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Topic: Zirconium

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	Zirconium - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Troost produced crystallized zirconium by fusing the double fluoride with aluminium in a graphite crucible at the temperature of melting iron, and extracting the aluminium from the melt with hydrochloric acid.
		Zirconium fluoride, ZrF4, is obtained as glittering monoclinic tables (with 3H 2 0) by heating zirconia with acid ammonium fluoride.
		Zirconium chloride, ZrC1 4, is prepared as a white sublimate by igniting a mixture of zirconia and charcoal in a current of chlorine.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Zirconium (938 words)

	[No title]
		Zirconium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Zr and atomic number 40.
		Zirconium is primarily used in nuclear reactors due to its resistance to corrosion and low neutron cross-section.
		Zirconium and hafnium are contained in zircon at a ratio of about 50 to 1 and are difficult to separate.
	www.zirconium.com (1036 words)

	zirconium - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Zirconium compounds also have minor uses as catalysts, in the dye, textile, plastics, and paint industries, and in pharmaceuticals such as poison ivy lotions.
		Zirconium is a fairly abundant element and is widely distributed in minerals, but it is never found uncombined in nature.
		Zirconium was discovered as the oxide zirconia in the mineral zircon by M. Klaproth in 1789 and was first isolated in impure form by J. Berzelius in 1824.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-zirconiu.html (667 words)

	Zirconium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zirconium (IPA: /zəˈkəʊniəm, ˌzɛːˈkəʊniəm/) is a chemical element in the modern periodic table that is assigned the symbol Zr and has the atomic number 40.
		Zirconium is lighter than steel and its hardness is similar to copper.
		Zirconium is also used in the manufacture of high strength lacrosse sticks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zirconium (1079 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Zirconium
		Zirconium was isolated by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 and finally prepared in a pure form in 1914.
		Obtaining pure zirconium is very difficult because it is chemically similar to hafnium, an element which is always found mixed with deposits of zirconium.
		Zirconium is also used as an alloying agent in steel, to make some types of surgical equipment and as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele040.html (232 words)

	Zirconium - Background, Raw Materials, Extraction and Refining, Quality Control, Byproducts/Waste
		Zirconium, symbol Zr on the Periodic Table, is a metal most often found in and extracted from the silicate mineral zirconium silicate and the oxide mineral baddeleyite.
		Zirconium has strong corrosion-resistance properties as well as the ability to confine fission fragments and neutrons so that thermal or slow neutrons are not absorbed and wasted, thus improving the efficiency of the nuclear reactor.
		Zirconium oxide, manufactured as a ceramic, can be used to make crucibles for melting metals, gas turbines, liners for jet and rocket motor tubes, resistance furnaces, ultra-high frequency furnaces, and refractories such as the facing of a high-temperature furnace wall.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-1/Zirconium.html (1403 words)

	The Hendrix Group - Zirconium
		Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements.
		Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by many common acids and alkalis, by sea water, and by other agents.
		Zirconium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes, as an alloying agent in steel, in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of the carbonate as it combines with urushiol.
	www.hghouston.com /elements/40.html (520 words)

	Zirconium
		Zirconium is one of the transition elements of the periodic table.
		Zirconium ranks 18th in abundance among the elements in the crust of the earth.
		Zirconium is never found free in nature; it occurs chiefly as a silicate in the mineral zircon and as an oxide in the mineral baddeleyite, which is found in commercial quantities in Brazil.
	www.candldevelopment.com /zirconium_elements.htm (182 words)

	Zirconium
		Zirconium is a chemical element with the atomic number 40 and symbol Zr.
		Because zirconium is easily tolerated by human tissues, it is also often used in biocompatible implants that are highly invasive to the body, such as artificial joints, and those that are attached, such as artificial limbs.
		Zirconium is never found freely in nature; instead, the primary source of zirconium is zirconium silicate, found all over the world.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Zirconium (208 words)

	Zirconium
		Zirconium is a grey to white lustrous metal.
		Zirconium has a low neutron absorption cross section and is resistant to the corrosive environment with nuclear reactors.
		Zirconium is used in nuclear reactors due to its low neutron absorption cross section and resistance to the corrosive environment encountered within nuclear reactors.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1190 (419 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : zirconium : key information
		Small and large samples of zirconium foil like this, as well as sheet and wire, can be purchased from Advent Research Materials via their web catalogue.
		Zirconium is found in S-type stars, and has been identified in the sun and meteorites.
		Zirconium is available from commercial sources so preparation in the laboratory is not normally required.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/Zr/key.html (371 words)

