (better known by their earlier name, the Social Democratic Federation) also drew some Independent Labour Party branches and groups adhering to the Clarion newspaper, alongside individuals and representatives of smaller socialist groups.
		But by this time, the party was on the verge of splitting over attitudes to the war.
		The most right-wing section of the party split in early 1915 to form the Socialist National Defence League, while the leadership was defeated in elections in 1916 by an internationalist group, essentially pacifist, supporting the programme of the Zimmerwald Conference.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/British_Socialist_Party (362 words)

	Lenin: To the Workers Who Support the Struggle Against the War and Against the Socialists Who Have Sided With Their ...
		The Zimmerwald Right wing, which was in the majority at the conference, fought the idea of breaking with the social-patriots and founding the Third International tooth and nail.
		Since then the split has become a definite fact in England; and in Germany the last conference of the “opposition”, on January 7, 1917, revealed to all who do not wilfully shut their eyes to the facts, that in that country too there are two irreconcilably hostile labour parties,, working in opposite directions.
		In Germany, Kautsky, the leader of the Zimmerwald Right, issued a similar meaningless and non-committal pacifist manifesto, which merely instils in the workers hope in the bourgeoisie and faith in illusions.
	marxists.anu.edu.au /archive/lenin/works/1916/dec/30.htm (1188 words)

	Zimmerwald (by L. Proyect)
		Zimmerwald, a small rustic town, became the center of the antiwar opposition.
		Lenin zeroed in on the bankruptcy of social democratic reformism, the existence of an objectively revolutionary situation in the warring nations, the relationship of the World War to the crisis of imperialism, the link between struggles for national self-determination and socialism, and, finally, the need for a Third International.
		It is important to understand that just as the Zimmerwald left was the Third International in embryonic form, so were the allied powers in WWII in incipient form the future United Nations.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/fascism_and_war/zimmerwald.htm (4631 words)

	Socialist Viewpoint
		One of the main defects of Zimmerwald and Kienthal [4]—on the main reasons why these embryos of the Third International may possibly end in a fiasco—is that the question of fighting opportunism was not even raised openly, let alone solved in the sense of proclaiming the need to break with the opportunists.
		The first Zimmerwald Conference met on September 5-8, 1915 and was attended by 38 delegates from 11 European countries.
		The Conference adopted the Manifesto “To the European Proletariat,” in which, at the insistence of Lenin and the Left Social-Democrats, several basic propositions of revolutionary Marxism were included.
	www.socialistviewpoint.org /may_04/may_04_33.html (3839 words)

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