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Topic: Botulism

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	Botulism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Botulism (from Latin botulus, "sausage") is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin, botulin, that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		An unusual example of botulism occurred in Britain in the unusually hot, dry summer of 1976, when river levels dropped so low in some areas that feeding swans accidentally ingested material from anaerobic layers in a river (normally out of their reach), and were struck by botulism symptoms.
		Furthermore each case of botulism is a potential public health emergency in that it is necessary to identify the source of the outbreak and ensure that all persons who have been exposed to the toxin have been identified, and that no contaminated food remains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Botulism (1399 words)

	Botulism
		Botulism is a paralytic condition brought on by the consumption of a naturally occurring toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		In a type C botulism outbreak the sequence of events are: aquatic invertebrates ingest the bacterium when feeding and a lowering of water levels or an increase in water temperature causes large numbers of the invertebrates to die.
		Botulism mortality of loons and other birds in late fall in the absence of a coincidental fish die-off are probably the result of lake turn-over with invertebrates being ingested by the birds.
	www.michigan.gov /dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150_12220-26493--,00.html (1303 words)

	Botulism: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Foodborne botulism is a form of foodborne illness foodborne illness quick summary:
		Furthermore each case of botulism is a potential public health emergency in that it is necessary to identify the source of the outbreak and ensure that all persons who have been exposed to the toxin have been identified, EHandler: no quick summary.
		Botulism can result in death due to respiratory[For more info, click on this link] failure.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/botulism.htm (2955 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book - Clostridium botulinum
		Foodborne botulism (as distinct from wound botulism and infant botulism) is a severe type of food poisoning caused by the ingestion of foods containing the potent neurotoxin formed during growth of the organism.
		Infant botulism is diagnosed by demonstrating botulinal toxins and the organism in the infants' stools.
		A botulism type B outbreak in Italy associated with eggplant in oil is reported in MMWR 44(2):1995 Jan 20.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~mow/chap2.html (1656 words)

	WHO \| Botulism
		Botulism is mainly a foodborne intoxication but it can also be transmitted through wound infections or intestinal infection in infants.
		Foodborne botulism, that occurs when the organism Clostridium botulinum is allowed to grow and produce toxin in food which is then eaten without sufficient cooking to inactivate the toxin.
		Botulism may be prevented by inactivation of the bacterial spores in heat-sterilized, canned products or by inhibiting growth in all other products.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs270/en (1096 words)

	Biological Warfare Defense Information Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Botulism is caused by a toxin of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulism toxin is one of the most toxic substances known.
		Although botulism is normally acquired from food, it is expected that as an agent of biological warfare (BW) it would be dispersed as a toxic cloud to be inhaled by the persons under attack.
	www.emergency.com /botulism.htm (371 words)

	Avian Botulism: Overview - Environment Canada
		The botulism spore, or resting stage of the bacteria, is commonly found in wetland soils, and can survive for years, withstanding freezing and drying.
		Botulism toxin is transferred to birds by maggots and possibly other invertebrates that feed on the decaying carcasses.
		Although botulism cannot be prevented, the overall objective of current botulism research is to minimize or reduce bird deaths.
	www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca /nature/migratorybirds/avianb/ce00s02.en.html (894 words)

	Botulism
		Botulism is a rare but serious food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulism in infants under one year of age has been associated with eating of contaminated honey.
		In addition, because botulism toxin is destroyed by boiling for 10 minutes, people who eat home-canned foods should consider boiling the food before eating it to ensure safety.
	www.state.sd.us /doh/Pubs/botulism.htm (246 words)

	Infant Botulism- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
		In infant botulism, the baby does not ingest toxin; instead, spores from the botulism bacteria produce toxin in the baby's immature digestive tract.
		Infant botulism is quite different from the botulism caused by eating contaminated foods.
		Infant botulism occurs in babies younger than six months old, and, if hospital care is provided, is not as serious as food-borne botulism.
	drdean.healthcentral.com /encyclopedia/408/461/Infant_Botulism.html (597 words)

	Botulism
		Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin, a natural poison produced by certain bacteria in the Clostridium genus.
		Adults with botulism are treated with an antitoxin derived from horse serum that is distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
		Infant botulism is difficult to prevent, because controlling what goes into an infant's mouth is often beyond control, especially in regard to spores in the air.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/botulism.jsp (1931 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 28, Gastroenteritis
		In foodborne botulism, toxin produced in contaminated food is eaten; in wound and infant botulism, neurotoxin is elaborated in vivo by C.
		Onset of foodborne botulism is abrupt, usually 18 to 36 h after ingestion of the toxin, although the incubation period may vary from 4 h to 8 days.
		Botulism may be confused with Guillain-Barré syndrome, poliomyelitis, stroke, myasthenia gravis, tick paralysis, and poisoning caused by curare or belladonna alkaloids.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section3/chapter28/28d.htm (1337 words)

	Botulism
		Botulism can be controlled in home-canned foods if home canners are made aware of the dangers and how to prevent it.
		Unlike food-borne botulism, which is caused by ingestion of pre-formed botulinal toxin, infant botulism is presumed to be caused by ingestion of viable spores that later grow and produce toxin in susceptible infants, mostly under 6 to 8 months of age.
		Treatment of food-borne botulism consists primarily of 1) removing any unabsorbed toxin in the digestive tract, 2) neutralizing the circulating toxin with an antitoxin as quickly as possible, and 3) keeping a patient breathing by a mechanical respirator (iron lung) as necessary.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/foodnut/09305.html (2224 words)

