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Topic: Zoological nomenclature

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	Biological Nomenclature - de Queiroz: A Phylogenetic Approach to Biological Nomenclature
		A nomenclatural system is an integrated or organized set of conventions - including principles, rules, and recommendations - that governs biological nomenclature, or more specifically, that regulates the naming of taxa and the application of taxon names.
		The zoological code uses the term "definition" in the sense of a verbal statement that purports to give characters differentiating a taxon, but the botanical and bacteriological codes use the term "diagnosis" for this concept.
		The difference between a phylogenetic or cladistic taxonomy and a phylogenetic system of nomenclature is related to the general difference between taxonomy and nomenclature: the former is concerned with taxa, the latter with taxon names.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/pbio/nomcl/dequtxt.html (4897 words)

	International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is a set of rules in zoology that have one fundamental aim: to provide the maximum universality and continuity in classifying all animals according to taxonomic judgment.
		The Code is meant to guide the nomenclature of animals, while leaving the zoologists some degree of freedom in naming and classifying new species.
		In opinion 2027 (published in Volume 60, Part 1 of the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 31 March 2003 [1]) the Commission "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming F.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature (763 words)

	ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE - LoveToKnow Article on ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1881 the Zoological Society of France agreed on new rules, based on those of Strickland, but formulated by a committee of which Maurice Chaper and R. Blanchard were leading members.
		In the hope of settling it by some system which should be as nearly as possible automatic and should leave the least possible to the inclination or choice of the individual worker, there was formulated what is called the rule of priority.
		To make the denotation of zoological names precise, exact workers are endeavouring to associate the conception of types with names, a process which can be made simple and definite with new work, but which presents great difficulties in the attempt to apply it to existing terms.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Z/ZO/ZOOLOGICAL_NOMENCLATURE.htm (1625 words)

	Principles of nomenclature of zoological taxa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This nomenclature is of no practical use, since no criteria of name availability have been formulated (about the importance of availability criteria see I.3.1.1), and it is hard to imagine what such criteria might be.
		Phylogenetic nomenclature as suggested by some authors (not cited here because of their poor knowledge of nomenclatural principles) violates the ICZN: phylogenetic nomenclature takes family names generated according to the ICZN rules of ranking nomenclature (see I.3.3.1 below) are use them under entirely different set of rules.
		Among supraspecific taxa, the hierarchy-based nomenclature based on the natural hierarchy of the phylogenetic tree works better than the rank-based one relying on purely artificial absolute ranks, while on species level the rank-based nomenclature is adequate because it relies on evidence-based definition of species.
	www.bio.pu.ru /win/entomol/KLUGE/zoo-name.htm (12082 words)

	International Code of Botanical Nomenclature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is the set of rules according to which plants are given their formal botanical names (scientific names).
		The nomenclature code should not be confused with the scientific classification of living things.
		Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature (245 words)

	Nomenclature
		Nomenclature is a system of naming and categorizing objects in a given category.
		Linnaeus popularised one of the best-known examples: he used the binomial nomenclature system to name the biological world of animals and plants.
		In chemistry, the IUPAC nomenclature developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, names chemical compounds systematically.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/n/no/nomenclature.html (155 words)

	Glossary
		An emendation that is correct according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, e.g., the name susani is proposed as a patronym for a woman named Susan; according to the Code the name must be changed to susanae and is a justified emendation.
		A name that does not fulfill the criteria set by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature as a legally described scientific name and therefore cannot be used unless it is subsequently proposed correctly.
		An emendation that is incorrect according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, e.g., the generic name Hemiberlesea Lindinger is an incorrect change of Hemiberlesia Cockerell according to the Code and is an unjustified emendation.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /scalenet/glossary.htm (856 words)

	Darwin, C. R. et al 1843. Report of a Committee appointed "to consider the rules by which the nomenclature of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In proposing a measure for the establishment of a permanent and universal zoological nomenclature, it must be premised that we refer solely to the Latin or systematic language of zoology.
		Our nomenclature presents but too many flaws and inelegancies already, and as the stern law of priority forbids their removal, it follows that they must remain as monuments of the bad taste or bad scholarship of their authors to the latest ages in which zoology shall be studied.
		In concluding this outline of a scheme for the rectification of zoological nomenclature, we have only to remark, that almost the whole of the propositions contained in it may be applied with equal correctness to the sister science of botany.
	darwin-online.org.uk /content/contentblock?itemID=F1661b&basepage=1&viewtype=side&hitpage=17 (7956 words)

	e3nomen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It is expedient to use a term "nomenclatural taxon" for an object, to which name is given; by other words, nomenclatural taxon is determined by that attribute, with which a name is firmly connected in the given nomenclature.
		In ranking nomenclatures a nomenclatural taxon is determined only by two attributes: by a rank and by a type taxon of lower rank.
		As we change ranking nomenclature to hierarchical one not completely, but retain names of species-group taxa in the ranking nomenclature, subjective synonymy disappears also incompletely: there is preserved subjective synonymy of that supraspecific taxa, which type species are subjective synonyms.
	www.famu.edu /acad/research/mayfly/kluge/e3nomenc.html (6470 words)

