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Topic: Zugot

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	Mordechai Torczyner's WebShas - Index to the Talmud: Secular Wisdom: Paranormal Phenomena: Kishuf
		Zugot as a Law Spoken to Moshe at Sinai: Pesachim 110b
		Originally, the Zugot were in Consumption of Eggs, Cucumbers, and Nuts; there was a Fourth, and all of the other Zugot are a concern because we don't know the Fourth: Pesachim 110b
		Zugot of 2 are a danger of Mazikin - Damaging Entitities: Pesachim 110b
	www.aishdas.org /webshas/science/misc/super/kishuf.htm (665 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - SANHEDRIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The latter, which was called "Sanhedrin" or "Bet Din," was regarded as the continuation of the synods which had previously been convened only occasionally.
		2-4 that the Great Bet Din was regarded as a continuation of the Keneset ha-Gedolah; for the so-called "zugot" who were at the head of the Great Bet Din are named after the men of the Great Synagogue, which was regarded as the precursor of the Great Bet Din.
		These five pairs of scholars, who collectively are also designated "zugot" (Peah ii.
	jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=229&letter=S (3032 words)

	Hanukkah
		With the beginning of the Maccabean wars of independence the era of the Sofrim (writers) for religious authority over the Jews, which had begun with Ezra, came to an end.
		Now began the period of the Zugot (pairs), whem two teachers always stood at the head of the Sanhedrin (religious court) - the president
		Hillel and Shamai were the last teachers of the age of the Zugot in the time of King Herod.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/jajz/jewish/hllsham.html (324 words)

	soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Torah and Halachic Authority (3/12) - faqs.org.ru
		We do not know much of the early history of the Oral Torah, but much of it (e.g., the basic structure of the Amidah liturgy, and the basic principles of halakhic exegesis) is ascribed to the Men of the Great Assembly (539-332 BCE, the era of the Second Temple and Persian rule).
		Subsequent development of the Oral Law took place in the era of the Zugot ("pairs" of scholars who served as spiritual and intellectual leaders of the Jewish community under political domination of the Greeks and Hasmoneans; it was in that period that the Sadducees, who substantially rejected the authority of the Oral Torah, arose.
		For a period of about two hundred years, these Zugot were the spiritual guides of Jewish life and the transmitters of the Oral Law.
	faqs.org.ru /en/religion/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha.htm (4146 words)

	Maharal on Avot Perek 1 Mishna 12-13
		While Hillel is known for his openness to others, his calm with their lack of readiness for the truths of Torah, Shammai is known as a qapdan, a stickler for standards.
		At this point, the Mishnah moves away from zugot to just rabbis—beginning with the leaders of each generation, but then just quoting whoever came up.
		In parallel there were five zugot, where the tradition was whole between the two of them (with one focusing on yirah and one on ahavah, as we have seen).
	www.rjconline.org /maharal1mish14-15.html (1338 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		We give you Rabbis of the Talmud, and with it, a magnificent glimpse into their world through beautiful stories and illustrations that capture the imagination.
		The first volume delves into the lives and times of the Zugot, the first official spiritual leaders of the Jewish people during the tumultuous times of the second Temple.
		The book continues in another spellbinding five volumes, which contain five generations of Tannaim, the Rabbis who lived after the destruction of the second Temple.
	www.rebbisofthetalmud.com (226 words)

	Ask the Rabbi - 226
		Rashi explains that this second cup constitutes "zugot" (pairs) which cause damage by demons.
		Please clarify the concept of "zugot" and explain why, if pairs are considered a bad omen, we use two loaves of challa on Shabbat?
		Impure forces have no power against a person meditating on the omnipotence of G-d, so while someone does an activity based on the number one, the "demons" can't do anything to him, as his soul (or sub-conscience, if you will) is aware of G-d's Omnipotence.
	www.ohr.org.il /ask/ask226.htm (1687 words)

