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Topic: Bard (Soviet Union)

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Bard (Soviet Union)
		The term bard (бард) came to be used in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s (and continues to be used in Russia today) for singer-songwriters who wrote songs outside the Soviet establishment.
		As a result, bard tunes usually made their way around via the copying of amateur recordings (known as magnitizdat) made at concerts, particularly those songs that were of a political nature.
		This type of bard poetry was tolerated by the government, and it lived under the definition of author song (avtorskaya pesnya), i.e., songs sung primarily by the authors themselves, as opposed to those sung by professional singers (although professionals often "borrowed" successful author songs for their repertoire).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Bard_(Soviet_Union) (1571 words)

	Europe Opinion News Network
		Admired by all circles of Soviet society, a voice of dissent, but not a dissident, accepted by the Soviet government as an actor, but never as a poet and singer, Vysotsky held no office, no titles.
		Arguably the most iconic element to come out of the Soviet Union in all its seventy-odd years of existence is the Kalashnikov, a elegant automatic weapon that has endured for over half a century as the world's most widely used killing machine.
		“Hero of the Soviet Union” was the highest honorary title and the superior degree of distinction of the former USSR.
	www.europefront.com /?news=opinion (713 words)

	Bard Information
		A bard is a poet or singer, in religious or feudal contexts.
		In the Soviet Union, singers who were outside the establishment were called bards from the 1960s.
		Bards make up one of the three grades of the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids, a Neo-Druidic order based in England.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Bard (349 words)

	Bard
		In Celtic society, a bard was a professional poet, paid by a monarch to praise the sovereign's activities.
		Bard the Bowman is a character in one of J.
		Bard College[?] is a liberal arts school in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Bard.html (166 words)

	Vanguard at Ten Ton Hammer :: Your Vanguard Class Community!
		Bards were seen as wise and skilled, often considered to have the standing of officials in the king's household.
		In the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, the word bard was used to describe the popular poets and singers who wrote and performed outside of the Soviet establishment.
		So it came to pass that a young bard, or minstrel, or troubadour, or vagabond stood on the deck of an immense ship and raised her arms to the wind, and knew that whatever lay ahead, there would be stories to be written and songs to be sung.
	vanguard.tentonhammer.com /index.php?module=ContentExpress&func=display&ceid=165 (874 words)

	Soviet Military Education: Technical, Tactical, Traditional (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Perhaps because the use of the Soviet navy in World War II was generally limited to its utility as a seaward extension of the land front, the current curriculum at the Frunze seemed to emphasize the Imperial Czarist use of the navy and its global projection of Russian influence.
		Soviet officers at the Tank Academy outlined their offensive battle doctrine, which is further spelled out in Sidorenko's The Offensive.
		A Soviet colonel-general wears three stars and is equivalent to a U.S. lieutenant general, a Soviet lieutenant-general wears two stars, and a major-general wears one.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1978/nov-dec/head.html (3907 words)

	Russian Culture: Modern Music in Russia
		Bard singing was performed only with a guitar, while traditional romance was sung with the accompaniment of a piano.
		When bards sang they commented on common life problems life like love, nature, war, friendship, tourism, sports, humor, etc. The songs could be sad, but usually not as sad as the romance ballads of previous times.
		To understand the Russian bard tradition it is necessary to discover Bulat Okudjhava, not only because he was the first, but also because he was poetic, intellectual and very subtle.
	www.guidetorussia.org /culture/modern-music.shtml (2492 words)

	Yiddish in the U.S.S.R.
		By grim coincidence, the ark carrying the remnant of the Soviet Union's Yiddish writers has come to rest only a few doors away from the gruesome cellars that were the entrance to Golgotha for the martyred creators of a magnificent body of Yiddish literature.
		In the spring of 1969, at the peak of the Soviet propaganda :crusade against Israel, "The Knight in the Tiger's Skin" was brought out in Israel by the Labor Zionist publishing house, Sifriat Poalim, in a lavish edition illustrated with colorful miniatures by 15th and 16th century Georgian artists.
		The number of Soviet Jews now writing in Yiddish and Hebrew is considerably greater than the hundred or so short story writers, novelists, poets and critics whose pieces have been appearing in Sovietish Haimland.
	www.lib.umd.edu /SLSES/donors/eng_articles/ussr.html (2573 words)

