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Topic: Zymogens

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Gastric gland zymogenic cell

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	Hereditary Pancreatitis-associated Mutation Asn21 right-arrow Ile Stabilizes Rat Trypsinogen in Vitro -- ...
		zymogens and their active trypsin forms were characterized.
		Enterokinase Activation of Zymogens-- Time courses of enterokinase-catalyzed conversion of TG to trypsin were followed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie Blue staining.
		Activity was expressed as percentage of the potential total activity, as determined on similar zymogen samples activated with enterokinase.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/274/42/29699 (3748 words)

	CSIRO PUBLISHING - Reproduction, Fertility and Development
		In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that glucocorticoids stimulate the synthesis of gastric protease zymogens in the perinatal period of pigs.
		Zymogen contents were also determined in control (untreated) pigs from one week before birth to four weeks after birth.
		In control pigs, concentration of prochymosin increased rapidly before term, peaked at birth, and decreased in the postnatal period; concentrations of pepsinogen A, pepsinogen B and progastricsin were low in newborn pigs and increased in the weeks after birth.
	www.publish.csiro.au /nid/44/paper/RD9951293.htm (327 words)

	The Individualist: Zymogen
		The zymogens are stored in zymogen granules, capsules that have walls that are thought to be resistant to proteolysis.
		A zymogen or a proenzyme, is an inactive enzyme precursor.
		Examples of zymogens are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pepsinogen, most of the proteins of the coagulation system, some of the proteins of the complement system, the caspases.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Zymogen (547 words)

	The complement system and innate immunity. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The active protease is retained at the pathogen surface, and this ensures that the next complement zymogen in the pathway is also cleaved and activated at the pathogen surface.
		Thus the complement zymogens, factor B and C2, are closely related proteins encoded by homologous genes located in tandem in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on human chromosome 6.
		The activation of these zymogens usually occurs on a pathogen surface, and the activated complement fragments produced in the ensuing cascade of reactions usually bind nearby or are rapidly inactivated by hydrolysis.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=imm.section.161 (6669 words)

	Protein folding and disease
		Nonetheless, blood coagulation stands as the model proteolytic cascade in which information is passed through a pathway by sequential activations of protease zymogens, with a minimal pathway requiring the proteases Factor VII, Factor X and prothrombin (see 'Signalling scissors: new perspectives on proteases').
		Rather than a simple on/off switch, it could be that conformational equilibria dominate the zymogen transition, so that proteases can slide back and forth between the active and latent state in response to the surrounding environment.
		In the intrinsic pathway, all zymogens and cofactors are constituents of the blood.
	www.nature.com /horizon/proteases/summary.html (5202 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Jeremy Johnson1 and Ronald T. Raines 1,2 Dept of Biochemistry1 and Chemistry2, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706 Zymogen precursors are a common biological strategy employed to control and direct the potentially harmful but necessary activity of proteases.
		Although ribonucleases are not normally packaged as zymogens, this basic design has been adapted to impart selective activity and toxicity to ribonucleases in the presence of activating hepatitis C NS3 protease.
		HCV zymogens have displayed activity increases of up to 914-fold in the presence of NS3 protease with near wild-type activated activity (8.1x 106 M-1 s-1).
	www.bact.wisc.edu /biotech/STUDENT/R.JeremyJohnson/Johnson2004abstract.doc (153 words)

	Alcohols enhance caerulein-induced zymogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells -- Lu et al. 282 (3): 501 -- AJP - ...
		Activation of zymogens within the pancreatic acinar cell is an early feature of acute pancreatitis.
		The effect of ethanol on the concentration-dependent increase in zymogen activation by caerulein was examined (Fig.
		Agents that enhance the effects of CCK on zymogen activation might be relevant to human disease.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/282/3/G501 (3931 words)

