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	A monoclonal antibody and the lectin wheat germ agglutinin induce zoospore encystment in Pythium porphyrae, a marine ...
		A monoclonal antibody and the lectin wheat germ agglutinin induce zoospore encystment in Pythium porphyrae, a marine microbial pathogen
		III. Binding (affinities) of FITC-conjugated lectins to the Zoospores, cysts and germinating cysts of Py.
		Induction of zoospore encystment by Mabs – MAb 1A3 induced
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/full/94/4/712 (4363 words)

	Chytrid zoospores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Of all the single compounds tested, the zoospores showed strongest attraction to sucrose, glucose and fructose - the three sugars detected in largest amounts in barley inflorescence tissues - and the strongest attraction was found to a mixture of these three sugars at the concentrations found in awn and inflorescence tissues.
		Conversely, zoospores of the strongly chitinolytic fungus Chytridium confervae were induced to encyst by chitin but not by cellulose.
		JW Deacon and G Saxena (1997) Orientated zoospore attachment and cyst germination in Catenaria anguillulae, a facultative parasite of nematodes.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/chytrid.htm (2234 words)

	Chytrid Fungi Online
		Zoospore, discharge: Operculum present, persistent, apical or lateral, saucer shaped, diameter 6-10 µm, with a broad opaque to hyaline zone of substance or matrix underneath, discharge pore single; discharge vesicle present, zoospores swarming in vesicle outside sporangium before dispersal; vesicle continuous with sporangium, zoospore discharge as a mass, zoospore motility extrasporangial only.
		Zoospore, microscopic: Zoospores spherical, 2.5-3 µm in diameter, hyaline, containing a single anterior, spherical, highly refractive lipid globule and a single posterior, less refractive, ovoid body whose longer axis is set at right angles to the direction in which the zoospore moves, flagellum 19 µm long.
		Zoospore, discharge: Operculum present, persistent, apical, saucer shaped, diameter 7-10 µm, discharge pores one, with a broad apical or subapical inconspicuous and hardly discernable discharge papilla; discharge vesicle present, zoospore discharge as a mass, zoospores swarming in vesicle outside sporangium before dispersal, vesicle continuous with sporangium or separating from sporangium, zoospore motility extrasporangial only.
	bama.ua.edu /~chytrid/taxkey/chytriokey/description.htm (4962 words)

	Title of Invention: Olpidium zoospores as vectors o f recombinant DNA to plants
		Typically, the oligonucleotide is not native to either the plant cell or the genome of the virus used as the source of the nucleoprotein complex vectored by the Olpidium zoospores.
		Water was decanted in 50 ml centrifuge tubes and the newly released zoospores concentrated by a 5-min 5,000 RPM (4,000.times.g) centrifugation in a swinging bucket rotor (Sorvall HB4) in a refrigerated (5.degree.-10.degree.
		Olpidium brassicae zoospore associated with a reassembled nucleoprotein complex comprising said nucleic acid and reassociated coat protein of tobacco necrosis virus, wherein said nucleic acid comprises nucleic acid which is not native to the virus.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biotech_Patents/1995patents/05416010.html (5311 words)

	Freshwater Algae: Filamentous: Page 2. Photomicrographs with captions.
		In this picture the zoospore has elongated a little, and the clear "eyespot" surrounded by large flagellae (undulipodia) is clearly seen.
		A firmly attatched zoospore, elongated and about to become a new filament by the vegetative asexual process of cell division.
		A newly settled Oedogonium zoospore seen in profile amongst filaments of algae.
	www.micrographia.com /specbiol/alg/filamen/fila0200.htm (612 words)

	Chytrid Fungi Online
		Barr and Hadland-Hartmann (1978) examined the zoospores of 12 isolates of Rhizophydium and schematically represented the Rhizophydium-type zoospore (Barr 1980).
		The vesiculated region is not present in the zoospore type that lacks a spur.
		Although serial sectioning is necessary to elucidate precise configuration, preliminary studies of zoospores of members of the Rhizophydium clade indicate significant morphological variation in fibrillar bridge construction.
	bama.ua.edu /~chytrid/rhizophydium.htm (464 words)

