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Topic: Zircaloy

	METHOD OF MAKING TUBES AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS OF A ZIRCONIUM ALLOY (US3865635)
		The creep strength of a tube formed from a "Zircaloy" material is improved by prefacing the final cold working step of the manufacturing procedure by heating the material to the β-range and then cooling to room temperature.
		In the earlier-mentioned "Zircaloy" β-quenching, which is generally done after forging, the cooling speed when quenching in water is not higher,- because of the usually relatively large billet dimension,- than that secondary phase particles are precipitated during the cooling.
		By the term "dynamic" is here meant that the ageing process occurs simultaneously with the creep testing as opposed to "static" ageing in a special ageing heat-treatment before testing described in the case of zirconium-niobium.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US03865635 (1791 words)

	Composite spacer with inconel grid and zircaloy band - Patent 5209899
		Unfortunately, Zircaloy is not suitable for use as a spring material.
		In the prior art Zircaloy spacers, most of the pressure drop of the spacer is caused by the grid, and the band contributes little to the pressure drop.
		In prior art spacers, a Zircaloy band is welded to a Zircaloy grid, or an Inconel grid is welded to an Inconel band.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5209899.html (7514 words)

	Zircaloy nuclear cladding tubes - special metals, zirconium, titanium, seamless tube
		A large number of fuel elements are loaded down into the reactor core where they through a controlled nuclear chainreaction in the contained uraniumdioxide fuel are going to heat up the reactor water to produce steam which is then lead to the turbines for output of electrical energy.
		Both plants are independent suppliers of zircaloy cladding tubes and together one of the most important manufacturers of nuclear tubing on the world market.
		The basic technology for zircaloy cladding tube manufacture has been developed by ABSS in Sweden from the early 1960s including a later on patented cold-pilgering technique involving a cylindrical mandrel, high cold reductions and Q-values.
	www.smt.sandvik.com /sandvik/0140/internet/se01974.nsf/DocumentsWeb/1D6041F0DFFB28BEC125690600353175 (399 words)

	LWR Fuel Pin Performance During Burnup
		Zircaloy is an alloy of zirconium and is used in two principle forms, Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4.
		Pressure equalization slows the rate of advance of the mixture and finally a critical ratio of partial pressures is reached such that at the location of an oxide defect, insufficient oxygen is available to heal the defect and hydrogen is allowed to penetrate the clad.
		This is the result of the formation of texture in the zircaloy during fabrication of the tubes.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/ne161/mspeer/uo2fuel.html (3967 words)

	GPU Nuclear Corporation; Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, \| Federal Register Environmental Documents \| USEPA
		Zircaloy is a zirconium-based alloy currently in use as cladding for fuel pellets.
		Since 10 CFR 50.46 and 10 CFR part 50, appendix K limit Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) calculations to zircaloy and 10 CFR 50.44 relates to the generation of hydrogen gas from a metal-water reaction with zircaloy, an exemption is required in order to place two demonstration assemblies in the core.
		Even in the case of gross fuel failure, the number of rods involved is less than 112f the core and, thus, sufficiently small that environmental impact would be negligible and is bounded by previous assessments.
	www.epa.gov /EPA-IMPACT/1995/July/Day-03/pr-1051.html (1079 words)

	Zirconium alloy fuel cladding - Patent 5436947
		The Zircaloys are composed of 97-99% by weight zirconium, with the balance being tin, iron, chromium, and nickel.
		Zircaloy ingots having this concentration of nitrogen are available from Teledyne Wahchang (Albany, Oreg.), Western Zirconium (Ogden, Utah) and Cezus (France).
		A different phase, the alpha phase, is a close-packed hexagonal crystal lattice structure of zirconium and Zircaloy that is stable at lower temperatures.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5436947.html (5674 words)

	Performance Monitoring of Zircaloy-4 Square Fuel Channels at TAPS.
		Title:, Studies of electrochemical oxidation of Zircaloy nuclear reactor fuel cladding using elastic recoil detection Determination of iron in Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 by polarography.
		The calculation of creep strain in the zircaloy cladding of a fuel pin during a temperature transient, for a given fixed.
		Zircaloy, also incorrectly called zircalloy, is a group of high-zirconium alloys.
	voipgate.nl /nl/programs/elmexhenc.html (1316 words)

	Instrumented Impact Testing of Zircaloy
		Zircaloy scrap is a vital part of the reusable metal industry.
		Zircaloy is a group of high zirconium alloys.
		The strength and ductility properties are given Dead Reckoning as a function of testing.
	www.saj-stepfamily.org /staffarea/kako/facilbbs/past/tmp/ererge.html (195 words)

