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Topic: Zippe-type centrifuge

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BBC - Radio 4 - The Zippe Type Eighty-six-year-old Dr Zippe invented the Zippe-Type centrifuge which has now become the easiest way to make fuel for reactors as well as weapons of terrifying power. This is the extraordinary story of Dr Gernot Zippe, a pensioner currently living in Germany, who invented a uranium centrifuge which gave Iraq, Pakistan and North Korea the potential to build cheap nuclear bombs. BBC - Radio 4 - The Zippe Type www.bbc.co.uk /radio4/science/zippetype.shtml

Slender and Elegant, It Fuels the Bomb Zippe flew to the United States and, under government supervision, set up shop at the University of Virginia. Centrifuges are common devices in industry and medicine that spin fast to separate materials of differing masses — for instance, blood cells from serum. It happened slowly, the advances gradual until what Dr. Gernot Zippe and his colleagues had invented was a compact, almost elegant device for collecting uranium's rare U-235 isotope. www.electricityforum.com /news/mar04/centrifuge.html

centrifuges on GlobalSpec Centrifuges - Industrial Process (59 companies) Centrifuges are used in process applications to separate, extract or wash products or materials in continuous, batch industrial or environmental operations. Centrifugal Roof Ventilators New York Blower Centrifugal Roof Ventilators [Upblast and Downblast] are designed for commercial and industrial ventilation systems to exhaust air from processes and buildings. Centrifugal Pumps (350 companies) Centrifugal pumps consist of a set of rotating vanes, enclosed within a housing or casing. www.globalspec.com /Industrial-Directory/centrifuges

ISIS Aluminum Tubes Report - 9-23-02 The first centrifuges of this type were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and they also used duralumin rotors. Centrifuge Rotor A more likely candidate for a centrifuge component is the rotor, a thin-walled tube that spins at high speeds, causing the uranium to enrich in the isotope uranium 235. Because each centrifuge enriches a relatively small amount of uranium, a few thousand centrifuges must be connected by pipes into "cascades" in order to produce annually enough highly enriched uranium for a nuclear weapon. www.iraqwatch.org /perspectives/isis-alumtubes-092302.htm

NTI: Country Overviews: Iraq: Nuclear Facilities The design for this centrifuge was based on the Zippe-type centrifuge with two rotors, an all-maraging-steel rotor with caps and baffles electron-beam-welded into place, and a carbon-composite rotor cylinder with maraging steel caps and baffles held in place with epoxy resin. The first magnetic centrifuge with a carbon fibre composite rotor was successfully constructed and tested in the spring of 1990 over a period of several months in a mechanical test stand. Building B01 would have been used to manufacture piping for centrifuge cascades, rotor assembly activities, mechanical testing of single centrifuges, and balancing and final assembly of centrifuges. www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Iraq/Nuclear/2117_3387.html

Report on the 29th IAEA On-Site Inspection in Iraq under UNSCR 687 After the decision was made to develop and build a new more efficient centrifuge of the Zippe type, based on magnetic bearings, the number of machines planned for this site was said to have been reduced to 1000. During this inspection, inquiries which had begun during the IAEA-28 inspection were continued in order to obtain further details regarding the fifty centrifuge cascade, as well as to obtain additional information about the overall centrifuge enrichment programme. New information provided during meetings with the Iraqi counterpart in August, and also reflected in the Haider House Farm documents, revealed a previously unknown plan to construct a fifty centrifuge cascade in 1991 to further enrich, for weapons use, the enriched uranium contained in safeguarded research reactor fuel. www.iraqwatch.org /un/IAEA/IAEA-29.htm

Iraq's Nuclear Weapon Program Centrifuge separation works by passing uranium molecules in gaseous form (UF6) through high-speed rotational machines called centrifuges. Iraq also obtained 25 pieces of maraging steel from an unidentified source, 19 of which it machined into centrifuge preforms at Nasser Engineering Establishment while six more were machined by an unidentified foreign company. As with other enrichment techniques, centrifuges require several repetitions with the enriched product to reach a high enough concentration to serve as nuclear fuel. www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/677927/posts

Iraq's Acquisition of Gas Centrifuge Technology - Part I Zippe realized that such tubes would lead to a centrifuge that would be significantly more economical than the centrifuge based on aluminum rotors then under development in Germany and elsewhere. This centrifuge, called the "Beams-type" centrifuge, was based on an unclassified, decades-old design by Jessie Beams, who was a widely published professor at the University of Virginia and universally recognized as a pioneer in the development of gas centrifuges. Another possibility is that they provided classified information in order to interest the Iraqis in building this type of centrifuge so that they and their colleagues at H+H could sell them machine tools and associated items. www.exportcontrols.org /centpart1.html

allegedtiestoalqaeda.html Centrifuge rotors are highly sensitive and must be made from specialized high-strength material. Centrifuge rotors are thin-walled tubes that spin at high speeds producing enriched uranium 235. The centrifuges use rotors made from maraging steel and carbon fiber, which are more advanced than aluminum and allow the rotor to spin at significantly higher speeds. www.cooperativeresearch.net /wot/iraq/allegedtiestoalqaeda.html