	Zoospore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A zoospore is a motile asexual spore utilizing a flagellum for locomotion.
		Also called a swarm spore, these spores are used by some algae and fungi to propagate themselves.
		Oomycetes and heterokont algae produce distinct bi-flagellated zoospores.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zoospore (82 words)

	CHAP10_2Aimages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Left: zoospores (z) accumulating in large numbers on the surface of a ball of root tip mucilage; some root cap cells are indicated (rc).
		Fig 10.21a A suspension of zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica was incubated in the presence of a fluorescent probe (fura-2) that measures Ca concentration in the suspending fluid.
		The zoospore suspension was then vortexed (70 second interruption) to induce zoospore encystment and the external Ca measurements were resumed.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/chap10_2.htm (517 words)

	INTERFARM(UK)LTD Crop Protection Chemicals Agrochemicals Pesticides - : Press Release - UNDERSTAND ZOOSPORES AND ...
		Zoospores dropping from foliar and stem infections onto damp soil can easily lead to infected tubers, quickly reducing the yield and quality and causing significant wastage in store.
		Zoospores infect tubers by germinating near to and entering at buds, lenticels and wounds, which provide easy access points into the tuber.
		Zoospore production is more active at lower temperatures of around 10-15°C than the temperature conditions that favour foliar spread which are at around 25 °C. The longer the period of foliar infection, the greater the risk to the tubers.
	www.interfarm.co.uk /press/tuberblightcontrolelectisjune02.shtml (1013 words)

	Zoospores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zoospores can swim for many hours, at 150 micrometres or more per second, so in theory they could disperse several metres from their point of release by their own activities.
		Zoospores (inset at bottom left) have an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior whiplash flagellum, inserted in a ventral groove close to the position of the nucleus (n) and water-expulsion vacuole (wev).
		Zoospores can be induced to encyst by artificial agents such as high concentrations of chemicals or mechanical agitation in laboratory conditions.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/zoospore.htm (4587 words)

	Put_Your_Title_Here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zoospore pyrenoids develop in thylakoid-free spaces of the chloroplast which are similar to the DNA-containing regions.
		Then the zoospore pyrenoid produces 2 hemispherical starch plates identical to those in the mature vegetative cell.
		Zoospore pyrenoids lack the 2 convoluted thylakoids between the starch plates and the ground substance characteristic of those in the mature vegetative cell.
	www.botany.utexas.edu /mbrown/papers/26.htm (267 words)

	Illinois-Missouri Biotechnology Alliance
		Zoospores are the life-stage of greatest importance for dispersal to root infection sites.
		Zoospores encyst as they approach the root surface in response to environmental signals.
		In the presence of an appropriate signal, zoospores encyst at the root surface with a specific orientation, so that a germ tube emerges towards susceptible tissue.
	www.imba.missouri.edu /report/2000_9.php (2364 words)

	Global Potato News: Press Releases - Details About Potatoes: Zoospore explosion threatens tuber blight infection
		SAC blight specialist, Dr Ruairidh Bain, warns that some crops could still be harbouring blight lesions deep in the canopy and at the base of stems, even if weather conditions have prevented spread on to clean upper leaves that have been well protected by fungicides.
		In cool conditions each lesion will produce millions of zoospores, which can be washed down onto the soil surface and right through to tubers.
		“Zoospores are far smaller than sporangia, so can move easily in the soil moisture, particularly in sandy soils.
	www.potatonews.com /pressreleases/press_detail.asp?id=518 (743 words)

	zoospore
		zoospore A spore that possesses flagella and is therefore motile.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
		In the tropics, where life's maximal abundance is, the young offspring (seedling, hatchling, larva, zoospore, myxocyst, swarmer or germling) remains...
		This is because tuber infections are caused by another type of spore, a zoospore that is produced at lower temperatures of between 10-15DegC.
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/zoospore.html (68 words)

