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Topic: Axumite Kingdom

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Kingdom of Axum

Ezana of Axum

Axum

Aksum

Obelisk of Axum

Yekuno Amlak

Frumentius

Menelik I

4th century AD

History of Ethiopia

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5th century BC

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	Ethiopia - Summary of History
		The Axumites perfected a written language (Geez), maintained relations with the Arabs in the Middle East, the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern half of the Roman Empire), and Egypt.
		The Zagwe kingdom was born out of the cultural and political interactions of the Cushitic and Semitic peoples in the northern highlands.
		The weakened Christian kingdom was pressured by Oromo insurgents in the South and by Muslims from the coast.
	www.ethioworld.com /History/summary.htm (1171 words)

	Kingdom of Aksum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca.
		The Kingdom of Aksum at its height extended across areas of what are today Eritrea, northern Ethiopia and Yemen.
		The capital city of the kingdom was Aksum (in northern Ethiopia).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Axumite_Kingdom (736 words)

	Axumite Kingdom -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Axumite Christanity may be one of the foundations for the myth of (Click link for more info and facts about Prester John) Prester John.
		The major Axumite cities had (A person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties) Jewish, Nubian, Christian, and even (One who follows the teachings of Buddha) Buddhist minorities.
		The Axumite kingdom was also the first African polity to issue its own (A metal piece (usually a disc) used as money) coins.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ax/axumite_kingdom.htm (863 words)

	Encyclopedia: Kingdom of Dahomey
		The kingdom was founded in the seventeenth century and survived until the late nineteenth century, when it was conquered by French troops from Senegal and incorporated into France's West African colonies.
		Nevertheless, Agadja was unable to defeat the neighboring kingdom of Oyo, Dahomey's chief rival in the slave trade, and in 1730, he became a tributary of Oyo, though he still managed to maintain Dahomey's independence.
		Most of the troops that fought against Dahomey were native African, and it has been surmised that their hostility to the kingdom, particularly among the Yoruba, led to its downfall.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Kingdom-of-Dahomey (431 words)

	ipedia.com: Axumite Kingdom Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Axumite Kingdom also known as Aksum Kingdom was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, frowing from circa the 5th century BC to become an important trading nation by the 1st century A...
		The Axumite Kingdom also known as Aksum Kingdom was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, frowing from circa the 5th century BC to become an important trading nation by the 1st century AD.
		Spreading christian and islamic influences eroded the kingdom between the 7th century and 10th centuries, leading to its eventual replacement by the Zagwe Kingdom.
	www.ipedia.com /axumite_kingdom.html (639 words)

	Ethiopian History
		But the Axumite kingdom as a state, emerged at about the beginning of the Christian era, i.e.,4th A.D and flourished during the succeeding six or seven centuries.
		During the sixth and seventh centuries, the Axumite state lost its possessions in South West Arabia and much of its Red sea coast line and gradually shrank to its core area, with the political center of the state shifting farther and farther Southward.
		The Arabs also considered the Axumite state to be on a par with the Islamic State, the Byzantine Empire, and China of the world’s greatest kingdoms.
	www.ethemb.se /ee_eth_hist.html (2299 words)

	General profile of Ethiopia
		But the Axumite kingdom as a state, emerged at about the beginning of the Christian era, i.e.,4th A.D and flourished during the succeeding six or seven centuries.
		During the sixth and seventh centuries, the Axumite state lost its possessions in South West Arabia and much of its Red sea coast line and gradually shrank to its core area, with the political center of the state shifting farther and farther Southward.
		The Arabs also considered the Axumite state to be on a par with the Islamic State, the Byzantine Empire, and China of the world’s greatest kingdoms.
	www.mfa.gov.et /Facts_About_Ethiopia/Facts.php (590 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 1-3. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		Ethiopia, the kingdom of the `najashi of Habashat' as the Arabs called the ruler, survived the eclipse of the pre-Islamic political and commercial system, but one of the casualties of the upheaval was the ancient capital, Aksum, itself; various factors removed the government of the country from Aksum to other centres.
		The kingdom was referred to in ancient documents as `Aksum' or the country `of the Aksumites', after the capital city and the ruling tribal group or clan.
		The ruler of the Axumite kingdom was thus "King-of-Kings" — a title often found in inscriptions of this period.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak1.html (18263 words)

	Axum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Axumite Kingdom, which emerged around the time of the birth of
		The kingdom had its own written language called Ge'ez, and also developed a distinctive architecture exemplified by giant obelisks.
		Although Axumite Muslims have attempted to build a mosque in this most holy of Ethiopian towns, Orthodox residents have replied that they must be allowed to build an Ethiopian Orthodox church in Mecca if the Muslims are to be allowed to build a mosque in Axum.
	en.efactory.pl /Aksum (627 words)

