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Topic: Biosafety

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	Principles of Biosafety
		Biosafety Level 2 is applicable to work done with a broad spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents present in the community and associated with human disease of varying severity.
		Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to work done with indigenous or exotic agents with a potential for respiratory transmission and which may cause serious and potentially lethal infection.
		Biosafety Level 4 is applicable for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted via the aerosol route and for which there is no available vaccine or therapy.
	www.ehrs.upenn.edu /programs/bio/bsm/principles.html (1481 words)

	Pacific Rim Vaccine Initiative
		Biosafety levels (BSL) refer to the various safeguards used to prevent lab workers and others from becoming infected with the small samples of microbes that are being studied.
		Biosafety levels 2, 3 and 4 feature additional graduating safety measures with the highest level being 4.
		Biosafety level 4 is used for work with infectious diseases that pose a higher level of danger to humans or for which there are no cures.
	www.ohsu.edu /prvi/bsllevels.htm (396 words)

	Biosafety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Biosafety: prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.
		The international Biosafety Protocol deals primarily with the agricultural definition but many advocacy groups seek to expand it to include post-genetic threats: new molecules, artificial life forms, and even robots which may compete directly in the natural food chain.
		Biosafety in agriculture, chemistry, medicine, exobiology and beyond will likely require application of the precautionary principle, and a new definition focused on the biological nature of the threatened organism rather than the nature of the threat.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/B/Biosafety.htm (305 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		In addition to providing a brief discussion on the economic rationale for biosafety regulations, the three objectives of this paper are to explain the economic benefits and costs of biosafety, appropriate form of biosafety policy, and the effects of regulation upon the allocation of resources.
		Biosafety regulation can act as a mode of registering and assigning the costs rather than their cause; It can be the mean by which interests in conflict is differentially protected.
		Biosafety is an emerging policy area in developing countries, and in developing appropriate policies and procedures for the regulation of biotechnology, a country will have to establish various committees, sub-committees and regulatory agencies (Persley et al., 1992).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?by98001 (4192 words)

	Biosafety Manual
		Biosafety Level 2 containment is recommended for activities involving all blood-contaminated clinical specimens, body fluids, and tissues from all humans, or from HIV- or Hepatitis B virus (HBV)- infected or inoculated laboratory animals.
		Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment (Risk Group 1, see Appendix A and B).
		Biosafety Level 2 containment is recommended for activities involving all blood-contaminated clinical specimens, body fluids, and tissues from all humans, or from HIV- or Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected or inoculated laboratory animals.
	www.evms.edu /radsafety/bsm.html (7570 words)

	Biosafety Manual
		BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.
		Biosafety procedures are incorporated into standard operating procedures or in a biosafety manual adopted or prepared specifically for the laboratory by the laboratory director.
		BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.
	www.des.umd.edu /biosafety/rest/manual.html (12285 words)

	Glossary \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Biosafety level 2 is appropriate for agents that can cause human disease, but whose potential for transmission is limited.
		Biosafety level 3 applies to agents that may be transmitted by the respiratory route which can cause serious infection.
		Biosafety level 4 is used for the diagnosis of exotic agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted by the aerosol route and for which there is no vaccine or therapy.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/glossary.htm (1810 words)

	ASBP Biosafety
		According to an ISNAR survey of national agricultural research institutes in developing countries, biosafety is the number one issue of concern in the area of biotechnology.
		While the primary goal of the Biosafety Protocol is to prevent environmental damage due to the release of genetically engineered crops, the Protocol also has potentially serious general implications for trade and technology transfer.
		A colloquium on biosafety, held in conjunction with a workshop on the implementation of Plant Variety Protection in Morocco, was organized on March 24-26, 1997 in Rabat, Morocco.
	www.iia.msu.edu /absp/biosafety.html (1582 words)

	Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is called the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to honor Colombia, which hosted the extraordinary Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Cartagena in 1999.
		The Biosafety Protocol is also intended to avoid adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity without unnecessarily disrupting world food trade.
		Although the United States is not a Party to the CBD and therefore cannot become a Party to the Biosafety Protocol, the U.S. participated in the negotiation of the text and the subsequent preparations for entry into force under the Intergovernmental Committee on the Cartagena Protocol.
	www.fas.usda.gov /info/factsheets/biosafety.html (927 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Biosafety is Essential to the Use of Biotechnology
		Biosafety systems are key to responsible decision making regarding the use of genetically modified plants and other organisms.
		The Program for Biosafety Systems (PBS) supports partner countries as they develop the policy and legal framework, administrative procedures, technically qualified personnel and outreach mechanisms integral to their national biosafety systems.
	www.ifpri.org /themes/pbs/pbs.htm (265 words)

