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Topic: Bainite

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	Bainite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A very fine microstructure, bainite usually consists of ferrite and cementite (similar in constitution to pearlite, but with the ferrite forming by a displacive mechanism similar to martensite formation).
		When formed continuously during cooling, the rate to form bainite is higher than that required to form pearlite, but lower than that to form martensite, in steel of the same composition.
		Bainite is generally stronger and more ductile compared to pearlite.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Bainite.html (130 words)

	Bainite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bainite is a mostly metallic substance that exists in steel after certain heat treatments.
		A fine non-lamellar structure, bainite commonly consists of ferrite and cementite.
		Bainite is generally stronger and more ductile than pearlite.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bainite (181 words)

	The Bainite Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The behaviour of bainite during tempering is therefore expected to be different from that of martensite.
		Most of the carbon in a transformed sample of bainite is in the form of cementite particles, which in turn tend to be coarser than those associated with tempered martensite.
		Bainitic steels containing strong carbide forming elements tend to exhibit secondary hardening phenomena rather like those observed in martensitic steels which depends on the precipitation of fine alloy carbides.
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /phase-trans/bainitei.html (497 words)

	stal.info.pl - Portal branży stalowej
		The Bainite Reaction Examination of the TTT diagram for a eutectoid carbon steel, Fig.
		Morphology and Crystallography of Upper Bainite The morphology of upper bainite (temperature range 550-400°C) bears a close resemblance to Widmanstätten ferrite, as it is composed of long ferrite laths free from internal precipitation.
		It thus appears that the lower bainite reaction is basically an interface-controlled process leading to cementite precipitation, which then decreases the carbon content of the austenite and enhances the driving force for further transformation.
	www.stal.info.pl /index.php?go=forum&&numer_watku=43 (1117 words)

	Boliver International - What's New - New Generation Bainitic Steels
		Bainite receives its centre of growth from ferrite, a process that is accompanied by formation and dispersion of iron carbide in a matrix of Ferrite.
		The impact toughness of Bainitic Steels originates from Granular Bainite which was confused with Granular Structure until 1991 when Professor Fang and his team discovered that Granular Bainite and Granular Structure although made of the same ingredients (ferrite matrix plus islands) are in fact two (2) different structures because of their different formation.
		Bainitic Steels represent the optimum combination of hardness and toughness in steel and as such have a high potential to improve the financial results of the user's business provided they are employed in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.
	www.boliver.com /press2.html (574 words)

	Bainitic Steels: Part Two
		It has been found that upper bainitic plates lengthen and thicken during transformation by the movement along the plate boundaries of small steps which appear to be diffusion-controlled.
		The plates grow at a constant rate edgewise, which leads to a model for the reaction in which the driving force is provided by partition of the carbon from the ferrite to the austenite, the actual growth rate being determined by the rate of diffusion of carbon in austenite away from the γ/α interface.
		In plain carbon steels, the bainitic reaction is kinetically shielded by the ferrite and pearlite reactions which commence at higher temperatures and shorter times, so that in continuously cooled samples bainitic structures are difficult to obtain.
	www.key-to-steel.com /Articles/Art148.htm (1223 words)

	Material Science and Technology for kids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When a steel is rapidly cooled to between 215 degrees Celsius and 450 degrees Celsius, a microstructure called bainite forms.
		Bainite has a needle-like microstructure that consists of ferrite needles embedded elongated cementite particles.
		A bainitic steel has a good combination of strength and ductility.
	depts.washington.edu /~matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/definitions/def_bainite.htm (45 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bainite consists of non-lamellar aggregates of ferrite and carbides.
		The distinction between upper and lower bainite is based on whether the carbides are distributed between the individual ferrite regions (upper bainite) or within them (lower bainite).
		The diffusion rate of carbon during formation of lower bainite is so slow that the carbon atoms cannot move fast enough to avoid getting trapped inside the fast growing ferrite platelets.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/106079.031224&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3897 words)

	NACA UK Mirror report description page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Some of the factors believed to affect the strength and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of bainitic steels, including mean ferrite path and degree of internal strain, have been studied.
		Preliminary measurements of X-ray line broadening indicate that the degree of internal strain may be the controlling factor in determining the strength of bainite.
		The transition temperatures of the bainites fell within a band between -80 and -160 degrees C and did not vary regularly with hardness, carbon or alloy content, or mean ferrite path.
	naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk /report.php?NID=6782 (196 words)

