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Topic: Zygomycetes

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Zygomycota

Scientific classification

Giardia

	Chapter 3b Zygomycota
		The name of the class is derived from the way in which they reproduce sexually by the physical blending - fusion or conjugation - of morphologically similar gametangia to form a zygosporangium (the teleomorphic phase).
		Zygomycete cell walls are mainly of chitin and the nuclei in their vegetative hyphae are haploid.
		This, surely the most elaborate of all zygomycetous anamorphs, grows on the dung of rats in Death Valley, California, and produces a tall, dichotomously branched sporangiophore (a,b) that is repeatedly thrown into tight coils (c).
	www.mycolog.com /CHAP3b.htm (2817 words)

	Zygomycota - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zygomycete hyphae are coenocytic, with septa only where gametes are formed.
		The Zygomycota are generally placed at the base of the fungal phylogenetic tree, having diverged from other fungi after chytrids.
		However, molecular phylogenetic investigation zygomycetes to be a polyphyletic grouping of a number of different evolutionary lineages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zygomycetes (339 words)

	zygomycetes
		Zygomycetes which we will touch upon are mostly coencytic (hyphae with no septations) though species exist which are septate.
		Below, study the life cycle of Rhizopus (known as bread mold), a very common zygomycete which most of you have noticed growing on bread exposed to air.
		Sexual cycle of Rhizopus: When 2 genetically different hyphae meet, swellings form and are eventually cut off from the hyphae by a septation.After fusion, the wall between them dissolves.
	www2.mcdaniel.edu /Biology/botf99/fungifromweb/zygomycetes.html (404 words)

	Zygomycetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Zygomycetes are one of the four major groups of fungi, the others being the Oomycetes, the Ascomycetes, and the Basidiomycetes.
		Zygomycetes are common, fast growing, and often overgrow and/or inhibit other fungi nearby.
		Rhizopus and Mucor are two of the most common Zygomycetes seen in the indoor environment.
	www.emlab.com /app/fungi/Fungi.po?event=fungi&type=secondary&species=129&name=Zygomycetes (72 words)

	Communication in Zygomycetes - Zygomycetes and trisporoids
		Mucor mucedo, Blakeslea trispora, Phycomyces blakesleeanus are heterothallic Mucoraceae, one family of zygomycetes.
		After touch and exchange of chemical signals of different mating types, dark, round zygospores develop.
		The molecular control of differentiation in zygomycetes is done by the trisporic acid pathway, which is not known in detail.
	www.ice.mpg.de /bol/research/zygomycetes/zygomycetes.htm?mp=78 (260 words)

	Grasshoppers: Their Biology, Identification and Management: HANDBOOK - I.5 Identification of Fungal Pathogens of ...
		There are two main groups of fungi that have species pathogenic to grasshoppers: the zygomycetes and the deuteromycetes.
		Some zygomycete species are obligate pathogens of grasshoppers.
		Zygomycetes (Entomophthorales).—The pathogenic Entomophthorales are complex and poorly understood.
	www.sidney.ars.usda.gov /grasshopper/Handbook/I/i_5.htm (1201 words)

	Zygomycetes in Human Disease -- Ribes et al. 13 (2): 236 -- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
		Organisms of the class Zygomycetes were first noted to cause disease in humans in publications from the 1800's.
		The major mode of disease transmission for the zygomycetes is presumed to be via inhalation of spores from environmental sources.
		Gastrointestinal disease caused by the zygomycetes is relatively uncommon.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/13/2/236 (8625 words)

	Lovastatin Has Significant Activity against Zygomycetes and Interacts Synergistically with Voriconazole -- Chamilos et ...
		Zygomycetes hyphae were prepared after 18 h of incubation in RPMI media, washed, and resuspended in RPMI media containing AMB (2 µg/ml), LOV (16 and 4 µg/ml), VRC (2 µg/ml), or VRC in combination with LOV (2 and 4 µg/ml, respectively).
		Zygomycetes isolates in vivo in the Drosophila model of zygomycosis.
		In vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungals.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/50/1/96 (4444 words)

	Publication List
		Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): A new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae.
		Levels of diversity in endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes) and their role in defining taxonomic and nontaxonomic groups.
		Discovery, measurement, and interpretation of diversity in symbiotic endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes).
	invam.caf.wvu.edu /collection/pubs/pubs.htm (831 words)