	OHS - Biosafety Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The goal of the biosafety program is to ensure the safety of the university's researchers, students, and the environment. The most current edition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) manual is the basis for the university's biosafety program.
		Work is assigned a biosafety level based on the operations to be performed, the documented or suspected routes of transmission for the agent, and the laboratory functions and activities.
		Waste at a lower biosafety level should be autoclaved prior to placing in an infectious waste container if it presents a risk to individuals handling it or if it could harm animals or the environment if it is accidentally released prior to incineration.
	www.udel.edu /OHS/biosafety/biosafetymanual2004.html (10302 words)

	BIO-EARN - Programme - Biosafety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Biosafety is here defined as "the policies and procedures adopted to ensure the environmentally safe application of biotechnology".
		Hence, there is a need for training and biosafety research to address the shortage of competent individuals in the field, and to fill important information gaps.
		In order to fill the information gaps and improve the capacity to validate and adopt biosafety information from other parts of the world, it is important that the East African countries develop their own risk assessment and biosafety research capacity.
	www.bio-earn.org /biosaf/safety.htm (486 words)

	Biosafety protocol \| Greenpeace International
		The Biosafety Protocol is a subsidiary agreement to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was signed by over 150 governments at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, the Protocol itself was agreed in Montreal in January 2000 and came into force September 11, 2003.
		In essence the Biosafety Protocol is an agreement designed to regulate the international trade, handling and use of any genetically engineered organism that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health.
		Many essential biosafety measures have clearly been compromised in the efforts to reach agreement, but the Biosafety Protocol is a step in the right direction.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/genetic-engineering/biosafety-protocol (539 words)

	Biosafety Programme, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Biosafety Guidelines for the Safe Transport of Infectious Substances and Diagnostic Specimens aim to minimise the risk of accidental release of infectious substances and diagnostic specimens during transport.
		Specific to the area of biotechnology guidance is given on risk assessment for the handling and use of genetically modified microorganisms, which “must include an assessment of the degree of potential harm that may arise, the severity of consequence, and the likelihood or frequency of that harm occurring.
		The Manual also advises that appropriate biosafety levels should be assessed and used for transgenic animals and plants, and that viral vectors adapted to be ‘replication-defective’ should nonetheless be kept in the same biosafety level as the parent virus would be.
	www.brad.ac.uk /acad/sbtwc/gateway/HEALTH/biosafety_programme.htm (539 words)

	Biosafety
		The Biosafety Office assists the Hopkins community in maintaining a safe work environment that is compliant with federal, state and community regulations.
		All research involving the use or manipulation of recombinant DNA must be registered with the Biosafety Office in order to maintain compliance with institutional and federal regulations.
		Laboratories currently in possession of, or intending to obtain select agents must be registered with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through the Biosafety Office and must adopt security and control measures acceptable to the governing authorities.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /hse/biosafety.htm (720 words)

	BIOSAFETY at the University of Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Report in writing to the Biosafety Officer any accident, exposure of personnel, suspected illness, escape from containment of biohazardous agents, and significant problems pertaining to the operation and implementation of containment practices and procedures.
		The Institutional Biosafety Committee shall have at least 5 members selected to have expertise and experience in recombinant DNA technology and capable of assessing the safety of rDNA research experiments and any potential risks to public health and the environment.
		The University's Biosafety Officer (Coordinator for Biosafety) has responsibility for the daily administration of standards set by the Biosafety Committee and acts as the agent of the committee in their implementation.
	www.esd.uga.edu /bio/bsm/bsm_sc01.html (1076 words)

	SYMPOSIUM ON BIOSAFETY OF GMOs: HIGHLIGHTS
		Speakers often reflected on the accomplishments of the biosafety research community, especially in terms of peer-reviewed publications and capacity building.
		For example, Kornelia Smalla summarized a decade of research on soil microbial communities in which the effects of GM crops were found to be negligible compared to effects of soil type, plant species, plant developmental stages, or year-to-year variation.
		Many new directions in biosafety research were discussed at the symposium, and the current focus on a few herbicide-resistant and Bt crops is likely to change.
	www.nbiap.vt.edu /articles/jan0505.htm (1224 words)

	Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - Historical Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		While it is far too early to assume an emerging consensus on a protocol or a successful outcome, the behavior of some delegations exhibites an acknowledgement of the importance of being "at the table" as the negotiations unfold and consensus on its necessity emerges.
		A second obstacle that emerges at this session is the transition from consolidation to negotiation, the line between the two remaining unclear, a reflection of the fact that the process of identifying and reducing options that will serve as a basis for negotiation is an intensely political exercise.
		In Decision IV/3, "Issues related to biosafety", COP-4 extends the deadline for the negotiation of a Protocol from the end of 1998 to early 1999 and establishes an extra meeting to be followed by an Extraordinary Conference of the Parties to the CBD to adopt the Protocol in 1999.
	www.biosafetyprotocol.be /history.html (1686 words)

	Health & Safety @ The University of Mississippi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These guidelines will never be complete or final in that all conceivable experiments involving recombinant DNA and other biohazardous agents cannot be foreseen, therefore it is the responsibility of the institution and those associated with it to adhere to the intent of the guidelines as well as to their specifics.
		Four biosafety levels consist of combinations of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and laboratory facilities appropriate for the operations performed and the hazards posed by agents and for the laboratory function and activity.
		Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving agents of no known or of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.
	www.olemiss.edu /depts/environmental_safety/biomanual.html (15949 words)

	Biosafety Summary of activity - Second COP November 1995
		The G-77/CHINA recommended that a protocol on biosafety be established and called on the COW to create an open-ended working group for its elaboration.
		Three draft decisions on the biosafety protocol (submitted by G-77/China, EU and Norway) along with 4 unofficial proposals were considered.
		One of the paragraphs under discussion involves a decision by members of the drafting group to "recognize the need for," "decide to develop," or "conclude that there is a need for" a protocol on biosafety.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Federal_Biotech/biodiversity.treaty/biocop2.html (813 words)

	USAID Fact Sheet on Establishing National Biosafety Systems
		Even in countries with long-established systems, biosafety policy and its implementation continue to evolve and it is not unusual to have a mix of voluntary and mandatory measures.
		The human resource environment that both enables and limits biosafety implementation is shaped by the scope and quality of: competency in the biological sciences; expertise in information acquisition, communications, and management; and, experience in critical thinking, analysis, and decision-making.
		Funds must be available to develop and implement a national biosafety system; to support the infrastructure required, such as buildings, labs, equipment, and computers; to facilitate communication and public participation; to train scientific and regulatory personnel; and to foster the research required to assure that risk assessments are sound.
	usinfo.state.gov /xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2004&m=June&x=20040617105128AKllennoCcM0.5659083&t=xarchives/xarchitem.html (943 words)

	Europa - Research - Quality of Life - Genetically Modified Organisms - A Review of Results
		Particular features of the projects described here are that they are carried out on a joint basis by multinational consortia of scientists, and that their results are usually submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.
		In support of, and in order to provide an input to, its research activities on biosafety, the EC has participated in OECD committees, helped organise a series of international conferences on biosafety research, and set up a Task Force on Biotechnology Research with United States research agencies.
		Biosafety research over the past quarter-century has played a key role in accompanying the development and diffusion of modern biotechnology products and applications, in health care, agro-food and the environment.
	europa.eu.int /comm/research/quality-of-life/gmo/index.html (829 words)

	HSE - Biosafety - Novartis.com
		Our biosafety program is controlled and implemented at the corporate level to guarantee consistency company-wide.
		The operational responsibility for biosafety is delegated to the business units and sites that handle biological material.
		A biosafety risk and issue portfolio is maintained and updated at the corporate level.
	www.novartis.com /corporate_citizenship/en/hse_biosafety.shtml (125 words)

	PHIL\web page\biosafety
		It is in the arena of the scientific technicalities of biosafety, however, that I have worked longest and am best known.
		It is true that some biosafety dangers could be trivial, but others could be enormous and the public has a right to demand scientists and regulators who can deal with this both intellectually and as a practical matter.
		Despite my biosafety concerns about agricultural and environmental biotech, I am quite enthusiastic about biotech's potential in medical and biological research and diagnostics, and about certain of its potential clinical applications.
	biosci.umn.edu /~pregal/biosafety.html (3848 words)

	International Society for Biosafety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		International Society for Biosafety Research is composed primarily of scientists and regulators from around the world, employed by governments, universities and private companies.
		During the Symposium, major themes of GMO biosafety research will be examined, with a particular effort made to project from the current state of knowledge into the future.
		Here the purpose will be to mobilize the GMO biosafety research community to identify the GMO-related biosafety research that countries in the South will need in order to develop GMOs for their own uses, and to create better contacts between researchers in North and South.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /brs/international_isb.html (362 words)

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