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	Yamen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Within the yamen, the bureaucrat and his staff conducted government business of the town or region, settling disputes, maybe jailing a lawbreaker or two, issuing decrees and policies, and living daily life.
		However, all yamen typically had similar features: a front gate, a coutyard and a hall (typically served as a court of law); offices, prison cells and store rooms; and residences for the bureaucrat, his family and his staff.
		The Zongli Yamen (Wade-Giles: Tsungli Yamen), China's de facto ministry of foreign affairs during the late Qing Dynasty
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yamen (271 words)

	Footnote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Qing Imperial Court created the Office for General Management, known as the Zongli Yamen in response to the settlement of the foreign representatives in Beijing.
		Initially established in Tianjin as a temporary office to deal with foreign affairs under the guidance of under a Manchu prince, the Zongli Yamen's principal staffed came mainly from leaders of the government peace party.
		Prince Gong, the emperor's younger brother, served as the the Zongli Yamen's first president, a position which he held for years.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C19/fn/FN1908b.htm (228 words)

	Yixin, Prince Gong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prince Gong was named prince-regent and appointed to a variety of important posts in the government, including the powerful Grand Council.
		In 1861, Prince Gong established the Zongli Yamen, which functioned as the Qing Empire's de facto foreign ministry.
		As the long-time head of the Zongli Yamen, Prince Gong was responsible for much of the reforms of the early Self-strengthening Movement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prince_Gong (1056 words)

	The Great Debate
		In a meeting with Yamen spokesman Shen Baozhen, Mori announced that because Japan wished to be sincere and candid, it was informing China of its intention to send a plenary mission to Korea under the protection of two warships to guard its envoys.
		The fear that Russia might intervene in a war between Korea and Japan prompted the Zongli Yamen to ask the military governors at Mukden, Kirin and Heilungkiang to monitor Russian military activities in the northeast.
		Li urged the Zongli Yamen to advise Seoul to act with caution and courtesy toward Japan and suggested that Seoul might send an envoy to Japan to explain the Unyo Maru Incident to prevent further trouble.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C23/E2304.htm (4485 words)

	Richard S. Horowitz \| International Law and State Transformation in China, Siam, and the Ottoman Empire during the ...
		After the Boxer crisis, at the demand of the foreign powers, the Zongli Yamen was transformed into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and given new prominence in the Qing state structure.
		In China, the creation of the Zongli Yamen in 1861, while welcomed by foreign diplomats, was also a vehicle for a group of officials associated with Prince Gong to assert a position of authority.
		The Zongli Yamen began to systematically collect information about the frontiers and concern itself with the problems of preventing further territorial losses, and at the same time recognized the potential value of international law in diplomatic negotiations.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/15.4/horowitz.html (14657 words)

	The Corner
		The Tongzhi reign(1862-74) was classified as a restoration.It began with the rise of Prince Kung and founding of the Zongli yamen in 1861,the turn of the tide against the Taipings with the fall of Anking later the same year,by the emergence of new leaders in both the capital and provinces.
		The end of the Restoration was marked by the Tientsin Massacre and the rejection of the Alcock Convention in 1870,and successively in the course of the next few years by the deaths of Tseng Kuo-fan and Wen hsiang,and the growing power of the Cixi.
		During this period, the cooperative policy was adpoted towards the west.Tsungli yamen was set up to deal with foreign affairs.During this period, china maintained a good relationship with the western countries.
	www.thecorner.org /discus/messages/37/414.html (1462 words)

	Lydia Liu, "Legislating the Universal"
		In reply, Martin said that his translation was incomplete and asked the Zongli yamen to appoint a competent official to assist him in a final revision and to print it at public expense.
		The Zongli yamen desired to know what legal basis there was for the procedures that had been forced upon them in the name of international law, such as unequal treaties, extraterritoriality, most-favored-nation treatment, tariff control, diplomatic representation, rights of war and peace, sovereignty, etc.
		The Zongli yamen used the concept of maritime territory and the treaty provisions between China and Prussia to protest the extension of European quarrels to China.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/HPS/RethinkingSciCiv/etexts/Liu/Legislating.html (10842 words)

	Biggerstaff, Earliest Modern Government Schools
		Tsungli Yamen responded to this memorial (April 6) by, in a sense, appealing to their own ethos as the government organization which had to deal with the foreigners, and which was trying "to strengthen China against further encroachment" by foreigners (116).
		Tsungli Yamen says that rumors had been started after Wo-jen's attack on the new department, which discouraged potential students from applying to it (117).
		The edict also criticized 'the narrow and hidebound opinions' of Wo-jen and the censor Chang Sheng-tsao and asked whether Hanlin scholars were only to write poems and not to concern themselves with the problems of the empire" (119).
	web.syr.edu /~jpbenda/biggerstaff.html (2157 words)

	History Lecture Nine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		- The Zongli Yamen "could not have the standing equal to that of other traditional government offices, thus preserving the distinction between China and foreign countries".
		- Zongli Yamen could not be seen to be weak with foreigners.
		While officials in Zongli Yamen tried to come to terms with the reality of the West, Chinese violence against missionaries increased.
	www.asianlang.mq.edu.au /chinese/Hist250_2003four.htm (2252 words)