	Zirconium & Compounds
		Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to zirconium or a zirconium compound, the examining physician should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks.
		Zirconium or zirconium compounds should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard [29 CFR 1910.1200].
		If zirconium or a zirconium compound is dissolved in water or an organic solvent, the permeation properties of both the solvent and the mixture must be considered when selecting personal protective equipment and clothing.
	osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/zirconiumandcompounds/recognition.html (5073 words)

	Zirconium (Zr) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Zirconium is used in alloys such as zircaloy, which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons.
		Zirconium is not a particularly rare element but because its most common mineral, zircon, is highly resistant to weatering it is only slightly mobile in the environment.
		While aquatic plants have a rapid uptake of soluble zirconium, land plants have little tendency to adsorb it, and indeed 70% of plants that have been tested showed no zirconium to be present at all.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Zr-en.htm (481 words)

	C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - ZIRCONIUM
		Occurrence:Most zirconium is obtained from the minerals zircon and baddeleyite.
		Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications.
		Zirconium carbonate is used in poison ivy lotions and zircon is frequently used in jewelry.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/80th/zirconium.html (923 words)

	Zirconium (UK PID)
		Zirconium is slightly attacked by hot concentrated sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid and avidly attacked by fused potassium hydroxide or nitrate.
		EPIDEMIOLOGY Exposure to zirconium and its compounds is mainly as dust and fumes in the metallurgical industry.
		Distribution Zirconium was found to be widely distributed in specimens from four autopsies of non-poisoned patients with particularly high concentrations in liver and body fat (Schroeder and Balassa, 1966).
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/chemical/zirc/ukpid90.htm (3901 words)

	Process for etching zirconium metallic objects - Patent 4738747
		The process for etching zirconium metallic articles as defined in claim 1 wherein said article is composed of, by weight, about 1.2 to 1.7 percent tin, 0.07 to 0.20 percent iron, and 0.05 to 0.15 percent chromium, and about 0.03 to 0.08 percent nickel, the balance being essentially zirconium.
		In the development of components of zirconium, such as in the formation of nuclear fuel cladding for use in containing fuel in a pressurized water reactor or boiling water reactor, the zirconium or zirconium alloy articles must be carefully formed to detailed specifications.
		The etching of zirconium metal articles, such as articles formed from zirconium or a zirconium alloy by the use of an aqueous bath containing hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid is known.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4738747.html (2801 words)

	Zirconium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Zirconium is a flamable metal and is not found as a metalic ore in nature.
		Combined with it's high strength and corrosion resistance, hafnium free zirconium ideal for the nuclear power industry for use in reactor support structures and fuel rods to hold the fuel pellets as it does not impede the reaction.
		Zirconium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth working in Berlin and the pure metal obtained by Berzelius in 1824 in Stockholm.
	chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu /periodic/Zr.html (144 words)

	Zirconium
		The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small decomposition processs they developed.
		Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therfore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements.
		Alloyed with zinc, zirconium becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 K. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gem material.
	www.corrosionsource.com /handbook/periodic/40.htm (514 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - Zirconium
		Zirconium (Zr) is a grayish-white, metallic element with an atomic number of 40.
		Zirconium is quite resistant to corrosion by acids and other chemicals, and is valued in industry for this resistant quality.
		Zirconium compounds are used in deodorants, flashbulbs, lamp filaments, and in artificial gemstones.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/photozircon.html (627 words)

	Zirconium (Element) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Zirconium is produced commercially by reduction of the chloride with magnesium, and by other methods.
		Zirconium is used extensively by chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed.
		It is used in poison ivy lotions in the form of carbonate as it combines with urushiol.
	www.tamuk.edu /chemistry/WebElements/zirconium_element.htm (126 words)

	AMR Technologies - Zirconium Markets & Applications
		Zirconium exhibits chemical behaviour similar to that of rare earths, and consequently, zirconium chemicals and oxides are produced using processes similar to rare earth refinement processes.
		Zirconium oxide and zirconium chemicals are used as individual components as well as inter-combined with rare earths (primarily cerium as well as other multi-rare earth formulations).
		Zirconium is also used as a promoter to assist in the adhesion of inks to specific substrates.
	www.amr-ltd.com /products/zirconium_markets.html (612 words)

	zircomium
		The impure metal was first isolated by Berzelius in 1824 by heating a mixture of potassium and potassium zirconium fluoride in a small iron tube.
		Very pure zirconium was first produced in 1925 by van Arkel and de Boer, by an iodide decomposition process they developed.
		Zirconium of about 99.8% purity is available at a cost of about $170/kg.
	www.speclab.com /elements/zirconium.htm (1101 words)

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