	[No title]
		That name refers to the fact that Jewry, in that time, was led by a pair of sages, one of whom was president of the Sanhedrin and the other, chief justice.
		The era of the Zugot and Tannaim is distinct from the periods which came before it in two ways: Earlier, there had been no "Machloket" (as was explained in previous weeks), while in the time of the Zugot we find that first Halachic dispute (see Chagigah 16a-b).
		Also, suggests R' Sherira Gaon, before the time of the Tannaim the primary focus of Torah study was on elucidating the scriptural source for each Halacha (using the G-d-given "13 Midot"), while the primary concern of the Tannaim was to clarify the details and scope of the Halachot themselves.
	www.acoast.com /pub/sehc/hamaayan/9091/miketz.901 (1223 words)

	Avot026
		If this is indeed the case then the tenor of the teaching attributed to him in our present mishnah shows how wholeheartedly he and his colleagues had adapted themselves into Pharisaic society and teaching.
		Apparently, up to the time of the Zugot - the Pairs - there had more or less been unanimity among the sages as to what the halakhah should be in any given case.
		This same mishnah then reports that this same maĥloket persisted through the next four generations of the dual leadership and was not yet resolved even in the time of the last of the zugot, Hillel and Shammai.
	www.bmv.org.il /Shiurim/avot/avot026.html (1002 words)

	Behaalotcha - Read the Shiur - Keren Yishai
		Sh’maya was one of the Zugot, (pairs of Torah Sages who led the nation, one being the Nasi, Prince, ie.
		In any event, the picture that develops before us is of a thread that is woven throughout the generations of the Tannaim that repeatedly emphasizes the value and worth of m’lacha, work, which accompanies Torah study.
		We opened with Sh’maya, one of the Zugot; then meeting Rabi Tzadok of the era of the destruction of the Second Temple; and then finally we encountered the words of Rabban Gamli’el the son of Rabi Yehuda ha’Nasi in the post-destruction era.
	www.kerenyishai.org /shiur_english/behaalotcha64.htm (5071 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, some scholars attest that the Sanhedrin was a single body, combining political, religious, and judicial functions in a community where these aspects were inseparable.
		According to the Talmudic sources, including the tractate Sanhedrin, the Great Sanhedrin was a court of 71 sages that met on fixed occasions in the Lishkat La-Gazit (“Chamber of the Hewn Stones”) in the Jerusalem Temple and that was presided over by two officials (zugot, or “pair”), the nasi and the av bet din.
		It was a religious legislative body “whence the law [Halakha] goes out to all Israel.” Politically, it could appoint the king and the high priest, declare war, and expand the territory of Jerusalem and the Temple.
	www.jfkmontreal.com /cache/fbi_napoleon/brit_sanhedrin.htm (796 words)

	Hebrew Glossary
		Tradition has it that the construction of the Mishkan (the portable sanctuary set up by Moshe in the wilderness) was completed on the 25th day of Kislev, coinciding with the day commemorating the miracle of Chanukah
		Five Zugot of leading scholars, who preceded the tannaitic sages in Eretz Yisrael during the period of 150 years, are listed in the Ethics of the Fathers
		Hillel and Shammai, the last of the five Zugot, are regarded as the first of the Tannaim, whose interpretations of the Torah are recorded in the Mishnah and in other tannaitic works.
	www.headcoverings-by-devorah.com /OrachChayim/HebglossZ.html (1267 words)

	Rabbi Shammai
		For several generations there were Zugot, pairs of Sages, who were responsible for passing the Oral Law on to the next generation.
		Hillel and Shammai were the last of the Zugot.
		That is the whole Torah; the rest is commentary.
	www.jdstone.org /cr/files/rabbishammai.html (223 words)

	Rabbinic writings, Madrash, Torah, Mishna, Tosefta, Haggada
		The first of the zugot also introduced the Mishnaic style of transmitting the oral tradition.
		, the last of the zugot, ushered in the period of the tannaim—“teachers” of the Mishna—at the end of the 1st century
		This era, distinguished by a continuous attempt to consolidate the fragmentary Midrashic and Mishnaic material, culminated in the compilation of the Mishna at the beginning of the 3rd century CE.
	jeromekahn123.tripod.com /hebskaka/id16.html (5682 words)

