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	Konrad Zuse - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Zuse also designed a high-level programming language, Plankalkül, allegedly in 1945, although this was a theoretical contribution, since the language was never actually implemented within his lifetime and did not directly influence early implemented languages.
		Zuse designed a high-level programming language, the Plankalkül, allegedly from 1941 to 1945, although he did not publish it until 1972.
		In 1967 Zuse also suggested that the universe itself is running on a grid of computers (digital physics); in 1969 he published the book Rechnender Raum (translated by MIT into English as Calculating Space, 1970).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /konrad_zuse.htm (1143 words)

	Konrad Zuse
		Zuse's company was destroyed in 1945 by an Allied attack, together with the Z3.
		Zuse also developed the first high-level programming language, the Plankalkül in 1945, for which no compiler or interpreter was available until 2000.
		Zuse died December 18, 1995 in Hünfeld[?], Germany.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ko/Konrad_Zuse.html (516 words)

	Konrad Zuse -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Zuse also designed a high-level programming language, (additional info and facts about Plankalkül) Plankalkül, allegedly in 1945, although this was a theoretical contribution, since the language was never actually implemented within his lifetime and did not directly influence early implemented languages.
		Zuse built the Z2, a revised version of his machine, from telephone (Electrical device such that current flowing through it in one circuit can switch on and off a current in a second circuit) relays.
		Zuse designed a (additional info and facts about high-level programming language) high-level programming language, the (additional info and facts about Plankalkül) Plankalkül, allegedly from 1941 to 1945, although he did not publish it until 1972.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ko/konrad_zuse.htm (1243 words)

	Konrad Zuse
		Konrad Zuse was born in Berlin in 1910.
		Zuse soon learned that one of the most difficult aspects of doing a large calculation with either a slide rule or a mechanical adding machine is keeping track of all intermediate results and using them in their proper place in later steps of the calc ulation.
		Zuse suddenly realized that, once you had the instuctions coded for the control mechanism, there was no longer any need for the calculating-plan form at all and it had become nothing more than a series of boxes acting like a memory.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/zuse_konrad.html (352 words)

	Zuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The main reason why Zuse succeeded in building his mechanical computer where Babbage had failed, was the fact that Zuse's Z1 was a binary machine with two position switches to represent 0 and 1.
		Some of Zuse's computers were destroyed in bombing raids near the end of the war although the Z3 was reconstructed in 1960 for display in a museum in Munich.
		Zuse began work on his Z4 computer in 1942, and it was almost complete when, due to continued air raids, it was moved from Berlin to Göttingen.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Zuse.html (1056 words)

	Konrad Zuse (1910 - 1995)
		Zuse knew little of Bush's Differential Analyser, was almost completely unaware of Babbage's Analytical Engine theories, and had never heard of George Boole, and yet he set out to develop a general-purpose computer, designed to operate on boolean principles.
		Zuse decided to incorporate the mechanical memory of the Z1 in his next machine, but to replace mechanical signal routing devices with a relay-based unit.
		Never a man to give up easily, Zuse continued to work on his Z4 (essentially the same machine as the Z3, but with an increased memory of 32 bits), moving the machine all over the city to avoid the devastation of the Berlin blitz and discovery by allied troops.
	www.kerryr.net /pioneers/zuse.htm (748 words)

	Konrad Zuse: Preface
		Zuse was an amazing man who was years ahead of his time.
		Also, Zuse was completely unaware of any computer-related developments in Germany or in other countries until a very late stage, so he independently conceived and implemented the principles of modern digital computers in isolation.
		The development of the Z4 and the Zuse Apparatebau from 1942 to 1945 in Berlin is described, and also the slightly modified architecture of the Z4 for the ETH-Zürich in 1950.
	www.epemag.com /zuse (370 words)

	Encyclopedia: Konrad Zuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Konrad Zuses Z3 was the first working freely programmable, fully automatic machine, which attributes have often been the exact ones used as criteria in defining a computer.
		The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
		A glide bomb is an aerial bomb that is modified with aerodynamic surfaces to modify its flight path from a purely ballistic one, to a flatter, gliding, one.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Konrad-Zuse (2674 words)

	Learn more about Konrad Zuse in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		His greatest achievements were the completion of world's first working programmable computer in 1941 and the design of the first high-level programming language Plankalkül in 1945 (although the language was never actually implemented within his lifetime).
		However, its Turing-completeness was never envisioned by Zuse and only proven in 1998.
		Zuse received several awards for his work, and had many streets named after him.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /k/ko/konrad_zuse.html (774 words)

