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Topic: Zoantharia

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	Science Notes & News by Eric Borneman & Habib Sekha- Reefkeeping.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Zoantharia (or Zoanthidea) is the third largest order of Hexacorallia, characterized by two rows of tentacles, one siphonoglyph and a colonial way of life.
		Current systematics of Zoantharia is based exclusively on morphology and follows the traditional division of the group into the two suborders Brachycnemina and Macrocnemina, each comprising several poorly defined genera and species.
		To resolve the phylogenetic relationships among Zoantharia, we have analyzed the sequences of mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes obtained from 24 specimens, representing two suborders and eight genera.
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2006-04/snn/index.php (1796 words)

	Wikipedia: Coral
		The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and belonging to the Subclass: Zoantharia, Order: Scleractinia (formerly Madreporaria).
		The latter are also known as stony corals inasmuch as the living tissue thinly covers a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate.
		Corals breed by spawning, with all corals of the same species in a region releasing gametes simultaneously over a period of one to several nights around a full moon.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/c/co/coral.html (451 words)

	Taxonomy of Race Rocks- Epizoanthus scotinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Most Anthozoa belong to the subclass zoantharia with about 1000 species of sea anemones and 2500 species of stony corals that have been identified.
		Typical of the subclass zoantharia, Epizoanthus scotinus is colonial.
		The anemone are abundant along sea coasts but zoantharia occur in deep water as well.
	www.racerocks.com /pearson/racerock/eco/taxalab/sikhuh.htm (176 words)

	Zoantharia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Zoantharians occur in all seas, from the high intertidal to the deepest trenches, and from the poles to the equator, although some taxa occur exclusively in particular types of habitats, such as cerianthids only subtidally in soft sediments, and ptychodactiarians only at high latitudes.
		The Zoantharia is a much less cohesive group than the Alcyonaria, some of its members being skeletal and some askeletal, some being solitary and some being colonial or clonal.
		Using radioimmunoassay of whole animals representing four orders of Zoantharia, Fautin and Lowenstein (1993) and Buddemeier and Fautin (1996) also concluded that Scleractinia is ancestral to Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia, and that those three taxa form a monophyletic group relative to Ceriantharia.
	tolweb.org.cob-web.org:8888 /Zoantharia (5343 words)

	Zoantharia: Anthozoa: Fossil Groups: SciComms 04-05: Earth Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Zoantharia are solitary or colonial Anthozoa; many secrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate, which is why this subclass has a long fossil record.
		Zoantharia are also termed Hexacorallia; they usually exhibit either sixfold symmetry or a multiple thereof.
		The subclass Zoantharia includes the coral orders Rugosa, Tabulata and Scleractinia as well as sea anemones and zoanthid soft corals.
	palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk /Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/anthozoa/zoantharia.html (179 words)

	Coral
		Corals are marine cnidarians (Phylum: Cnidaria; Class: Anthozoa) existing as small anemone-like polyps, typically forming colonies of many individuals.
		The latter are also known as stony corals in as much as the living tissue thinly covers a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate.
		Corals breed by spawning, with all corals of the same species in a region spawning on a few nights around full moon.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/c/co/coral.html (451 words)

	ZOANTHIDS
		Sometimes, these associations can lead to destruction of living tissues of their host as in the case of the zoanthids living on other anthozoans (Anthipatharia, Octocorallia).
		The separation of the order in two suborders based on the organisation of the mesenteria suggested by Haddon and Schackelton in 1891 is still valid nowadays.
		Molecular phylogeny of Zoantharia based on ribosomal mitochondrial genes.
	www.unige.ch /sciences/biologie/biani/msg/people/Fred/zoantharia.html (586 words)

	Monica Isola
		Corals (class Anthozoa), which include sea anemones (order Actiniaria), are gastrovascular marine cnidarians (phylum Cnidaria) existing as small sea anemone-like polyps, typically forming colonies of many individuals.
		The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans.
		What we see as a coral is a head of many individual, yet genetically identical, polyps.
	www.fiu.edu /~misol001/abstract.htm (288 words)

	Cnidaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		'Zoantharia' - Rating: ** Zoantharia** is an Order of Anthozoa that includes sea anemones and coral.
		This site begins with a very good picture and a Phylum tree showing where Zoantharia is in relationship to Anthozoa.
		'Zoantharia' also talks about the 6 sub groups and includes pictures.
	www.kn.att.com /wired/fil/pages/listcnidariata.html (1661 words)

	Fossil Groups - Corals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Stony corals belong to the anthozoan Subclass Zoantharia.
		This compositional difference, plus morphologic similarities and differences, is the basis for dividing the Zoantharia into Groups 1 and 2.
		Biostratigraphy - Corals are very sensitive to environment, and their mobility is limited to a floating larval stage that may live for a very brief period of time.
	geology.er.usgs.gov /paleo/corals.shtml (597 words)