	Botulism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At this point, a diagnosis of infantile botulism was strongly considered and a stool sample was sent to the CDC in Atlanta to determine the presence of Clostridium botulinum toxin.
		Infant botulism typically affects previously well infants within the first 4 to 6 months of life (median=10 weeks) and is caused by ingestion of spores that germinate and produce toxins in the GI tract.
		Infant botulism is a self-limited disease lasting a total of 2 to 6 weeks with progressive symptoms for 1 to 2 weeks followed by gradual recovery of motor function over 3-4 weeks, as a result of the production of new nerve terminals and motor-end plates.
	home.coqui.net /myrna/botu.htm (1262 words)

	Botulism
		Botulism (say: bah-chuh-lih-zum) is a serious kind of food poisoning, but fortunately it's also very rare.
		Many botulism cases occur in infants, and experts think that's because their digestive systems can't protect them from germs the way an older kid's or an adult's digestive system can.
		A person who has botulism will have to go to the hospital, where he or she can be watched closely.
	kidshealth.org /kid/watch/house/botulism.html (392 words)

	Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care - Healthcare Providers - Publications - Diseases - Botulism
		Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		Diagnosis of food borne botulism is made by demonstration of botulinum toxin in serum, stool, gastric aspirate or incriminated food; or isolation of C.
		Wound botulism is diagnosed by detection of toxin in serum or by positive wound culture.
	www.health.gov.on.ca /english/providers/pub/disease/botulism.html (1288 words)

	Botulism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		Infants with botulism appear lethargic, feed poorly, are constipated, and have a weak cry and poor muscle tone.
		In foodborne botulism, symptoms generally begin 18 to 36 hours after eating a contaminated food, but they can occur as early as 6 hours or as late as 10 days.
	www.envtox.ucdavis.edu /cehs/TOXINS/botulism.htm (602 words)

	Botulism
		Type E botulism is associated with fish, and the majority of birds involved in these outbreaks are fish-eaters or scavengers.
		Episodes of Type E botulism are periodically recurrent in fish-eating birds, especially loons, on the Great Lakes in late fall botulism among common loons (Gavia immer) in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.
		It seems reasonable to believe that botulism was present in the area, and it was the arrival of large numbers of fish-eating birds that caused the large increase in mortality.
	www.michiganloons.org /botulism.htm (1076 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Botulism
		Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.
		Botulism may also occur if the organism enters open wounds and produces toxin there.
		Infant botulism is a special type in which living bacteria or its spores are eaten and grow within the infant's gastrointestinal tract.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000598.htm (611 words)

	Botulism
		Agent: Botulism is caused by the neurotoxin produced by the bacillus Clostridium botulinum, a spore-forming obligate anaerobe widely found in soil; and by other Clostridium sp.
		As a naturally occurring disease, botulism appears as a severe food poisoning resulting from ingesting the neurotoxin, wound infection with the toxin, and intestinal (formerly "infant botulism").
		Botulism as a BW weapon is discussed below (Arnon, Schecter, Inglesby, Henderson, Bartlett, Ascher, Eitzen, Fine, Hauer, Layton, Lillibridge, Osterholm, O'Toole, Parker, Perl, Russell, Swerdlow, and Tonat, 2001; Chin, 2000; Schecter and Arnon, 2000).
	www3.baylor.edu /~Charles_Kemp/botulism.htm (777 words)

	Infant Botulism
		Infant botulism is an illness that can occur when a newborn ingests bacteria that produce a toxin inside the body.
		Two other types of botulism tend to affect older children and adults: wound botulism occurs when the bacteria infect a wound and produce the toxin inside of it; food-borne botulism is usually caused by eating home-canned foods that contain the toxin.
		Infant botulism is treated in the hospital, usually in the intensive care unit, where doctors will try to limit the problems the toxin causes in the baby's body.
	www.kidshealth.org /parent/infections/bacterial_viral/botulism.html (607 words)

	Disease Listing, Botulism, General Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		There are seven types of botulism toxin designated by the letters A through G; only types A, B, E and F cause illness in humans.
		The respiratory failure and paralysis that occur with severe botulism may require a patient to be on a breathing machine (ventilator) for weeks, plus intensive medical and nursing care.
		However, outbreaks of botulism from more unusual sources such as chopped garlic in oil, chile peppers, tomatoes, improperly handled baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil, and home-canned or fermented fish.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/botulism_g.htm (1084 words)

	Botulism
		Botulism is a food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum.
		Infant botulism differs from foodborne botulism in that the toxin itself is not ingested.
		Although less than 5 percent of infant botulism patients contract the disease from honey, health officials and pediatricians agree honey should not be fed to infants under one year of age.
	hgic.clemson.edu /factsheets/HGIC3680.htm (1059 words)

	Home Canning - How To Avoid Botulism - BC HealthFile #22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Botulism is a serious, often fatal form of food poisoning.
		Botulism spores are resistant to heat -- even from boiling water -- and thrive in a moist, oxygen-free environment.
		As botulism spores reproduce, they generate one of the most extraordinarily powerful poisons on earth: one teaspoon-worth is sufficient to kill 100,000 people.
	www.bchealthguide.org /healthfiles/hfile22.stm (808 words)

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