	A Resident's Fungal Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Zygomycetes are nearly nonseptate, but septae may be seen on sporangiophores subjacent to the sporangia and in other locations in older cultures
		Zygomycetes may occasionally demonstrate septae, as shown in the Figure 3, below.
		Sporangia are often smaller than those of other zygomycetes and range from 60-100μ; some overlap in size still exists, however.
	pangloss.ucsfmedicalcenter.org /Education/fung_morph/zygompage.html (781 words)

	European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
		Cases of zygomycosis (the opportunistic fungal infection caused by the members of Zygomycetes) increased dramatically over the past several years.
		Among the zygomycetes considered as opportunistic human and/or animal pathogens, PAF was effective against Absidia, Mortierella, Rhizomucor and Rhizopus.
		These results support the assumption that PAF and similar low molecular mass basic antifungal proteins produced by filamentous fungi should be considered as promising candidates in future antifungal drug research.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /eccmid15/abstract.asp?id=37586 (316 words)

	Phylogeny and PCR Identification of Clinically Important Zygomycetes Based on Nuclear Ribosomal-DNA Sequence Data -- ...
		The number of opportunistic species reported to be involved in fungal infections in humans is increasing rapidly (37).
		Zygomycete fungi pose difficult diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because (i) the spectrum of opportunistic zygomycoses
		Of the 42 strains of Zygomycetes studied (Table 1), 20 were isolated from clinical sources.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/37/12/3957 (3884 words)

	Mycology Online -- Zygomycetes
		Zygomycetes are usually fast growing fungi characterized by primitive coenocytic (mostly aseptate) hyphae.
		Laboratory identification of some zygomycetous fungi, especially Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis may be difficult or delayed because of the mould's failure to sporulate on the primary isolation media or on subsequent subculture onto potato dextrose agar.
		Sporulation may be stimulated by the use of nutrient deficient media, like cornmeal-glucose-sucrose-yeast extract agar, Czapek Dox agar, or by using the agar block method described by Ellis and Ajello (1982) and Ellis and Kaminski (1985).
	www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au /Fungal_Descriptions/Zygomycetes/index.html (192 words)

	Molecular Identification of Zygomycetes from Culture and Experimentally Infected Tissues -- Schwarz et al. 44 (2): 340 ...
		Molecular Identification of Zygomycetes from Culture and Experimentally Infected Tissues -- Schwarz et al.
		regions for Zygomycetes on a large panel of isolates (1).
		Phylogeny and origin of 82 zygomycetes from all 54 genera of the Mucorales and Mortierellales based on combined analysis of actin and translation elongation factor EF-1alpha genes.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/44/2/340 (3661 words)

	European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
		The aim of this study was to evaluate carbon assimilation profiles as a tool for identification of the most common Zygomycetes responsible for infections in humans.
		Strips were inoculated by spore suspensions of 47 well-characterized isolates belonging to 8 Zygomycetes species (15 Rhizopus oryzae, 8 Absidia corymbifera, 7 Mucor circinelloides, 7 Rhizomucor pusillus, 4 Rhizopus microsporus, 3 Syncephalastrumracemosum, 2 Mucor indicus and 1 Cunninghamella bertholletiae).
		These results demonstrate that diagnosis of the main pathogenic Zygomycetes to the genus and species level is possible based on their carbon assimilation profiles.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /eccmid16/abstract.asp?id=50007 (259 words)

	Zygomycetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This website describes Zygomycetes, which are fungi that reproduce sexually by forming zygospores.
		A introduction to Zygomycetes can be found in Overview of the Zygomycetes.
		You can also read about the Orders, the Families, or the Genera of the Zygomycetes.
	www.zygomycetes.org (59 words)

	sched
		Zygomycetes: Syncelphalastrum or Piptocephalis, Rhizopus, Gilbertella, Zygorhynchus (homothallic).
		Requirements: except for water molds, the collections have to correctly identified to genus; all cultures must be pure, I. e.
		For Zygomycetes, you do not get credit for collecting and culturing the same genus.
	sorrel.humboldt.edu /~dll2/358/sched.html (262 words)

	Projects
		The substance was baptized after Blakeslea trispora, a zygomycete containing three spores in its sporangia (sporangiola) -thus trispora- and being a natural overproducer of carotene and trisporic acid.
		We study sexual and parasitic interactions at several complementary analytical levels: genetically, physiologically, biochemically and phylogenetically with respect to the origin of the trisporic acid system and the evolutionary connections between sexuality and parasitism.
		We hypothesize that the trisporoid language is generally understood in zygomycetes.
	www2.uni-jena.de /biologie/mikrobio/projects (628 words)