	Zuse's Z3, the World's First Programmable Computer
		Several years before the Colossus in the U.K. and the ENIAC in the U.S., the Z3, built by Konrad Zuse in 1941, was crunching numbers in Germany.
		Zuse's machine saw use during the war, but not as a codebreaker.
		Instead it was used to perform statistical analysis of the stresses on aircraft wings, and in particular, a problem known as wing-flutter.
	radio.weblogs.com /0105910/2004/06/07.html (517 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:03.4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Zuse's choice of a general purpose approach was based on his separation of the different elements: an arithmetic unit to do the calculations, a memory for storing numbers, a control system to supervise operations, plus input and output stages.
		Zuse was soon convinced it was the right approach, and this led to the design of the Z3, which was probably the first operational, general-purpose, programmable computer.
		Zuse's image suffered from his location both in geography and time, since we now know that his work included in an elementary way many of the features of modern machines.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/3/034.html (1457 words)

	Zuse, Konrad -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Zuse's language allowed for the creation of procedures (also called routines or subroutines; stored chunks of code that could be invoked repeatedly to perform routine operations such as taking a square root) and structured data (such as a record in a database, with a...
		In Germany, Konrad Zuse began construction of the Z4 in 1943 with funding from the Air Ministry.
		Konrad Zuse had looked upon this possibility as “making a contract with the Devil” because of the potential for abuse, and he had chosen not to implement it in his machines.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9112370 (645 words)

	Inventors Of The Modern Computer: Konrad Zuse - Inventors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Zuse left for Zurich to finish his work, and later moved to the United States, where he formed his own company for the construction and marketing of his designs.
		The Z1 was Zuse's test model, he used it to explore several, ground-breaking, technologies, in calculator development: on the software side there was program control, using the binary system of numbers and floating point arithmetic, a high-capacity memory, and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle.
		In 1939, Zuse completed the Z2, the first, fully functioning, electro-mechanical computer, which was able to complete his design for using relay type operations.
	www.american.edu /carmel/ps1554a/Zuse.htm (586 words)

	The "Plankalkül" of Konrad Zuse: A Forerunner of Today's Programming Languages
		We are led to an investigation of Zuse's Plankalkül not only because of historical interest, but also because the necessary critical reflection on the state of the art with its possible gaps and weaknesses may gain from such a study.
		Zuse says Strukturen for structured values and their corresponding modes; he says Art for the conglomerate consisiting of a Struktur together with its pragmatic meaning (Typ) and a possible restriction (Beschränkung), which says which of the elements of a certain structure are meaningful.
		Zuse's pioneering achievement of the forties should not be diminished by certain limitations, e.g.
	www.catb.org /~esr/retro/plankalkuel (3588 words)

	Read about Konrad Zuse at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Konrad Zuse and learn about Konrad Zuse here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		World War II, however, Zuse's work initially went largely unnoticed in the UK and the US; possibly his first documented influence on a US company was IBM's
		Free University of Berlin implemented it in 2000, five years after Zuse died.
		DM, and required four individuals (including Zuse) to assemble it.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Konrad_Zuse (888 words)

	Computer History Museum - Lectures - Konrad Zuse Colloquium & Z23 Mainframe Dedication
		Zuse developed functioning program-controlled computing machinery as early as 1936 and went on to form a successful European computer business in the 1950s.
		Professor Rojas will be speaking about Zuse's early machines (the Z1 - Z4) and will be demonstrating a reconstruction of the adding unit of the Z3 made of relays, which he is also kindly donating to Computer History Museum.
		An extended paper by Horst Zuse on his father's life and contributions is available here.
	www.computerhistory.org /events/lectures/zuse_10011999 (331 words)

	Konrad Zuse
		The exhibition presents along with the reconstruction of the world's first computer, other important original Zuse KG computers and never before shown documents, photographs, and numerous paintings.
		In a note book entry from June 20, 1937, Zuse predicted the future of the computer as follows: "With this primitive type of mechanical brain it should be possible to solve all thought tasks which are ascertainable by mechanisms."
		It was developed in cooperation with the Zuse family.
	dtmb.de /Aktuelles/Sonderausstellungen/Zuse_Ausstellung/body_en.html (146 words)