	Russia's game in the Middle East
		Nor was this difficult for him; as Soviet ambassador Anatoliy Dobrynin later revealed, the Soviets had quietly appointed Kissinger as their representative at the same time that he was representing the United States.5 Kissinger then pressured Israel into accepting the ceasefire, which returned portions of the Sinai peninsula to Egypt.
		In September, 1982, the Soviet Union made the first official call for an international Middle East peace conference, to negotiate for a PLO state in the Israeli territories.11 Soviet influence at the United Nations led that organization, unsurprisingly, to endorse the call in 1983.
		By the time Mikhail Gorbachev was taking over in 1985, the Soviet government was openly boasting that a Middle East peace conference would be one step on the road to "the ultimate triumph of communism everywhere."13 Primakov was quickly moving into the center of Soviet power, close to Gorbachev himself.
	www.anti-communistanalyst.com /Russiasgame.htm (2094 words)

	Use the Atomic Bomb
		Soviet participation was a goal long pursued by the Americans.
		But even if the need to justify these huge expenditures is discounted-and certainly by itself it could not have produced the decision-the question still remains whether those who held in their hands a weapon thought capable of ending the war in one stroke could justify withholding that weapon.
		It is equally difficult to assert categorically that the atomic bomb alone or Soviet intervention alone was the decisive factor in bringing the war to an end.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/70-7_23.htm (10556 words)

	Bard music still brings Russian immigrants together (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bard players get their reputation by writing music to the texts of famous and not so famous poets or writing poetry and music themselves.
		Bard music originated in the 1960s, a time well known for underground rebellion against the Soviet system, much of it among artists and writers.
		Bard was popular among those who liked to hang out with their friends where no one could bother them, usually in a forest, at a time before the appearance of private nightclubs and cafes, malls and cinemaplexes.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /pop/86571_bard12.shtml (1511 words)

	Lorraine A. Ranchod (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All four novels in their historical settings allegorically reflect the tense political climate of the Soviet Union, specifically in terms of the liberal intelligentsia.
		Typically the genre of the Soviet historical novel falls into two categories, one which traces the genology of the Revolution, and the other which focuses on the biography of a historic figure (frequently as an allegorical reference to a prominent Soviet political figure).
		What makes the novels especially interesting, and the interpretation of a political allegory of the tense climate of the Soviet Union of the 1960s so fruitful, is this filtration of historic subjects through phantasmagoric imagery.
	aatseel.org /dissertations/literature/ranchodl.html (391 words)

	Bards
		BARDS - the bards (bardoi) were a class of Druids who were the poets and singers who kept alive valuable oral traditions through song.
		The Bards had the duty of keeping alive among the people the knowledge or intuition that there is a path that leads to wisdom and initiation.
		The Bard's robe was of blue; that of the Druid was white; the Ovate's green.
	www.experiencefestival.com /bards (2647 words)

	Hungary '56 Reunion and Conference \| Overview
		On December 22, 1956, during Bard's Winter Field Period, the first of the Hungarian freedom fighter refugees arrived in Annandale, while the Bard students were mostly absent from campus.
		Fifty years later, Bard is inviting all the alumni/ae of the program to campus for a reunion.
		Coinciding with the reunion, Bard is holding an international conference, "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and After: Impact and Contributions." The conference reconsiders the Hungarian revolution, its impact on the world and on the freedom fighters' future lives.
	www.smolny.org /hungary56/overview (513 words)