	ANSWERS - CANSWEL2 - Modelling deformation of Zircaloy cladding under loss-of-coolant accident conditions
		CANSWEL2 was developed to calculate the deformation of Zircaloy cladding (clad ballooning) under postulated loss-of-coolant accident conditions (LOCA) in water reactors.
		Following initial application to SGHWR and Sizewell-B safety studies, it is continually being maintained to support current reactor safety analysis and design/interpretation of experimental facilities and their data over a wide range of conditions.
		Oxidation of the Zircaloy metal and its feedback on creep rate and rupture strain, including effects of oxide cracking and re-oxidation of newly exposed metal.
	www.sercoassurance.com /answers/resource/areas/software/canswell2.php (675 words)

	The Reactor
		The reactor fuel is an alloy of uranium-233 and aluminium in the form of flat plates and assembled in an aluminum, casing to form the fuel subassemblies.
		The reflector is beryllium oxide encased in zircaloy sheath.
		Polypropylene sampler holders – the rabbits – having a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 30 mm, are used for shooting the samples in and out of the reactor.
	www.dae.gov.in /ni/nisep02/xx/kamini.htm (1175 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: India: Nuclear Facilities
		Although ZFP initially had the capability to produce 35 tons of zircaloy fuel tubes per year, by the late 1980s, this had expanded to 50 tons.
		The lack of uranium pellets for its zircaloy tubes eventually amounted to a 912,000-tube surplus at ZFP by March 1997.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/India/Nuclear/2103_2491.html (433 words)

	FPL \| Frequently Asked Questions About Seabrook Station Operations
		The reactor vessel itself is made of solid steel and is housed within the containment building.
		Additionally, the uranium fuel pellets inside the reactor are all encased in zircaloy, an extremely strong metal alloy.
		Redundant safety shutdown systems are also available to respond in the event of an emergency.
	www.fpl.com /environment/nuclear/seabrook_faq.shtml (1021 words)

	Nuclear World \| Nuclear Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, different studies are done on the materials that are used in the construction of the plant.
		Zircaloy II and Zircaloy IV, for example, are used in the fuel rods in the core (right).
		As mentioned earlier, the core is where the nuclear reactions occur and where the materials are under the most strenuous conditions in the plant.
	www.cvgs.k12.va.us /Nuclear/ApplicationNukeEng.htm (328 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Results of short-term tests show that Zircaloy shavings corrode at rates approaching 3,000 µm/yr in 1,000-ppm fluoride-containing solutions over a temperature range of 21.5oC to 56.5oC when the pH is between 5 and 6.
		No estimates are made of the percentage of rods that could be exposed to these failure modes and, thus, to the rod failure rates except to note that the controlling factor in Zircaloy cladding corrosion may be limited to the available quantity of the corroding media.
		At these values the Zircaloy is oxidizing at a linear posttransition rate that is significantly slower than the pretransition rate observed in the early stages of Zircaloy oxidation.
	www.ocrwm.doe.gov /documents/amr/22113/22113.txt (16562 words)

	Nuclear Power Demonstration Reactor
		The core and reflector are, in turn, surrounded on the side and ends by a minimum 1 ft of light water which serves as both a neutron reflector and shield.
		The primary circuit piping is ASTM A106 schedule 80 carbon steel, with the exception of the Zircaloy coolant tubes and the inconel heat exchanger tubes.
		Improvements have also been made in the quality of Zircaloy sheathing available from the suppliers and in the non-destructive testing techniques for fuel sheathing, which are important because of the increased stress imposed on the fuel sheathing.
	www.cns-snc.ca /history/npd/npd.html (7615 words)

	Fuelling power
		However, Kalidas said that the NFC was making seamless tubes in a wide variety of materials such as zircaloy, stainless steel, inconel, titanium alloy and so on in sizes from 4 mm to 250 mm in diameter.
		The pellets are stacked in tubes made of zircaloy, an alloy consisting of zirconium, tin, iron and nickel.
		Extrusion is a tremendously hot process in which zircaloy or stainless steel billets are pushed through a die to make tubes, rods and so on.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl1906/19060840.htm (2360 words)

	zircaloy - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "zircaloy" is defined.
		Zircaloy : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		zircaloy : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?ls=a&w=zircaloy (109 words)

	NEA-1803: IFPE/IFA-585, In-Reactor Creep Behaviour of Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 under Variable Loading Conditions
		The test assembly IFA-585 was designed to study in-reactor creep behaviour of Zircaloy cladding under variable stress conditions.
		The loading strain conforms to elastic behaviour and has been removed from the total diameter change measurements in order to obtain inelastic (creep) strain allowing comparison of the experimental results to existing creep models.
		Comparison is made to two creep models for Zircaloy, one based on in-reactor results, the other thermal creep results.
	www.nea.fr /abs/html/nea-1803.html (497 words)