Al Tubes The first centrifuge is an early Zippe-type centrifuge from the 1950s and 1960s, although Iraq never built such a centrifuge using an aluminum rotor. These materials are used instead of aluminum because they result in centrifuges that have over four times the ability to enrich uranium than similar centrifuges made with aluminum rotors. The other centrifuge in the table is the antiquated US Beams centrifuge from the 1940s or 1950s that Iraq pursued in the late 1980s, but abandoned early in its centrifuge effort in favor of more advanced centrifuge designs. www.isis-online.org /publications/iraq/al_tubes.html

Report on the 22nd IAEA On-Site Inspection in Iraq under UNSCR 687 The Iraqi side reviewed their work on the Beams type oil centrifuge and emphasized the importance of this experience in targeting the technical areas where they had difficulties when they moved on to the Zippe type magnetic centrifuge. The very specific technical details provided regarding individual components of the Iraqi prototype magnetic centrifuges and the process through which they evolved are consistent with available information. The description, indicating machine type, utilization and current location (distributed across 18 establishments), is consistent with the Matrix Churchill shipping records. www.iraqwatch.org /un/IAEA/iaea-22.htm

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People Discussed in the Iraqi Cases Gernot Zippe -An Austrian pioneer in the development of the modern gas centrifuge, credited with developing the "Zippe-type" centrifuge. Jessie Beams -A University of Virginia professor who designed the "Beams-type" centrifuge. Chow -A Chinese-American who arranged Iraqi visits to China regarding gas centrifuge technology. www.exportcontrols.org /people_glossary.html

centpart1.html They contained classified early Urenco-type gas centrifuge designs, of a type typically called "Zippe-type," after Gernot Zippe. Gernot Zippe, a father of the modern gas centrifuge and the pioneer of the development of that machine in Germany, said he recruited Busse for the centrifuge program in the late 1960s because of his expertise in working with maraging steel. Zippe realized that such tubes would lead to a centrifuge that would be significantly more economical than the centrifuge based on aluminum rotors then under development in Germany and elsewhere. www.exportcontrols.org /print/centpart1.html

REPORT ON THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY'S PREWAR INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENTS ON IRAQ The wall thickness of all of Zippe's centrifuge designs were less than 1 mm, not 2.8 mm as suggested by the CIA's presentation and restated in DIA's intelligence assessment. In addition, DOE analysts contacted Gernot Zippe, the designer of the Zippe centrifuge, directly and he confirmed that the wall thickness of his centrifuge designs were not more than 1 mm. Because the centrifuge described by Zippe operated as only a single unit for a very short period of time, its use in a cascade with thousands of centrifuges would require a significant development effort. www.globalsecurity.org /intell/library/congress/2004_rpt/iraq-wmd-intell_chapter3-b.htm

Iraq's Programs to Make Highly Enriched Uranium and Plutonium for Nuclear Weapons Prior to the Gulf War The first type, the 'Beams', or 'oil' centrifuge, was dropped in 1989 as a result of its inefficiency and of steady progress on the 'Zippe-type' or 'magnetic' centrifuge. However, Iraq appears to have planned to build both types of centrifuge at the start of its effort and also appears to have realized that the Zippe-type was the more effective and practical one to develop. During this phase, other types of experimental separators were developed in order to test new magnet designs and multiple ion-sources for the production-scale separators slated for phase three. www.isis-online.org /publications/iraq/iraqs_fm_history.html

Aluminum tubes allegation The first “Zippe-type” gas centrifuge, named after one of its main developers, German scientist Gernot Zippe, is produced. The report emphasizes that Zippe centrifuges are not suited for the production of nuclear bombs but rather had been designed for use in laboratory experiment. They are advised by Dr. Houston G. Wood III, a retired Oak Ridge physicist considered to be “among the most eminent living experts” on centrifuges, and Dr. Gernot Zippe, one of the German scientists who developed an early uranium centrifuge in the 1950s (see 1950s). 205.209.175.40 /timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq_aluminum_tubes_allegation

.:: THE BANGLADESH OBSERVER - Net Edition ::. In a programme broadcast on BBC Dr Zippe told how his Zippe-Type centrifuge made its rounds from Pakistan to North Korea and Iran. This centrifuge is today the easiest way to make fuel for reactors as well as for weapons of terrifying power. Fuel that originated in the United States is also expected to be returned within a decade, starting with the most dangerous material, Abraham said. www.bangladeshobserveronline.com /new/2004/05/30/editorial.htm