	The Soviet Union
		Summary of Soviet state killing (and graph and table) - The Soviet state was a steady killer of millions for decades - through executions, gulags and state-caused famine.
		The Soviet famine of 1946-7 (1 to 1.5 million dead) was again caused by the Soviet government.
		It is the Soviet Union that runs against the tide of history by denying human freedom and human dignity to its citizens.
	markhumphrys.com /soviet.html (5466 words)

	LitKicks: The Soviet Underground
		The poets of the Soviet Union such as Pasternak, Akhmatova, Voznesensky and Yevtushenko were hailed all over, but ignored were the underground poets, the true poets of the Soviet Union - the people of Russia held these poets closer to their hearts then Vozenesnky, Pasternak, or Yevtushenko could ever come.
		This was the kind of world that the intellectual youth which became the Soviet Unions underground movement of literature in the sixties witnessed with their childish eyes.
		Another famous poet of the bard generation, Yuri Vizbor, called himself and his childhood friends as “youth that arrived a little late for the war.” A war that would pass them by only by a few years, and a war that would come back to hunt them for the rest of their lives.
	www.litkicks.com /BeatPages/page.jsp?what=SovietUnderground (1763 words)

	classical music - andante - leon botstein on dmitri shostakovich
		When Dmitri Shostakovich was buried as a Soviet national hero in 1975, perception of him abroad was clouded with misrepresentation and contradictions.
		He turns out not only to have been the most talented Soviet composer in all genres, but his emergence as the most popular composer of the 20th century is a complete surprise and a great paradox.
		Because of the brutal Soviet dictatorship, all arts were suppressed and controlled, but even in Stalin's era music was an important part of public life.
	www.andante.com /article/article.cfm?id=24123 (1390 words)

	Arabic words in English: live usage examples
		Ah it would be because er you have to pay for being near the bard.
		A bard is a poet or singer, in religious or feudal contexts.
		Secondly, in medieval Welsh and Irish society, a bard (Irish bard, Welsh bardd) was a professional poet, employed to compose eulogies for his lord (see planxty).
	www.1001inventions.com /words/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.viewWord&vcWord=bard (316 words)

	Restitution by Russia of Works of Art Removed from German Territory at the End of the Second World War
		During the Nazi aggression against the Soviet Union, many works of art and millions of books were plundered, burnt and destroyed, with the more or less explicit aim of extinguishing the cultural identity of the population of the Soviet Union, considered by Hitler to be Untermenschen.
		It was during the last years of the Gorbachev Government, and even more so after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, that the art treasures removed from Germany were `found' in the stores of Russian museums.
		As for the German cultural property whose presence in the Soviet Union had been known about since 1945, the official theory sustained by the various Soviet Governments, especially after the creation of the DDR, was that removal had been necessary to save the works of art from the destruction of the war.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol7/No1/art4-02.html (1286 words)

	Embassy of Hungary, Washington, D.C.
		Coinciding with the reunion, Bard held an international conference, "The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and After: Impact and Contributions." The conference reconsidered the Hungarian revolution, its impact on the world and on the freedom fighters' future lives.
		Bard had free dormitories because students spent winter breaks in field study, and it had language-drill laboratories.
		Bard was where he met his wife, Martha, now a ceramics artist, after she threw away a job as a cleaning lady and borrowed $10 to take a train upstate.
	www.huembwas.org /Z_News/BardCollege1956.htm (1572 words)

	Union Institute & University \| Directory of Schools
		How the economy really works, western and eastern religions, the breakup of the Soviet Union and the new states of central Asia, international terrorism, and history of the common person are some of the topics adults study in the undergraduate program.
		Union Institute & University was formed in 1964 as a consortium that included 10 liberal arts colleges.
		It is the purpose of Union Institute & University to provide educational opportunities and services of exemplary quality to diverse adult populations with distinct and varied needs in terms of content and delivery systems.
	www.directoryofschools.com /Union-Institute-And-University/History.htm (406 words)