	Sacred Sites of Ethiopia
		At the height of its power, between the 4th and 7th centuries AD, the Axumite kingdom controlled most of present-day Ethiopia, including territories in the southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula.
		When the Axumite kingdom converted to Christianity after 331 AD, the Ark of the Covenant was co-opted by the Christian hierarchy and brought from Tana Kirkos to the newly constructed church of St.Mary of Zion in Axum.
		Little is known of what became of the Axumite kingdom between the 8th and 11th centuries.
	www.sacredsites.com /africa/ethiopia/sacred_sites_ethiopia.html (3775 words)

	Monarchies of Ethiopia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of Monarchies that existed during Imperial Ethiopia.
		This list is divided into kingdoms that were subdivisions of Ethiopia, and kingdoms that were later conquered by Ethiopia.
		Kingdom of Kaffa - foundation 1390 for old Kaffa Kingdom; 1700 for new Kaffa Empire
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monarchies_of_Ethiopia (367 words)

	What We Do: Preserve Cultural Heritage
		The Axumite Kingdom minted its own coinage, and by the third century its trade network extended to the Roman Empire, Iran, India, and even China.
		Axumite kings left behind richly decorated obelisks of solid rock, one of which was over 100 feet tall.
		In the Axumite period, Ethiopia had already developed its own alphabet, used to write the early Ethiopic language of Ge’ez.
	www.ecdcinternational.org /whatwedo/heritage.asp (593 words)

	PLAYAHATA.COM
		They claim her rebellion against the Axumite kingdom came as an attempt by Southern Ethiopia to resist domination by Semitic and Christian forces.
		Her attack came so swift and efficiently, that the Axumite forces were scattered in her army's wake.
		The Axumite king at the time sent letter to the Patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt: pleading for him to send whatever forces were possible from the Christian world to aid against an unknown warrior queen who rode at the head of a horse-backed army that was systematically decimating his kingdom.
	www.playahata.com /pages/bhfigures/bhfigures4.html (504 words)

	Into an antique land
		Of these, the most awesome are undoubtedly the obelisks (stelae) of Axum, the capital of the ancient Axumite kingdom of pre-Christian times and the seat of a highly advanced material culture and civilisation.
		The powerful Axumite kingdom, also referred to as the Axumite Empire, which had its own coinage, held sway over vast areas far beyond the borders of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
		According to ancient historians, it was one of the "four great kingdoms of the earth", the other three being the kingdoms of Babylon and Persia, Rome and China.
	www.thehindu.com /thehindu/fline/fl1816/18161290.htm (1372 words)

	Civilizations in Africa: Axum
		Roman and Greek sources indicate that an Axumite kingdom was thriving in the first century AD; the city of Adulis is frequently mentioned because it had become one of the most important port cities in Africa.
		However, in the fourth century, Ezana, who was a folllower of Axumite religion, converted to Christianity under the tutelage of a Syrian bishop named Frumentius.
		Under the influence of Egyptian Christians, the Axumites believed that Christ had a single rather than a double nature (man and god): this is called Monophysite (mono=single, physis=nature) Christianity and was considered heretical in the European churches.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CIVAFRCA/AXUM.HTM (668 words)

	Ethiopia - Uncyclopedia
		After the four ancient powers sunk into the sea, the people of Abyss soon came under the Axe effect, and the Axumite Kingdom was established during the first century CE.
		During the founding of the Axumite Kingdom, Most Holy Emperor Zoskales of Axum received a holy vision: a most beautiful woman appeared before him and told him of a time of great need, a time when she would need a private account into which she could temporarily transfer funds from her dead husband’s assets.
		The time of the rule of the Gonder Kingdom came to be known as the Middle Period.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Ethiopia (2271 words)

	::KIBRAN TOUR::
		Axum was the capital city of the longstanding Axumite kingdom, one of the most ancient African kingdoms, and represented a vital crossroads between Africa and Asia for almost a thousand years.
		Local tradition attributes most of the churches to the Axumite kings Ezana and Atsbeha of the fourth century, but historians are convinced that they date from a later period.
		The former is dedicated to the brothers Abreha and Atsheha, the mythical founders of the Axumite kingdom.
	www.kibrantour.com /english/nord_luoghi.htm (1175 words)

	Ethiopia - Axum
		The founding of the Empire of Axum in the 5th century BC is often taken as the starting point.
		The Kingdom maintained traditiona relations both with the Greec-Roman world and India and China during its most prosperous times.
		During the Axumite times the old Ge-ez became the official language and it is still used in the Ethiopian church.
	www.timelessethiopia.com /axum.html (165 words)