	Nuclear Fuel Complex - Hyderabad - India Special Weapons Facilities
		The plant has facilities to manufacture coolant and calandria tubes for nuclear reactors, and expansion of the fuel fabrication and zirconium and zircaloy production facilities is underway.
		Phase 1 of the Zircaloy tubing plant began operation in 1987, with a design capacity of 50 km/a of converting Zr Sponge to Zr2 / Zr-Nb.
		Phase 2 of the Zircaloy tubing plant, under construction as of early 2000, has a design capacity of 80 km/a.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/india/hyderabad-nfc.htm (489 words)

	Nuclear Research Reactors
		Fuel assemblies are typically plates or cylinders of uranium-aluminium alloy (U-Al) clad with pure aluminium.
		They are different from the ceramic UO pellets enclosed in Zircaloy cladding used in power reactors.
		Only a few kilograms of uranium is needed to fuel a research reactor, albeit more highly enriched (compared with perhaps a hundred tonnes in a power reactor).
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf61.html (2179 words)

	Nuclear Power Reactors
		It is normally contaminated with hafnium, a neutron absorber, so very pure 'nuclear grade' Zr is used to make the zircaloy, which is about 98% Zr plus tin, iron, chromium and sometimes nickel to enhance its strength.
		Burnable poisons are often used (especially in BWR) in fuel or coolant to even out the performance of the reactor over time from fresh fuel being loaded to refuelling.
		A CANDU fuel assembly consists of a bundle of 37 half metre long fuel rods (ceramic fuel pellets in zircaloy tubes) plus a support structure, with 12 bundles lying end to end in a fuel channel.
	world-nuclear.org /info/inf32.html (2761 words)

	B N C
		The main objective of the present project is to determine the mechanical properties of irradiated and non-irradiated Zr1%Nb and to compare them with the analogous properties of Zircaloy as well as to establish connections between the variation of mechanical parameters of Zr1%Nb cladding and the measure of irradiation which can be used in computer codes.
		The ambient and high temperature mechanical properties of non-irradiated Zr1%Nb and Zircaloy claddings with different oxygen and/or hydrogen contents were investigated in previous studies.
		The embrittlement as a function of irradiation, as well as the recovering process will be determined by means of mechanical tests, different metallographic investigations and micro-hardness measurement.
	www.kfki.hu /~bnchp/reports/matest/reports_matest_2.html (391 words)

	FR Doc 03-24669
		The NRC staff has determined that this finding is applicable to North Anna because the fuel designs are consistent with the range of conditions for which analyses of fuel performance are documented in the NRC staff-approved topical report.
		Thus, the performance of M5 material is similar to that of Zircaloy and ZIRLO fuel cladding, and application of the regulation (i.e., using Zircaloy or ZIRLO) is not necessary to achieve the underlying purpose of 10 CFR 50.46.
		The underlying purpose of 10 CFR part 50, appendix K, is to ensure that cladding oxidation and hydrogen generation are appropriately limited during a LOCA and conservatively accounted for in the ECCS evaluation model.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/03-24669.htm (1306 words)

	Fuel Cladding Embrittlement
		Corrosion of zircaloy in water results in the release of hydrogen.
		As with metals in general, irradiation decreases the ductility and increases the embrittlement of zirconium and the zircaloys.
		Different fabrication processes yield products with different textures; therefore, the radiation embrittlement of zircaloy is dependent on its fabrication history.
	www.tpub.com /doematerialsci/materialscience57.htm (835 words)

	Cameco Corporation --- Uranium - Fuel - Electricity - Mining - Milling - Refining
		The Cobourg site manufactures the zircaloy components and tubing for the bundles.
		Fuel tubes are assembled into bundles and zircaloy end plates are attached by resistance welding
		The zircaloy tubes used in fuel bundles and component parts are manufactured at Cobourg facility.
	www.cameco.com /operations/fuel_manufacturing/zircatec/process.php (172 words)

	FR Doc 03-24357
		The proposed action would allow the licensee to use the M5 advanced alloy in lieu of zircaloy or ZIRLO, the materials assumed to be used in the cited regulations for fuel rod cladding in fuel assemblies at CR-3.
		M5 is an alloy comprised primarily of zirconium ([sim]99 percent) and niobium ([sim]1 percent) that has demonstrated superior corrosion resistance and reduced irradiation-induced growth relative to both standard and low-tin zircaloy.
		Therefore, approval of this exemption request is needed to permit the use of the M5 advanced alloy as a fuel rod cladding material at CR-3.
	a257.g.akamaitech.net /7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/03-24357.htm (874 words)

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