	Unrepentant Marxist
		Up to the mid-1970s the Soviet Union was apparently willing to pay this price in return for politically stable and loyal allies; up to the 1973 oil-price explosion the only way in which the subsidy was reduced was the Soviet insistence that East European countries contribute to the development of its resources.
		Among the most important were the decline in aid from the Soviet Union and the division impelled diversion of scarce resources into the military sector.
		The result was the sudden withdrawal of Soviet aid and technical support and, from 1962 to 1965, a reduction in trade between the two countries.
	unrepentant.blogspot.com (12721 words)

	G21 EUROPE - "Young & New"
		He'd never been in a prison - he'd never been repressed by the Soviet regime in that sense, but the pressure of Soviet power was too hard -- and in 1980, at the age of 42, he died from cardiac arrest.
		Bard music has always been the music for the intelligentsia, in opposition of pop-music which is considered the product for mass-consumption.
		Songs of such bards of 60s - 70s as Okudzava, Galich, Kim, Visbor today are classics, and showing a love for this classic music is considered a sign of good taste, a symbol of belonging to intelligentsia.
	www.g21.net /euro18.htm (1622 words)

	russian and eurasian studies
		The Russian and Eurasian Studies Program (RES) focuses on the language, literature, history, and culture of Russia, the Soviet Union and the now independent states that once were a part of it, and East and East-Central Europe.
		Proficiency in the Russian language is a key component of the RES major, with course offerings from beginning to advanced at Bard and opportunities for study in Russia at the Bard-affiliated Smolny College in St. Petersburg.
		At Smolny, Bard students combine a liberal arts curriculum with linguistic and cultural immersion by taking classes side by side with Russian students, in Russian.
	inside.bard.edu /russian/program (455 words)

	Arab-Israeli Conflict #5 - Yom Kippur War
		Richard Nixon was consumed with Vietnam, concerns with China and the Soviet Union, and the beginning of the Watergate scandal.
		The Soviet Union was doing its share to stoke the flames of war by pouring arms into the region.
		The Soviet Union was more interested in maintaining the appearance of détente with the United States than in a confrontation in the Middle East; therefore, it rejected Sadat's demands.
	www.aish.com /jewishissues/middleeast/Arab-Israeli_Conflict_5_-_Yom_Kippur_War.asp (3327 words)

	CONTEXT - This Week in Arts and Ideas from The Moscow Times
		Memories of the Soviet Union are mostly a private affair in Russian-American poet Michael Dumanis' collection.
		While party-line Soviet music historians hurriedly dismissed "Testimony" as a forgery, American musicologists such as the eminent Richard Taruskin took up its cause, greeting the memoirs as a sign of a new era in Shostakovich studies.
		In 1980, the young musicologist Laurel Fay took the side of the Soviet establishment, dismissing the memoirs as a fake.
	context.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2004/08/13/101.html (1369 words)

	Britannica India: Biographies
		An epic of wandering, spiritual isolation, and love amid the harshness of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath, the novel became an international best-seller but circulated only in secrecy and translation in his own land.
		In the Soviet Union, the Nobel Prize brought a campaign of abuse.
		Pasternak was ejected from the Union of Soviet Writers and thus deprived of his livelihood.
	www.britannicaindia.com /showbio_newtry_new.asp?id=166 (189 words)

	Communism's True Believers
		Anyone aware that Hiss was a Washington bureaucrat who spied for the Soviet Union will consider this as sensible as a John Dillinger Chair in Business Ethics or a Jack the Ripper Chair in Criminology.
		But at Bard College no one is laughing, least of all the occupant of the chair, Joel Kovel, who believes the Soviets were never a threat to the Americans and that U.S. criticism of communism was the product of hysteria.
		Haynes and Klehr quote Gerda Lerner of the University of Wisconsin, who confessed two years ago that as a Communist she "wanted the Soviet Union to be a successful experiment in socialist democracy and so I checked my critical facilities...
	www.orwelltoday.com /commtruebelievers.shtml (938 words)

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