	Zoospore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zoospore successfully bridges the gap between the old and new schools of rock.
		Formed in the Summer of 2003, the band has worked long and hard to write some kick-ass songs that everyone is sure to enjoy.
		Andrew Sabo's complicated sense of rhythm adds the special twist that sets Zoospore apart from all the other modern "one-trick" rock bands.
	www.angelfire.com /emo2/zoospore (150 words)

	The Bulletin: pest management and crop development information for Illinois (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A zoospore is a small spore with a tail on the end and a small projection on the front.
		Upon emerging from a sporangium, the zoospore begins to flap its tail ("flagellum"), causing the zoospore to move.
		Under a microscope, this movement appears random, yet zoospores are actually "attracted to 'amino acid' sources such as those on roots in the area of growth or wounds" (Introductory Plant Physiology--University of Nebraska).
	www.ipm.uiuc.edu /bulletin/article.php?id=531 (740 words)

	SOD Symposium-Poster Abstract
		With inoculum plugs, pin wounding proved necessary to reliably infect intact plants in the greenhouse or detached leaves in the incubation chamber.
		With zoospore inoculum, infection was most successful when leaves were removed, inoculated, and incubated in the humid chamber rather than the leaves inoculated and incubated, intact, on the plant in the greenhouse.
		Zoospore inoculation of detached leaves resulted in small lesions forming on all cultivars.
	danr.ucop.edu /ihrmp/sodsymp/poster/poster45.html (355 words)

	Zoospore chemotaxis of mangrove thraustochytrids from Hong Kong -- Fan et al. 94 (4): 569 -- Mycologia
		Zoospore chemotaxis of mangrove thraustochytrids from Hong Kong -- Fan et al.
		Zoospore chemotaxis of mangrove thraustochytrids from Hong Kong
		Zoospores of mangrove isolates of Schizochytrium mangrovei KF6,
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/abstract/94/4/569 (219 words)

	Novel Protein Kinase Induced during Sporangial Cleavage in the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans -- Judelson and Roberts ...
		a germ tube or indirectly by releasing biflagellate zoospores.
		Role of calcium in adhesion and germination of zoospore cysts of pythium: a model to explain infection of host plants.
		Role of RNA and protein synthesis in stimulated germination of zoospores of the pathogenic fungus Phytophthora palmivora.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/1/5/687 (4386 words)

	BOT 461/561: Lecture #3
		inoperculate zoosporangia discharge their zoospores through a pore in the wall of the sporangium or discharge tube, formed when the discharge papilla dissolves
		biflagellate zoospores may be result of plasmogamy or incomplete cleavage in the zoosporangium
		lipid globule is on the opposite side of the zoospore; partially surrounded by a microbody, membrane cisternae, rumposome, & mitochondria which surround the ribosome core
	oregonstate.edu /Dept/botany/mycology/bot461/class/lecture3.html (560 words)

	Chytrid Fungi Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Rhizophydium clade is made up mostly of species of the genus Rhizophydium, though not all isolates identified based on morphology as Rhizophydium fall into the group when analyzed with 18S sequence data (James et al.
		Most of the members of this clade have a group III (Barr 1980) or "Rhizophydium" zoospore subtype, characterized by a primary rootlet composed of 1-7 microtubules stacked in a single row with spaces in-between each microtubule.
		Further examination of zoospore ultrastructure and greater taxon sampling are needed to determine the importance of these differences.
	www.botany.uga.edu /chytrid/rhizophydium.htm (134 words)