	Richard E. Edelmann, Botany Dept. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For biological test organisms I study the ultrastructural reproductive development of members of the fungal class Zygomycetes.
		As group of organisms, the Zygomycetes are some of the most commonly found organisms and yet some of the most understudied organisms sharing our planet.
		Each of the Zygomycetes gamete cells contain from 10-60 haploid nuclei, which after under going karyogamy and subsequent meiosis, some how result in the production of only 1 to a few genotypes following sexual reproduction.
	www.cas.muohio.edu /botany/bot/edelmare/re.html (181 words)

	Comparative mitochondrial genomics in zygomycetes: bacteria-like RNase P RNAs, mobile elements and a close source of ...
		Comparative mitochondrial genomics in zygomycetes: bacteria-like RNase P RNAs, mobile elements and a close source of the group I intron invasion in angiosperms -- Seif et al.
		Comparative mitochondrial genomics in zygomycetes: bacteria-like RNase P RNAs, mobile elements and a close source of the group I intron invasion in angiosperms
		Clearly, both the position of A.macrogynus and the branching order of the zygomycetes remain unclear, although the topology is robust overall.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/2/734 (5096 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The phylum contains two classes, the Zygomycetes and the Trichomycetes.
		The Zygomycetes are made up of 6 orders, 29 families, 120 genera, and almost 800 species.
		The Zygomycetes contain only 1% of the known species of fungi, but its members are distinctive.
	www.plu.edu /~colbobe/page2.html (199 words)

	eMedicine - Zygomycosis : Article by Jose A Vazquez, MD, FACP, FIDSA
		The Zygomycetes, for unknown reasons, have a propensity to affect acidotic patients—in particular, patients with diabetes.
		FDA approved 3 novel lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Advantages over standard amphotericin B deoxycholate are that it delivers higher concentrations of amphotericin B, resulting in a theoretical increase in therapeutic potential and it has decreased nephrotoxicity (25%).
		Dannaoui E, Meletiadis J, Mouton JW, et al: In vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungals.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2438.htm (3217 words)

	[No title]
		Since many of the zygomycetes reproduce asexually more readily than sexually, asexual reproductive structures are used to delimit orders and families.
		You will be given a set of numbered cultures of species of zygomycetes.
		Using the handout with illustrations of sporangial types for various families you must match each of the cultures with an appropriate sporangium morphology.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /ib/471/lectures/371_day27/IB371_AsexualZYG.doc (547 words)

	Biological Diversity 4
		The zygomycete hyphae do not have one nucleus per cell, but rather have long multinucleate, haploid hyphae that comprise their mycelia.
		Most zygomycetes feed on dead or decaying plant and animal material.
		are fungi (usually a zygomycete or basidiomycete) symbiotic with the roots of plants.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_4.html (942 words)

	Calibration
		Because the species being compared are represented unevenly in public sequence databases, taxa were chosen so that roughly the same number of genes were analyzed in each training set, rather than simply to maximize the numbers of species or sequences present.
		To increase the amount of data in this training set without biasing sample sizes, we pooled sequences from all species in the Zygomycetes with all available Chytridiomycete coding sequences, and compared this training set with a set from a single plant genus, Medicago.
		We chose this option, rather than including an arbitrary subset of sequences from the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, because Zygomycetes and Chytridiomycetes appear to have diverged from their common ancestor less recently than the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, based on 18S ribosomal RNA sequence data [
	www.santafe.edu /~pth/diss/diss/node12.html (648 words)

	Zygomycetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This group of fungi produce a thick-walled resting spore called a zygospore that develops within a zygosporangium formed as a result of the complete fusion of two equal or unequal gametangia.
		Most Zygomycetes produce a well-developed mycelium consisting of coenocytic hyphae.
		Asexual reproduction is typically by sporangiospores although some species produce chlamydospores.
	plantpathology.tamu.edu /PLPA/Projects/1/zygomycetes.html (63 words)

	Algal fungi (Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Zygomycetes)
		Cell structure - Nucleus - Algal fungi (Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Zygomycetes)
		The nuclei can be readily distinguished from the vacuoles by their nucleoli.
		For further films please search the IWF media catalogue for "cell biology".
	www.cells.de /cellseng/1medienarchiv/Zellstruktur/Zellkern/Algenpilz/index.jsp (100 words)

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