	Bainite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Named for Edgar Bain, bainite is a microstructure that is formed when austenite is cooled rapidly enough to avoid forming pearlite but cooling is delayed long enough to prevent the formation of martensite.
		Bainite seems to have some characteristics of both.
		Bainite has some of the hardness properties of martensite and some of the toughness properties of pearlite.
	www.cashenblades.com /Info/Bainite.html (91 words)

	BladeForums.com: The Leading Edge of Knife Discussion - Austempering Advantages?
		Bainite is tough,in an alloy like L6 as tough as it is with martensite, the bainite is even tougher and for things like swords or machetes or survival knives that is the way to go.Bainite of course will not be quite as hard as martensite.
		Bainite made at 500f is roughly the same hardness as Martensite that has been tempered at 500f.
		The applications of Bainite and austempering for knife makers are many and you may be very surprised at how many of the myths about how Bainite blades don’t hold an edge so well do not hold up under extreme testing and impact tests.
	www.bladeforums.com /forums/showthread.php?t=260037 (3836 words)

	Kinetics of bainite formation in ADI
		The aim was to study the kinetics of bainite formation in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI), in particular with regard to the incomplete reaction theory of bainite formation.
		The volume change of the sample was then related to the volume fraction of bainite formed as a function of time and the carbon content of the residual austenite calculated.
		It has been shown that the formation of bainite follows the incomplete reaction phenomenon: the final carbon content of the austenite is clearly that given by the T0 line.
	www.thomas-sourmail.org /adi.html (520 words)

	Effects on the martensite, pearlite and bainite formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Effect on the formation of pearlite and bainite during the isothermal transformation
		As has been mentioned previously, both pearlite and bainite form simultaneously in this steel at about 550°C. Since the curves overlap it is customary to draw only one curve.
		The structures shown in Figure 3 are obtained by austenitizing samples of steel W 1 at 780°C for 10 min and quenching in a salt bath at various temperatures.
	www.key-to-steel.com /ViewArticle.asp?ID=51 (821 words)

	Sword Forum International - When is bainitic steel a good choice? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bainite has the potential to be tougher than martensite, but it is usually softer and less wear resistant.
		Well, where I find bainite formation usefull depends on what a customer is asking for, I've made quite a few fillet knives that were heat-treated for bainite, but it was also explained to the customer what they would be giving up to have that flexibility.
		I've done some "combat knives" in bainite too, with the same discussion being had with the customer, generally though a "combat knife" is rarely used to cut much with, more often to dig, pry and whack on stuff.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?threadid=45208 (4390 words)

	Slocum Industrial Equipment - Bainite Steel Shot
		Because its microstructure is composed of upper and lower case Bainite shot is at its final hardness 44-46 Rc as-cast.
		Bainite appears acicular (rods) and featherlike, forming an interwoven lattice type microstructure.
		In addition to providing excellent resistance to stress and quench cracking, the Bainite microstructure enables the shot to wear at a controlled rate, maintaining its overall shape and uniformity its entire life.
	www.slocumindustrial.com /bainitesteelshot.html (363 words)

	ENGR322loesung5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		(10.12) The microstructures of pearlite, bainite, and spheroidite all consist of a-ferrite and cementite phases.
		Upper bainite consists of very fine and parallel needles of ferrite that are separated by elongated particles of cementite; lower bainite consists of very thin plates of ferrite within which are situated very thin and parallel cementite particles.
		Bainite is harder and stronger than pearlite, which, in turn, is harder and stronger than spheroidite.
	web.engr.oregonstate.edu /~busch/ENGR322/ENGR322loesung5.html (594 words)

	Phase Transformations and Complex Properties Research Group
		This microstructure was first found by Davenport and Edgar Bain in their studies of the isothermal decomposition of austenite.
		Bainite also occurs during athermal treatments at cooling rates too fast for pearlite to form, and yet not rapid enough to produce martensite.
		The nature of bainite changes as the transformation temperature is lowered.
	www.msm.cam.ac.uk /phase-trans/bainite.html (111 words)