	[No title]
		Li and Tso were stoutly backed, however, by the Tsungli Yamen (Zongli Yamen) at a time when Prince Kung (Gong) was at the height of his power and when Wen-hsiang (Wenxiang) was still in good health.
		Prince Gong, trusted advisor of the Empress Dowager Cixi and uncle of the child emperor Tongzhi, presided over the Zongli Yamen - a new agency set up in Peking in 1861 for the management of the business of foreign countries.
		Prince Gong and his assistant Wenxiang (who served as grand councillor and minister of war) made efforts to increase China’s naval strength and to redefine China’s status and sovereignty according to the terms of international law.
	members.lycos.co.uk /boblindsay/eac2_1.html (2722 words)

	Define yamen - Definition of yamen from Free-Online-Dictionary.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Great Debate He also asked for the ambassador's good offices to help favorably influence the Zongli Yamen...
		with distinct urban spaces: the rattling of torture instruments recreates the space of the yamen...
		In 1861, the Zongli Yamen, a kind of ministry of foreign affairs was established to deal with the...
	www.free-online-dictionary.org /define-yamen.html (441 words)

	Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Pacific Affairs - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		MUCH STUDY OF CHRISTIANITY IN CHINA has focused on Western missions, while indigenous churches have drawn little specialist attention; undeservedly, since this volume demonstrates that Chinese Christianity is an authentic religious movement and not, as caricature would have it, the aping of a Western model by local opportunists.
		Key features of the work are analysis of the Chinese rather than the missionary dimension, and use of Chinese-language sources, for example, local histories and Zongli yamen archives.
		The publication completes a successful History of Christianity in China project, stimulated by John Fairbank, funded by the Henry Luce Foundation, and directed by Daniel Bays at the University of Kansas between 1985 and 1992.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3680/is_199707/ai_n8770643 (587 words)

	Thomas Wade: ZoomInfo Business People Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Thomas Wade's summary was automatically generated using 2 references found on the Internet.
		In 1865 and 1866 Hart and Thomas Wade submitted memoranda to the Zongli Yamen urging China to send diplomatic representatives abroad and recommending the usefulness of railways, steamships, telegraphs, and mining.
		British minister Thomas Wade mediated, and Prince Gong eventually paid 400,000 taels for the Japanese barracks on Taiwan and 100,000 taels for the Ryukyu victims.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Wade_Thomas_549077437.htm (164 words)

	[No title]
		They were an important element in the mixed Chinese-Western society of the treaty port.
		The zongli yamen or “Office for the management of the business of all foreign countries” was established in 1861, under Prince Gong.
		It was a product of the self-strengthening movement: an attempt to use Western methods to defend China against the West.
	www.sfu.ca /~eyferth/255/documents/2005-2gradingkey2ndquiz.doc (641 words)

	Self-Strengthening Movement History Summary
		The self-strengthening movement, which began in 1861, was an effort by the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China to restore power to resist Western encroachments, especially after the Second Opium War, which resulted in the burning and looting of the Summer Palace in Beijing by British and French forces.
		Thus, from 1861 until 1895, the Qing government and various provincial officials launched a series of projects, including creating Zongli Yamen (a foreign affairs office), establishing the Jiangnan Arsenal, the Fuzhou Dockyard, the Nanjing Arsenal, and the Tianjin Machine Factory, sending Chinese students to the United States, and constructing the Beiyang Fleet.
		The series of projects clearly centered on a program of military modernization initially and subsequently on an effort at economic self-strengthening, all designed to improve the nation's position vis-à-vis the imperialist powers.
	bookrags.com /history/worldhistory/self-strengthening-movement-ema-05 (324 words)

	Untitled Document
		Prince Gong (in charge of Zongli Yamen) deteriorated after Prince Gong executed eunuch in attempt to stem growth of eunuch power in the palace (memories of late Ming).
		Grand Councillors in Peking conservative, lacked skill or initiative to direct China on a course towards greater adaptability to the world.
		German Minister (von Kettler) shot on the way to the Zongli Yamen.
	www.asianlang.mq.edu.au /chinese/hist250_Boxerrebel.htm (1179 words)

	Ying-Hwa Chang CV
		Teaching assistant for various lecture courses within the History Department.
		Dissertation: "Negotiating Power and Navigating Change in the Qing: The Zongli Yamen, 1861-1901."
		November 1996 "Change, Power, and Bureaucracy: The Significance of the Zongli Yamen," lecture presented to History Department of Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
	www.albany.edu /wwwres/mumford/About_us/CV/RudolphCV.html (405 words)

	Alan R. Sweeten: Christianity in Rural China, University of Michigan Press
		A new look at Catholics in Jiangxi communities at the end of the Qing
		Delving into the archives of the Zongli Yamen--the Qing dynasty bureau that mediated conflicts between foreign missionaries, local Christians, and local communities--Alan Sweeten presents detailed accounts of interactions between Catholics and non-Catholics in the market towns and villages of Jiangxi.
		Sweeten pieces together a close view of tensions in the countryside, their eruption into violence, and as often, their peaceful resolution.
	www.press.umich.edu /titleDetailDesc.do?id=19893 (174 words)

	KQED : Pacific Link: The KQED Asian Education Initiative: Timelines: U.S. Immigration
		Qing consulate set up in Singapore to regulate the estimated 500,000 Chinese emigrant settlers
		The Zongli Yamen office commissions report on status of Chinese workers in Peru and Cuba; reforms conditions and practices of shipping procedures in Macao and Hong Kong
		U.S. President Chester Arthur signs the Chinese Exclusion Act, thus voiding 1868 Burlingame Treaty; Exclusion Act bans all labor immigration from China, only allows merchants, diplomats, students and scholars, tourists, and children of existing American citizens.
	www.kqed.org /w/pacificlink/timelines/usim.html (807 words)

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