	Code of nomenclature to Art 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Zoological nomenclature is a system of scientific names applied to animal taxa, extant and extinct.
		Zoological nomenclature is independent of plant or other systems, thus an animal name is not rejected if it is the same as the name of a plant, bacteria, or etc.
		Nomenclatural information not meant to be a part of the permanent scientific record should contain a disclaimer to that effect (see 8b above).
	lsvl.la.asu.edu /bio470/jfouquette/Outlines/017.code.html (2073 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for nomenclature
		Names, numbers, and nomenclatures: finding the right name for an item in the supply system is not as easy as it may seem.
		Answering your questions on correlating like instruments, plasma cell nomenclature, filters for CMV protection, forwarding tests to a reference lab, bacteria on nail polish, and vancomycin-resistant Staph.
		Building a taxonomy and nomenclature of collaborative writing to improve interdisciplinary research and practice.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=nomenclature (710 words)

	Nomenclatural Glossary for Zoology - Thomson Scientific
		In zoological works genus-group names cited in binomial names of species are often abbreviated to one or two letters, which should always be followed by a full stop, and not used on the first mention of a name; similarly for specific names cited in trinomial names of subspecies.
		the nomenclatural act of an author or the Commission in fixing, by an express statement, the name-bearing type of a newly or previously established nominal genus, subgenus, species, or subspecies.
		Zoological formulae are excluded from the provisions of the Code.
	scientific.thomson.com /support/products/zr/zoological-glossary (7332 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In zoological works genus-group names cited in binominal names of species are often abbreviated to one or two letters, which should always be followed by a full stop, and they should not be used on the first mention of a name; similarly for specific names cited in trinomial names of subspecies.
		A valid nomenclatural act is one that is accepted under the provisions of the Code i.e.
		The order of seniority of available names or nomenclatural acts determined either by the application of the Principle of Priority as specified in Article 23, or in the case of simultaneously published names or acts, as specified in Article 24, or by a ruling of the Commission using its Plenary Power (q.v.).
	flood.nhm.ac.uk /jdsml/perth/lepindex/glossaryDefinition.dsml (6560 words)

	ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE - Online Information article about ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE
		The decision of this is one of the most difficult and controverted problems in nomenclature.
		The tenth edition of Linnaeus' Systema naturae (1758) is the work that first consistently applied the binary system to zoology generally and is accepted as the starting-point of zoological nomenclature.
		list of exceptions exists in the permanent nomenclature commission of the International Congress of Zoology, and there is more than a hope that this change will come into operation.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /YAK_ZYM/ZOOLOGICAL_NOMENCLATURE.html (2138 words)

	Thomson BIOSIS - Nomenclatural Glossary for Zoology
		In zoological works genus-group names cited in binomial names of species are often abbreviated to one or two letters, which should always be followed by a full stop, and not used on the first mention of a name; similarly for specific names cited in trinomial names of subspecies.
		the nomenclatural act of an author or the Commission in fixing, by an express statement, the name-bearing type of a newly or previously established nominal genus, subgenus, species, or subspecies.
		Zoological formulae are excluded from the provisions of the Code.
	www.biosis.org /support/glossary (7322 words)

	Zoological Nomenclature Between Dream and Drama - Names For Concepts Or Concepts Despite Names?
		In a kind of perverted logic, we witness sometimes, rather than an effort to establish a convenient nomenclature to convey theoretically sound concepts, a deliberate effort to establish concepts to justify continuing use of a traditional nomenclature.
		Within the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, there is no place for animals not obviously belonging to species, e.g., for hybrids.
		We cannot exceedingly blame the users of nomenclature for adding apples and cherries so far as we, the producers of taxonomy and taxonomic nomenclature, ruthlessly conceal this amazing and still problematic diversity of objects and concepts under the quiet veil of one and the same kind of names (Linnean binomina).
	www.imbc.gr /biblio_serv/systematics/X0026_1.2.html (569 words)

	Zoological nomenclature: a basic guide for non-taxonomist authors
		There is a comprehensive International Code of Zoological Nomenclature which anyone who does taxonomy should study, but most other biologists will get by with a knowledge of a few simple rules derived from the Code.
		The scientific name of a species is always the two names together (a binomen), hence the term 'binominal nomenclature' (also written as 'binomial').
		International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for this problem of presentation.
	www.annelida.net /zootax-tutor.html (1604 words)