	Axum - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		Aksum is a city in northern Ethiopia, located at the base of the Adoua mountains.
		It was the center of the Axumite Kingdom, which emerged around the time of the birth of Jesus Christ and declined in the 12th century due to the shift of the power center of the Ethiopian Empire further to south.
		The kingdom was at its height under king Ezana, baptized as Abriha, in the 300s A.D. (which was also when it became official Orthodox Christian).
	www.indopedia.org /Axum.html (419 words)

	eoc
		In Tigray, northern part of Ethiopia, there was a newly formed Kingdom under the leadership of King Ezana which the sun and the moon were commonly worshipped in the area, and Christianity was new to them.
		King Ezana was very impressed with the spiritual movement in Eritrea and therefore, sent a special invitation to Abrha and Asbeha to the Axumite Kingdom and the new Eritrean Priests who were ordained by Abrha and Asbeha.
		Soon Christianity was adopted by King Ezana as the official religion of the Kingdom of Axum.
	www.tewahdo.com /EriChr.htm (826 words)

	Interview with Professor Megalommatis - Part I
		Consequently, they had – already by that time – lost any legitimacy to the name of ‘Ethiopia’; we know of course that the kings of Axum kept using it among their royal titles but this propaganda was related to the Christianization of their state.
		But from the beginning of the Modern Colonial times, the tiny kingdom of Abyssinia that was limited in its small Amhara territory because of the Islamic Ottoman control of the Red Sea coasts became the object of Western academic Orientalist research and, in parallel, the stake of the colonial involvement and manipulation.
		For the British it would be far better that the small kingdom expanded towards the south of present day Abyssinia at a moment they had not yet achieved the establishment of their ‘meridian’ axis, and they were worried because of French successes.
	www.voicefinfinne.org /English/Interviews/Interview_Mega4.htm (11558 words)

	[No title]
		Axum, properly Aksum, is a city in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, located at near the base of the Adoua mountains.
		The kingdom of Axum had its own written language called Ge'ez, and also developed a distinctive architecture exemplified by giant obelisks.
		Although Axumite Muslims have attempted to build a mosque in this most holy of Ethiopian towns, Orthodox residents have replied that they must be allowed to build an Ethiopian Orthodox church in Mecca (officially Makkah) if the Muslims are to be allowed to build a mosque in Axum.
	www.homestayfinder.com /Dictionary.aspx?q=Axum (740 words)

	Ethiopia Project
		But the Axumite kingdom as a state, emerged at about the beginning of
		Axumite state lost its possessions in South West Arabia and much of its
		Axum kingdom during the seventh and eighth centuries.
	www.72256.com /ethiopia/ethiopia.html (3573 words)

	Ezana of Axum - Art History Online Reference and Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ezana of Axum, also Aezana or Abraha, was ruler of the Axumite Kingdom from about AD 320 to 350.
		He is considered the most notable of the Axumite kings, ruling the empire at the height of its power.
		He was the first ruler of Axum to convert to Christianity, largely to curry favour with the Byzantines who were an important trading partner and ally against the Persians.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Ezana (175 words)

	Ethiopians welcome back ancient obelisk
		Priests from the dome-shaped St. Mariam Cathedral chanted and bells rung for the arrival of the first piece of the monolith, which dates back to the third century, predating the arrival of Christianity in Ethiopia.
		The Axumite kingdom was established between 200 and 100 B.C. The legendary Queen of Sheba reigned in the region eight or nine centuries earlier, and the Old Testament tells the tale of her journey to King Solomon's court in 980 B.C. with 700 camels loaded with gold, ivory and other gifts.
		He says, “Axum was the capital of the ancient Axumite Empire, the first major state to emerge in this part of the world.
	www.ethiomedia.com /newpress/obelisk_returned.html (835 words)

	esm_clawson_wrg_7\|Part Eight - Africa South of the Sahara\|Reviewing Concepts
		Your text briefly discusses the fl kingdom of Kush and its capital Meroe, which, under the influence of the Nubian Kingdom, flourished from about 2000 B.C. to the fourth century A.D. This site of the kingdom of Kush provides maps, history, and cultural information.
		Examine the Axumite kingdom and explain where the Axumite were located, and something about their culture not covered in your text.
		To create paragraphs in your essay response, type at the beginning of the paragraph, and at the end.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_clawson_wrg_7/0,6336,389637-,00.utf8.html (157 words)

	Ethiopia Tours - travel to Ethiopia - Ethiopia hotels - pictures of ancient Abyssinia - Ethiopia tour - vacation among ...
		The very first Muslims, facing persecution in Mecca, were granted refuge in Ethiopia and established places of worship before Islam triumphed in its birth place in the Arabian peninsula.
		Ethiopian legends claim that the Axumite Kingdom dates back to when the Queen of Sheba ruled the land, and that Ethiopia’s first king, Menelik I, was the son of this queen and King Solomon of Israel.
		Currently, Michael is conducting excavations on Bieta Giyorgis, a hill adjacent to Axum that is the earliest known Axumite settlement complex.
	farhorizons.com /Africa/ethiopia.htm (2474 words)

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