Report on the 22nd IAEA On-Site Inspection in Iraq under UNSCR 687 The Iraqi side reviewed their work on the Beams type oil centrifuge and emphasized the importance of this experience in targeting the technical areas where they had difficulties when they moved on to the Zippe type magnetic centrifuge. The description, indicating machine type, utilization and current location (distributed across 18 establishments), is consistent with the Matrix Churchill shipping records. This allowed them to focus and carefully manage their search for help outside Iraq. www.iraqwatch.org /un/IAEA/iaea-22.htm

MINUTES OF THE 4th MEETING OF PIN The original centrifuge was the Zippe type, later types are confidential. Alison then gave examples of the type of support relevant to the PIN audience. The gas centrifuge creates a very steep pressure ramp across the radius, gas entering at the axis and being removed at the periphery. www.pinetwork.org /mins/nov00.htm

Technological Innovation and Social Change BBC - Radio 4 - The Zippe Type: Listen to an interview with 86 year old inventor of the Zippe-Type centrifuge "which has now become the easiest way to make fuel for reactors as well as weapons of terrifying power. techinnsocchange.blogspot.com /2005/07/bbc-radio-4-zippe-type-listen-to.html

Nuclear Engineering International Although we can thank the German scientist Gernot Zippe for developing the basic designs found in modern day centrifuges, the original concept and application of centrifuges for uranium enrichment was pioneered during the 1930s and 1940s by Jesse W Beams, a specialist in high speed devices at the University of Virginia. Later Zippe included pitot tubes inside the centrifuges to extract separated uranium, used molecular pumps to maintain the necessary vacuum around the spinning rotor, and added aluminium-nickel ring magnets to the top of the centrifuge to serve as suspension bearings. According to Zippe, during this time he conducted endurance tests in which his team operated a group of six 3m-long centrifuges, containing 10 short tubes of 58mm diameter and connected by flexible bellows, for more than 1000 hours. www.neimagazine.com /storyprint.asp?sc=2024442

THE ZIPPE TYPE - The Poor Man's Bomb Eighty-six-year-old Dr Zippe invented the Zippe-Type centrifuge which has now become the easiest way to make fuel for reactors as well as weapons of terrifying power. Dr Zippe remains philosophical about the chaos his invention has caused around the globe. In his first ever broadcast interview he tells the programme how he was kidnapped soon after the end of WWII and held prisoner in the Soviet Union where he was ordered to find an easy way of producing uranium’s rare U-235 isotope. www.bartcopnation.com /dc/dcboard.php?az=show_topic&forum=6&topic_id=3908

Aluminum Tubing Is an Indicator of an Iraqi Gas Centrifuge Program: But Is the Tubing Specifically for Centrifuges? Before an aluminum tube of the type in the earlier shipment could be used in a centrifuge, it would be necessary to modify it by cutting it in half and reducing its wall thickness to less than one millimeter. The first centrifuges of this type were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and they also used duralumin rotors. The aluminum tubes Zippe used were not anodized or did not have any other type of coating. www.isis-online.org /publications/iraq/aluminumtubes.html

List of Austrian scientists - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gernot Zippe, physicist (developped Zippe-type centrifuge to extract Uranium-235 for nuclear weapons) Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925 Victor Frederick Weisskopf, physicist (worked on the Manhattan Project) en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Austrian_Scientists

Report on the 7th IAEA On-Site Inspection in Iraq under UNSCR 687 These were both based on a Zippe type subcritical counter current centrifuge, one using a maraging steel cylinder, the other using a carbon fibre cylinder. Two types of lenses seem to have been tested, probably at the Al Atheer "bunker", from March to May 1990: dual-explosive and flying-plate lenses. The explosive design type chosen by Iraq represents an intermediate-level technology that uses enriched uranium in an implosion system. www.iraqwatch.org /un/IAEA/s-23215.htm

User: Edward/todo - Open Encyclopedia Gernot Zippe / Dr Gernot Zippe - Zippe-Type centrifuge / Zippe-Type types of Computer cases (Full tower, midi-tower, mini-tower, shuttle PC). Abdullah Chatli - leader of the Grey Wolves users.open-encyclopedia.com /Edward/todo

Technological Innovation and Social Change # posted by Ian Miles @ 2:35 PM BBC - Radio 4 - The Zippe Type: Listen to an interview with 86 year old inventor of the Zippe-Type centrifuge "which has now become the easiest way to make fuel for reactors as well as weapons of terrifying power. techinnsocchange.blogspot.com

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