	E383: Crystal Structure Of Pro-Plasmepsin II From Plasmodium Falciparum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Like all known parasitic and mammalian aspartic proteinases, the plasmepsins are initially produced as zymogens, inactive precursors with an amino-terminal extension or pro-segment.
		In the acidic environment of the digestive vacuole, the zymogens are converted to the mature enzymes.
		While the mature plasmepsins exhibit sequence similarity to other aspartic proteinases such as renin and cathepsin D, their pro-segments are unique in size and sequence among the zymogens.
	aca.hwi.buffalo.edu /ACA97/abstracts/text/E383.html (305 words)

	CHE 415 - General Biochemistry I - Lecture 16, Enzyme Regulation by Proteolytic Activation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		1) A number of enzymes with activities potentially harmful to cells when the enzymes are inside are produced as “zymogens,” inactive precursors which are proteolytically cleaved to yield the active enzyme.
		The best known examples of zymogens are the precursors to proteolytic enzymes of mammalian digestive tracts, most of which are synthesized in pancreatic cells and exported into the small intestine, where they cleave dietary proteins into small peptides and amino acids.
		Because of the quantities of zymogen secreted, the pancreatic acinar cells responsible appear as large collections of dense granules (because of the density of protein solutions) under the microscope.
	people.uis.edu /efish1/Che415/Lectur16/lectur16.htm (1290 words)

	Codistribution of TAP and the granule membrane protein GRAMP-92 in rat caerulein-induced pancreatitis -- Otani et al. ...
		Possible lysosomal activation of pancreatic zymogens: activation of both human trypsinogens by cathepsin B and spontaneous acid activation of human trypsinogen.
		Zymogen proteolysis within the pancreatic acinar cell is associated with cellular injury.
		Intrapancreatic zymogen activation and levels of ATP and glutathione during caerulein pancreatitis in rats.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/275/5/G999 (5377 words)

	Binding of the Golgi Sorting Receptor Muclin to Pancreatic Zymogens through Sulfated O-linked Oligosaccharides -- ...
		S]sulfate-labeled Muclin binds to a subset of zymogens in an overlay assay.
		B, zymogen granule proteins were stained with Coomassie Blue and identified by trypsin digestion/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometric analysis and N-terminal sequencing.
		zymogen granules (13, 38), whereas mice have mostly sulfated
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/39/40918 (4843 words)

	Structure and development of rabbit pepsinogens. Stage-specific zymogens, nucleotide sequences of cDNAs, molecular ...
		In order to clarify the structure and development of rabbit pepsinogens, purification and molecular cloning of these proteins were performed at various developmental stages.
		Pepsinogens F and M were present only at the early postnatal stage, and their level was higher than those of other pepsinogens at this stage.
		Pepsinogens in groups I, II, and III were the predominant zymogens at the late postnatal stage.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2129536.html (357 words)

	A Scenario for the Evolution of Hemostasis
		It is a standard convention to refer to inactive enzymes as zymogens and to use "pro-" as a prefix.
		That is, some part of the zymogen protein structure is cut out and removed by another protease, or a single cut is made that allows the zymogen to refold itself into a new shape.
		Binding the zymogen or active protease to these receptors changes their shape in such a way that their activity is greatly enhanced [Higashi and Iwanaga 1998].
	home.tiac.net /~cri/1998/hemostasis.html (6903 words)

	Caspase activation: The induced-proximity model -- Salvesen and Dixit 96 (20): 10964 -- Proceedings of the National ...
		Immediately after recruitment, the zymogen is processed by an adjacent zymogen, resulting in proteolytic activation and origination of active caspase-8 as the initiating death signal.
		Presumably, the active form of caspase-8 (designated as a dimer as seen in the structures of active caspases 1 and 3) releases itself from the adapter after proteolytic removal of the N-terminal DED, though it is not clear how the endogenous activated enzyme distributes in the cell.
		the zymogenicity of caspase-8, the ratio of its activity as a
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/20/10964 (4123 words)