	Sharp's "The Object and Method of Zoological Nomenclature", by Alfred Russel Wallace
		Many minor details of nomenclature are discussed in the essay before us, and on some of these the author's views are more likely to meet ultimately with general acceptance.
		He points in particular to the inconvenience of placing an H before many names which were originally spelt with a vowel, thus altering their places in an alphabetical arrangement, and creating a synonym for no useful purpose whatever.
		Sharp's paper, state their own conclusions in the form of short propositions, accompanied by their reasons for them, a notion might be obtained, not only as to which system is intrinsically the best, but, what is of equal or perhaps greater importance, which is most likely to command general assent.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S239.htm (1201 words)

	To most biologists, it seems inconceivable that the simple act of naming a biological entity has any more significance ...
		Most biologists fail to recognize that taxonomic proposals are expert opinions, arising from comparative studies of small numbers of species that may or may not be representative of larger natural groups, and that the opinions rendered by these experts are subject to acceptance or rejection by the larger community of biologists.
		The record of botanical and zoological nomenclature dates back to the time of von Linné, and names are considered valid regardless of where they were published, provided that other criteria are fulfilled.
		Though the definition of a taxon may be refined and its nomenclature redefined, the DOI will persist, leaving a forward-pointing trail that can be used to reliably locate digital and physical resources, even when a name may be deemed obsolete.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /~jag/wdmbio/garrity.htm (1673 words)

	What is the ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature)?
		ICZN, or the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, is responsible for assigning unique scientific names to animals in keeping with existing international taxonomic standards.
		Zoological nomenclature is no easy task, with millions of animals already recognized and some 17,000 more added every year.
		When they are brought to the attention of ICZN, they are published in the quarterly Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, so that the zoological community can discuss them prior to ICZN deciding the matter.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-international-commission-on-zoological-nomenclature.htm (345 words)

	How animals are given scientific names
		There are three main Codes of Nomenclature: the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, covering animals; the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, covering plants (including fungi); and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
		Hugh Strickland presented a Code of nomenclature to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Charles Darwin was on its committee).
		The Commission of Zoological Nomenclature decide that an available name is never to be used as a valid name despite the fact that it might be a senior synonym or homonym.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/animal_nomenclature.htm (3011 words)

	Chrysis.net - a web resource about Hymenoptera Chrysididae & Macrophotography
		A term, not regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, for a designated specimen that is the opposite sex of the holotype specimen.
		A term not recognized by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, formerly used for type species, but that should not now be used in zoological nomenclature.
		A term, not regulated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, for one or more specimens collected at the same location as the type species or subspecies to which it is thought to belong, whether or not the specimen is part of the type series.
	www.chrysis.net /chrysis/resources/glossary_zoo.htm (913 words)

	OPINIONS AND DECLARATIONS RENDERED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It may be assumed that the vast majority of zoologists agree with the Commission in desiring results rather than polemics, and the Commission ventures to suggest that results may be obtained more easily by the utmost consideration for the usual rules of courtesy when discussing the views of others.
		The dangers attending the use of sarcasm and intemperate language in discussions on zoological nomenclature were specially considered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature at the Session held at Monaco in March 1913 during the Ninth International Congress of Zoology.
		Nomenclature has been called "the grammar of science" and possibly there is some inborn feeling that changes in nomenclature involve a reflection upon one's education, culture and breeding.
	www.mbl.edu /BiologicalBulletin/KEYS/INVERTS/opinions.html (411 words)

	Taxonomy II: Nomenclature
		Thus, the central idea behind the Linnaean taxonomic system was to provide a stable, enduring list of names so that we can communicate effectively in all the fields of the life sciences, retrieve information efficiently and be confident that each species name is one of a kind.
		Of course, the rules of Linnaean nomenclature apply only to official names, not to informal, everyday language, which is virtually impossible to track and enforce.
		Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn, 1905) is a name that is eluding one of the cardinal rules of taxonomy, the principle of priority, which requires that in cases where synonyms are known to occur, the first name given to a species is recognized as the authentic one.
	www.visionlearning.com /library/module_viewer.php?c3=&mid=89&l= (1746 words)

	PhyloCode Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Nomenclatural uniqueness is achieved through precedence, the order of preference among established names.
		When authorship of a name differs from authorship of the publication in which it is established, both may be cited, connected by the word "in." In such a case, "in" and what follows are part of a bibliographic citation and are omitted unless the publication is being referred to, at least by its year.
		The codes of biological nomenclature that were in operation when the PhyloCode was drafted (1997-2000)--specifically, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature.
	www.ohiou.edu /phylocode/printable.html (12337 words)

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