	Zoantharia
		Originally considered a natural group, there is a tendency now to divide the various taxa into separate subclasses of their own.
		The following cladogram assumes that the Zoantharia area a natural group.
		Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
	www.palaeos.com /Invertebrates/Coelenterates/Zoantharia.html (145 words)

	Cannabis Strains - CannabisPhotography.com \| The Green Stock Photo Collection
		The group includes the important reef builders known as hermatypic corals, found in tropical oceans, and belonging to the subclass Zoantharia of order Scleractinia.
		The latter are also known as stony corals since the living tissue thinly covers a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate.
		Extinct corals include rugose corals and tabulate coral.
	www.cannabisphotography.com /cannabis-strains.php?title=Coral (3056 words)

	Hexacoral Author Details
		Song J. A systematic study on the Korean Anthozoa 10.
		Song J. Systematic study on Anthozoa from the Korea Strait in Korea: Subclasses Zoantharia and Ceriantipatharia
		Song J. A systematic study on the Korean Anthozoa 15.
	hercules.kgs.ku.edu /hexacoral/anemone2/authordetail.cfm?authorid=290 (491 words)

	Zoantharia - Wikipedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Die Unterklasse Zoantharia umfasst mit sechs bis heute lebenden Ordnungen fast 4000 der über 6000 Arten der Klasse der Blumentiere (Anthozoa).
		Oft wird auch der Name Sechsstrahlige Blumentiere (Hexacorallia) für die Unterklasse verwendet, aber viele Systematiker verwenden sie heute nicht mehr.
		Die Zoantharia beim Tree of Life web project (en.)
	de.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Zoantharia (168 words)

	Hexacoral Links
		Background information about the anthozoan subclass Zoantharia, also known as Hexacorallia.
		This collaboration involves a large number of organizations and individuals from around the world.
		The information is linked together in the form of the evolutionary tree that connects all organisms to each other.
	www.kgs.ku.edu /Hexacoral/Links/links.html (3249 words)

	Diversity and evolution of the green fluorescent protein family -- Labas et al. 99 (7): 4256 -- Proceedings of the ...
		Proteins from Alcyonaria subclass, which are considered outgroups, are labeled in white on fl.
		The "stem" of the tree (thick gray line), joining two rooting groups, putatively reflects the diversity of GFP-like proteins before the separation of Alcyonaria and Zoantharia subclasses.
		Gray bars marked A-D denote the four distinct clades of GFP-like proteins found in Zoantharia.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/7/4256 (4201 words)

	Zoantharia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Tree derived from Oliver 1996, France et al.
		The Group 1 lineage consists of six extinct orders and possibly the extant order Zoanthidea.
		Perhaps more molecular data or data of higher resolution will resolve the relationships among these taxa.
	tolweb.org.cob-web.org:8888 /tree?group=zoantharia (5343 words)

	Meg's Homepage
		A simple test: evaluating explanations for the relative simplicity for the Edwardsiidae.
		Daly, M. The Edwardsiidae and relationships among the Zoantharia.
		Meeting of the Wili Hennig Society, May 1999, Goettingen, Germany.
	web.nhm.ku.edu /inverts/meg/index.htm (713 words)

	A Partial List of the Marine Animals of Yellow Point
		A P Cnidaria C Anthozoa C- Zoantharia
		A P Cnidaria C Anthozoa C- Zoantharia O Actiniaria F Actiniidae
		A P Cnidaria C Anthozoa C- Zoantharia O Actiniaria F Metridiidae
	members.shaw.ca /kent.brothers/YellowPt/BiotaYellowPtAnimalsMar.htm (1075 words)

	Kerry M
		These corals are known as hermatypic or 'stony corals' and can be seen below in Figure 2.
		They belong to the phylum Cnidaria (formerly Coelenterata), class Anthozoa, subclass Zoantharia, and order Scleractinia.
		The class Anthozoa is made up of three subclasses, which are Octocorallia, Tabulata, and Zoantharia; however, the subclass Zoantharia includes the hermatypic corals.
	www.esse.ou.edu /~kmoreland/paper.htm (3782 words)

	Macrobenthos of the North Sea - Anthozoa > Species: Order Zoantharia
		Macrobenthos of the North Sea - Anthozoa > Species: Order Zoantharia
		The British species of Zoantharia are little known, largely because they are inconspicuous animals of mostly sublittoral occurrence and cryptic habits.
		You can search using vernacular or scientific name.
	ip30.eti.uva.nl /bis/anthozoa.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=49 (679 words)

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