	Apoptosis Protocols and Applications Guide
		Caspase activation involves cleaving the zymogen at a specific aspartic acid in the region between the large and small subunits and removing the prodomain.
		Because caspases exist as zymogens, their activity is thought to be regulated primarily post-translationally.
		Caspase zymogens are cleaved between the large and small subunits, and the prodomains are removed.
	www.promega.com /paguide/chap3.htm (9475 words)

	Blood Coagulation
		At each stage a precursor protein (zymogen) is converted to an active protease by cleavage of one or more peptide bonds in the precursor molecule.
		The structures of the protease zymogens involved in coagulation (i.e., factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X, XI, XII, and kallikrein) are shown in Fig.
		The zymogen form of factor XIII is converted to an active enzyme (XIIIa) by thrombin (Fig.
	tollefsen.wustl.edu /projects/coagulation/coagulation.html (2316 words)

	Biology 403: Lecture 10: Carbohydrates
		Zymogens are inactive forms of proteins that have to be shortened by hydrolysis in order for them to assume their active state.
		A variety of proteins require this kind of activation, but the prototypical zymogens are the precursors to proteases.
		Here the utility of this form of synthesis is clear: if a molecule of a broad-spectrum protease is synthesized in its active form, it might cleave a neighboring molecule of the same enzyme before the latter ever had a chance to cleave its biologically relevant target, thereby decreasing the availability of the enzyme.
	www.csrri.iit.edu /~howard/biol403/carbohydrates.html (660 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The pancreas is a large glandular organ, the bulk of which acts as an exocrine gland dedicated to the production of digestive enzymes that are secreted via the pancreatic duct into the small intestine.
		The activation process is autocatalytic and is triggered by the enzyme enteropeptidase which is continually secreted in an active form by the cells lining the small intestine.
		However, an American group using culture models of the rat exocrine pancreas has suggested that acidification of the acinar and duct lumen leads to faulty trafficking of the zymogen granules and solubilises the proenzymes contained in the granules.
	florey.biosci.uq.edu.au /GMC/pancenz.html (573 words)

	[Frontiers in Bioscience 3, d973-984, September 1, 1998] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As shown in figure 1, this cascade is based on three serine protease zymogens, factor C (34), factor B (53,54), proclotting enzyme (55,56), and one clottable protein, coagulogen.
		is a serine protease zymogen, which is highly similar to factor B (40.5% amino acid sequence identity) and the proclotting enzyme (37.7% sequence identity).
		Recently, we found that the folding pattern of the three disulfide bridges of the clip domain in both factor B and the clotting enzyme previously mentioned is identical to that of big defensin (8).
	www.bioscience.org /1998/v3/d/iwanaga/3.htm (3376 words)

	Kinetics of intra- and intermolecular zymogen activation with formation of an enzyme-zymogen complex -- Fuentes et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kinetics of intra- and intermolecular zymogen activation with formation of an enzyme-zymogen complex -- Fuentes et al.
		Z is the zymogen, E is both the activating protease and the activated enzyme, EZ is the complex enzyme–substrate intermediate of the reaction, and W is one or more peptides released from Z during the formation of E. View larger version (6K):
		Manjabacas MC, Valero E, García-Moreno M, Garrido C and Varón R. (1996) Kinetics of an autocatalytic zymogen reaction in the presence of an inhibitor coupled to a monitoring reaction.
	content.febsjournal.org /cgi/content/full/272/1/85 (4928 words)

	Activation of a protease cascade involved in patterning the Drosophila embryo -- LeMosy et al. 98 (9): 5055 -- ...
		During activation of this cascade, the GD zymogen is cleaved to
		by a spatially uniform cleavage of the GD zymogen, with spatial
		Although present as a zymogen during oogenesis, GD apparently is cleaved during early embryogenesis to a smaller polypeptide
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/9/5055 (4305 words)