	Engineering Materials – NOTES – Chapter 9 – Phase Diagrams
		Heating a pearlite or bainite microstructure at a temperature BELOW the eutectic temperature (say 700C) for 18-24 hr produces spheroidite.
		Martensite is the strongest and hardest phase in steel and is very important in the heat treatment and hardenability of steels.
		Bainite will not form in continuous cooling of most steels.
	www.uwplatt.edu /~mirth/me3040ch10.htm (1320 words)

	Bladesmith's Forum Board -> Austempering Questions
		My guess would be that the 'pure bainite' has a nice 'cup shaped' fracture surface, whereas those 'contaminated' with martensite will have a much straigter fracture because of a much more efficient way to propagate the fracture (similar to carbides on the grainboundaries causing severe brittleness).
		What I found in terms of performance was that lower Bainite at the extreme low end of the temperature scale is not all that different in performance in terms of edge holding or abrasion resistance than autotempered Martensite.
		After talking to a few people who have seriously looked at bainite, and reading some of the latest writings about it, it seems that rather little is understood (or has few people agreeing about what they understand) about the whole "very low" bainite (i.e.
	forums.dfoggknives.com /index.php?showtopic=2956&mode=linearplus&view=findpost&p=25602 (4122 words)

	ENGR 321: Homework Set 6
		Prob 4) Briefly cite the differences between pearlite, bainite, spheroidite, martensite, and tempered martensite relative to microstructure and mechanical properties.
		Third, holding at 350C for 1000 sec crosses through the phase change region, during which all of the austenite is converted to ferrite and cementite (Fe3C) in the microstructure known as bainite, so that we now have 100% bainite.
		Since the transformation temperature for bainite is lower than for pearlite, the diffusion length is much smaller, and the size scale is smaller.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/engr321/Homework/HomeworkW96/HW6.html (2389 words)

	Metal and Metallurgy engineering - Does ADI Microstructure contain bainite?
		I read in some journals that bainite occurs within the second stage of austempering (unwanted), and that the wanted microstructure is austenite and ferrite (ausferrite).
		Bainite consists of a matrix of acicular (plate-like) ferrite and carbide.
		This ausferrite may resemble bainite metallographically, however it is not because it contains few or none of the fine carbides characteristic in bainite.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=79535 (610 words)

	Bainite in Steels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The mechanism of the bainite transformation in steels is described in terms of the crystallography, the microstructure, the details of the shape deformation, the kinetics of growth and thermodynamic constraints [1,2].
		It is concluded that in spite of the large discrepancy in diffusion coefficients between the interstitial and substitutional atoms, the growth of bainite occurs without any composition change.
		However, because of the relatively high transformation temperatures involved, the carbon that is trapped in the bainitic ferrite is then partitioned into the residual austenite.
	www.newton.cam.ac.uk /programmes/old_progs/SMM/bhadeshia.html (282 words)

	BladeForums.com: The Leading Edge of Knife Discussion - Triple quench secrets to be revealed?(or not)
		I think bainite is the ares in this TTT curve that looks like a fingerprint, kinda gray, left of pearlite, and right of austenite.
		Actually though, the TTT curve that I made for that page is very basic and simplified for it's purposes and does not specify the area for bainite, the finger print grey is course pearlite (I got creative).
		Bainite will be a few points lower in hardness than quench and temper but much tougher....Kevin,your L6/O1 sounds very interesting, keep us informed.
	www.bladeforums.com /forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=268912&perpage=20&pagenumber=15 (4956 words)

	ENGR322 Homework Set Six
		To get 25% bainite, we must cool the remaining austenite rapidly below the nose of the IT curve (which essentially "resets" the clock for the remaining austenite), and hold at a temperature between 250-500 deg C until half of the remaining austenite converts to bainite.
		The second quench "resets" the clock, and we hold long enough for an additional 50% of the remaining austenite to convert to bainite, or 25% of the total.
		The rapid quench to 300 deg C misses the pearlite nose, and the hold for 30 sec is too short at these low temperatures to transform to bainite.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/engr322/Homework/W99/ENGR322HW6.html (892 words)

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