	Computer History Museum - Zuse Computer Z23 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		On April 30, 1999 19 students of the Konrad Zuse Schule (Konrad Zuse School) in Hünfeld, where Konrad Zuse lived from 1956 till his death in 1995, finished the assembly of the historical Computer Z23 of the Zuse KG for the delivery to Computer History Museum in Mountain View (California) close to San Francisco.
		The students of the Class 11 IT of the Konrad Zuse Schule in Hünfeld restored together with the class teacher Bubenheim and Leopold Stein, who is a member of the Konrad Zuse Gesellschaft, the historical Z23 computer.
		The development of the computer Z23 began in 1958 by the Zuse KG and the first Z23 was delivered in 1961.
	www.computerhistory.org /projects/zuse_z23 (1839 words)

	Konrad Zuse: The Invention of the Computer
		Many reference resources state that the first large-scale digital program-controlled computer was the Harvard Mark 1, which was developed by Howard H. Aiken (and team) in the United States in 1944.
		In addition, it provided conditional statements that could modify program execution, as well as repeat, or loop, statements that would cause a marked block of statements or a subroutine to be repeated a specified number of times or for as long as some condition held.
		The story of Konrad Zuse and his revolutionary invention - the computer (or mechanical brain as he liked to call it), which Zuse built in his parents' living room.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/zusecomputer.html (634 words)

	KONRAD ZUSE
		The first programmable machine built by someone other than Zuse was Aiken's MARK I (US, 1944) which was still decimal, without separation of storage and control.
		In 1970, Peter's renowned atlas of world history already listed Zuse among the century's 30 most important figures, along with Einstein, Gandhi, Hitler, Lenin, Roosevelt, Mao, Picasso, etc. A fairly complete collection of Zuse's writings and pictures of his machines can be found in this online archive.
		1967: Zuse is the first to suggest that the universe itself is running on a grid of computers (digital physics); 1969 he publishes the book "Rechnender Raum" (Computing Space); in the new millennium such wild ideas have suddenly started to attract a lot of attention (e.g., see the "everything" archive).
	www.idsia.ch /~juergen/zuse.html (400 words)

	Zuse - Computing Reference - eLook.org
		The Zuse type system includes fully hidden types (similar to Modula-2 opaque types but without any implementation restriction), semi-open pointer types (same as Modula-2 opaque types), extensible record types (similar to Oberon-1 public projection types but without the compiler hint), enumeration types, extensible enumeration types, and extensible subrange types.
		A type can also be protected by specifying the operations that particular modules may perform (similar to C++ friend classes and Ada private types).
		Zuse also includes hidden and extensible constants and hidden inline procedures.
	www.elook.org /computing/zuse.htm (123 words)

	Konrad Zuse and his Z1, Z3, and Z4
		(Zuse had considered employing vacuum tubes, but he decided to use relays because they were more readily available, and also because he feared that tubes were somewhat unreliable).
		Sadly, the original Z3 was destroyed by bombing in 1944 and therefore didn't survive the war (although a new Z3 was reconstructed in the 1960s).
		Also, Zuse was completely unaware of any computer-related developments in Germany or in other countries until a very late stage.
	www.maxmon.com /1941ad.htm (428 words)

	DDJ>Simulating Konrad Zuse's Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		However, Zuse is popularly recognized in Germany as the "father of the computer," and his Z1, a programmable automaton built from 1936 to 1938, has been called the world's "first programmable calculating machine."
		Konrad Zuse was born in Berlin in 1910 and died in December of 1995.
		Zuse decided to build his first prototype exploiting two main ideas -- that the machine would work with binary numbers and that the computing and control unit would be separated from the storage (this would be later called a "von Neumann architecture").
	www.ddj.com /documents/s=881/ddj0009e/0009e.htm (699 words)

	Zuse-Institut Berlin - Fussnavigation
		Zuse left this job early to set up an "inventor´s workshop" in the living room of his parents' apartment in Berlin.
		Konrad Zuse developed new ideas about computing but devoted most of his time to painting.
		Giloi, Wolfgang K.: Konrad Zuses Plankalkül als Vorläufer moderner Programmier-Modelle, 1990, published by ZIB as Technical Report TR-90-13.
	www.zib.de /General/Prospekt/zuse/text.en.html (395 words)

	Konrad Zuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Konrad Zuse was born in 1910 and died in 1995.
		Given the title "Inventor of the Computer," Konrad Zuse studied construction engineering in Berlin, Germany, and built the ZI -- the first mechanical calculator.
		Zuse created more advanced calculators, such as the Z4, and also devloped the first algorithmic programming language in 1945-46, called "Plankalkul."
	www.wellesley.edu /CS/courses/CS110/History/KonradZuse.html (143 words)

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