	Enzyme Regulators
		In addition, a strongly alkaline pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic chyme.
		Enterokinase is used to activate the zymogen, trypsinogen, to trypsin.
		The activation of trypsinogen to trypsin occurs as follows: Enterokinase hydrolyzes the peptide bond between amino acid residues 15 and 16 liberating a small peptide.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/573regulate.html (557 words)

	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of trypsinogen modulates the severity of acute pancreatitis -- Singh ...
		B from the lysosome-enriched to the zymogen granule–enriched
		After subcellular fractionation of homogenized pancreas samples, cathepsin B in the zymogen granule–enriched fraction and lysosome-enriched fraction was measured as described in the text and expressed as a ratio.
		Pancreatic duct obstruction in rabbits causes digestive zymogen and lysosomal enzyme colocalization.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/108/9/1387 (4740 words)

	PSC 3110 - Amino Acid Metabolism
		This fluid contains the zymogens trypsinogen and chymotrysinogen, which are cleaved to produce trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively.
		It should be mentioned that the pancreatic cells contain a molecule known as pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, which prevents the premature cleavage of the zymogens mentioned above to their active forms.
		In a condition known as acute pancreatitis, these zymogens are prematurely converted to the active form inside the pancreatic cells, resulting in destruction of the pancreas which is painful and potentially life threatening.
	wiz2.pharm.wayne.edu /biochem/aametab.html (1941 words)

	S-Nitrosylation of mitochondrial caspases -- Mannick et al. 154 (6): 1111 -- The Journal of Cell Biology
		of caspase zymogens found in mitochondria is variable.
		of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic caspase-9 zymogens was analyzed.
		Proteins were immunoprecipitated from mitochondrial (M) or cytoplasmic (C) cellular fractions using a caspase-9–specific rabbit polyclonal antiserum (C9) or equal concentration of normal rabbit serum (NRS).
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/154/6/1111 (4595 words)

	The District of Columbia Academy of Veterinary Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Normally pancreatic digestive enzymes exist in the pancreas in inactive forms (zymogens) that are sequestered in lysosomes.
		Trypsin is an auto-catalyzing enzyme, so its presence in the acinar cells continues to cleave trypsinogen (along with other zymogens) to the active form, leading to a self-perpetuating process.
		Zymogens (inactive forms of the enzymes) are packaged in lysosomes to be kept separate from the cytoplasm.
	www.dcavm.org /05jun.html (14562 words)

	Margaret H. Karpatkin M.D.
		Certain plasma proteins, including coagulation zymogens, their inhibitors, and their co-factors, contribute to normal hemostasis.
		The zymogens and inhibitors are lower in the newborn human and other mammals than in the adult with significant correlation with gestational age.
		In the preterm infant, levels may be inadequate for normal hemostasis.
	www.med.nyu.edu /Research/karpam01.html (289 words)

	Haematologic Technologies - Human Factor XIII
		The zymogen, factor XIII, is a tetramer (A
		Factor XIII is the zymogenic form of the glutaminyl-peptide g-glutamyl transferase factor XIIIa (fibrinoligase, plasma transglutaminase, fibrin stabilizing factor, E.C. Factor XIII is unique among transamidases in that it is a zymogen in vivo (2).
		It is the last of the zymogens to become activated in the coagulation cascade and it is the only enzyme in this system that is not a serine protease.
	www.haemtech.com /Zymogens/Factor_XIII.htm (519 words)

	[No title]
		remember there are 4 ways for it to protect itself from autodigestion - making zymogens, compartmentalizing them in zymogen granules, targeting lysosomal enzymes with mannose-6-phosphate to separate granules, putting trypsin inhibitor into zymogen granules.
		in response to feeding, there is exocytosis, delivery of zymogens innto ducts - not activated til they get to small intestine where there is enterokinase.
		pathophysiology of APN: there is a lot of evidence that there is premature activation of zymogens within the acinar cells.
	www.hillary.net /school/medsurg3/medsurg3.lec.10.29.98 (2421 words)

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