	INTERFARM(UK)LTD Crop Protection Chemicals Agrochemicals Pesticides - : Press Release - Protect Oilseed Rape crops with ...
		However, tuber infection is caused by zoospores that fall or are washed down by rainsplash from foliar and stem infections on to damp soil.
		These twin-tailed, motile zoospores swim in the soil water towards the tubers and infect them by germinating near to and entering at buds, lenticels or wounds, which provide easy access points.
		Tubers that are brought into contact with zoospores during the lifting operation are also liable to infection.
	www.interfarm.co.uk /press/tuberblightcontrolwithElectismay2003.shtml (942 words)

	Identification of Specific Cucumber Necrosis Virus Coat Protein Amino Acids Affecting Fungus Transmission and Zoospore ...
		Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) is naturally transmitted in the soil by zoospores of the fungal vector Olpidium bornovanus.
		The zoospore pellet was assayed for the presence
		The structure of the shell domain of the tombusvirus CP subunit is similar to that of the picornavirus particle (27), which
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/75/12/5576 (4730 words)

	APSnet Image of the Week - Quicktime videos of Phytophthora sojae sporangium germination and zoospore release
		Zoospores (white objects) swim in a helical path and can continue swimming for several hours.
		The zoospores lack cell walls and swim by means of two flagella of unequal length.
		Once the zoospores reach the soybean root they adhere to the surface, shed their flagella, and form a cell wall (encyst).
	www.apsnet.org /online/Archive/2003/IW000025.asp (416 words)

	Phythium Seedling Blight of Corn and Soybeans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Pythium fungus, along with a common soybean pathogen known as Phytophthora sojae, is called a "water mold" because both fungi release a swimming spore stage (called a zoospore) that infects plant roots.
		The zoospores are not produced until soils become very wet to flooded.
		Standing water is not needed for zoospore production; 3 to 4 hours of very wet conditions can initiate zoospore production.
	www.ipm.uiuc.edu /bulletin/pastpest/articles/v985g.html (659 words)

	High frequency mitotic gene conversion in genetic hybrids of the oomycete Phytophthorasojae -- Chamnanpunt et al. 98 ...
		zoospores were selected by microscopy and cultured in 5-cm wells.
		of the zoospore line was used to inoculate 5 ml of liquid V8 medium.
		Zoospores are mononucleate vegetative spores, the nuclei of which are generated by mitosis.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/25/14530 (4498 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As such, giant kelp zoospores were quantified from sea water collected in the forest interior at intervals spanning minutes to months.
		Temporal variability in zoospore concentration was random and relatively constant at intervals < 24 hr, but highly structured at longer time scales with large fluctuations reflecting changes in adult reproductive condition.
		The tight coupling between zoospore production and supply was due to a lack of strong currents in the forest interior; drag of adult plants dampened flow keeping zoospores close to their release sites.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200012-2.html (357 words)

	Charophycean Green Algae Home Page (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Zoospores are produced one per cell, have two laterally inserted subapical flagella, and do not have an eyespot.
		Zoospores are discharged from a specialized pore or operculum, and the structure of this pore is important in identification of species.
		Unlike other charophytes that produce zoospores, zoospore release involves complete digestion of the parental cell wall rather than formation of a pore.
	www.life.umd.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /labs/delwiche/Charophyte.html (853 words)

	Comparative Analysis of Expressed Sequences in Phytophthora sojae -- Qutob et al. 123 (1): 243 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		zoospores are biflagellate, motile, and chemotactic to soybean
		The fl circles indicate the 10 sequences from each library that the had the greatest difference between scores, but where neither score was zero, as shown in Table II.
		Ward EWB, Lazarovits G, Unwin CH, Buzzell RI (1979) Hypocotyl reactions and glyceollin in soybeans inoculated with zoospores of Phytophthora megasperma var.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/123/1/243 (5185 words)

	Saprolegnia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Saprolegnia filaments (hyphae) are long with rounded ends, containing the zoospores.
		Within a few minutes, this zoospore will encyst, germinate and release another zoospore.
		This second zoospore has a longer cycle during which most dispersal happens; it will continue to encyst and release a new spore in a process called polyplanetism until it finds a suitable substrate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saprolegnia (535 words)

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