	Additional Materials: Ancient Scriptures, Literary Structure, Prophetic Interpretation, Prophetic Form (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Midrash study was not supplanted by the Mishnah approach...both were used for halakic and haggadic areas *
		The Mishnah is a sort of collection of the works of Sopherim, Hasidim, Zugot and Tannaim periods assembled and written down by Judah HaNasi c.
		through the period of the hasidim, there were 5 pairs of leaders known as the Zugot who developed instructional methods w/o direct reference to the Law
	www.xenos.org /classes/papers/ancscrip.htm (2491 words)

	Maharal on Avot Perek 1 Mishna 14-15
		Having finished the zugot, the Mishnah continues citing the comments of leaders of the Jewish people.
		Maharal’s explanation assumes that the Mishnayot are focusing on the sole leaders of the Jewish people, yet he had not been concerned about more than one leader when it came to the zugot-- why should they be different?
		Hillel suggests that he thinks of the zugot as more than just two people covering the whole tradition.
	www.rjconline.org /maharal1mish16-18.html (1599 words)

	Local News \| News for Charlotte, North Carolina \| WCNC.com \| Religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Therefore we can reserve the word marriage for heterosexual couples, but Leviticus 19:34 suggests we also need to create a different form of state recognition of enduring gay relationships.
		Let us call them something else – civil unions, domestic partnerships, zugot (that's the modern Israeli term) – whatever, just not the "M" word.
		Thus we honor both the words and (I think) the spirit of the Bible, acknowledging a prohibition while still celebrating the fact that all are made in the divine image.
	www.wcnc.com /sharedcontent/dws/dn/religion/stories/DN-guestcol_05rel.ART.State.Edition1.85f424a.html (907 words)

	Newsgroup FAQ's: soc.culture.jewish.moderated/soc.culture.jewish FAQ: Torah and Halachic Authority (3 12)
		Zugot ("pairs" of scholars who served as spiritual and intellectual
		The term 'Zugot' refers to the two heads of the Sanhedrin (Great
		hundred years, these Zugot were the spiritual guides of Jewish life
	www.newsville.com /cgi-bin/getfaq?file=soc.culture.jewish.moderated/soc.culture.jewish_FAQ:_Torah_and_Halachic_Authority_(3_12) (12153 words)

	[No title]
		He used to say, "A name made great is a name destroyed (32); he who does not increase (his knowledge) decreases (it); and he who does not study deserves to die; and he who makes a worldly use of the crown (of the _Torah_) shall waste away." 14.
		He used to say, "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? But if I care for myself only, what am I? And if not now, when?" (29) Hillel and Shammai, the most renowned of the "pairs" ([zugot]), lived about 100 years before the destruction of the Temple.
		Each was the founder of a school, _Bet Hillel_ and _Bet Shammai_, being generally opposed to one another in the interpretation of the _Torah_.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext05/prav110.txt (16347 words)

	Avodah V3 #43
		Regarding differences between Sfard and Ashkenaz re: minhagei sefira, see Daniel Sperber's _Minhagei Yisrael_, Vol.
		Regarding Talmidei Rabbi Akiva, I once heard a suggestion that they were 12 thousand "zugot", implying that they were matched pairs.
		The suggestion was that one set were Talmidei Rabbi Akiva in learning, the other set were talmidei Rabbi Akiva in his support of the Bar Kochba rebellion.
	www.aishdas.org /avodah/vol03/v03n043.shtml (3757 words)

	phorum - Lookjed List Archive - The Talmud on pairs - "Zugot" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Does anyone have any insights on how to understand the Gemarot in Arvei
		Pesachim (109b - 112a) about the dangers of "zugot" and other things
		Yet the chazal clearly took these things (particularly
	www.lookstein.org /lookjed/read.php?f=1&i=5269&t=5269 (45 words)

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