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	William Fox Talbot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In August 1852, The Times published an open letter by Lord Rosse, the President of the Royal Society, and Charles Lock Eastlake, the president of the Royal Academy, who called on Talbot to relieve his patent pressure that was perceived as stifling the development of photography.
		Laroche's side argued that the patent was invalid, as a similar process was invented earlier by Joseph Reade, and that using the collodion process does not infringe the calotype patent anyway because of significant differences between the two processes.
		In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed that Laroche was not ifringing upon it by using the collodion process.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Fox_Talbot (746 words)

	Calotype - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The calotype was an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Fox Talbot, using paper sheets covered with silver chloride.
		One available solution was to use a glass plate negative, but first it was necessary to find a way to bind the chemicals to the glass.
		This was accomplished in the early 1850s with the development of albumen prints and the collodion process, after which the calotype became obsolete.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calotype (340 words)

	A History of Photography, by Robert Leggat: CALOTYPE process, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Calotype was a positive/negative process introduced in 1841 by Fox Talbot, and popular for the next ten years or so.
		The Calotype process was not as popular as its rival one, the Daguerreotype.
		When the Collodion process was introduced in 1851, the calotype became obsolete.
	www.rleggat.com /photohistory/history/calotype.htm (421 words)

	The Calotype Process
		Henry Talbot devised the calotype in the autumn of 1840, perfected it by the time of its public introduction in mid-1841, and made it the subject of a patent (the patent did not extend to Scotland).
		The calotype paper could be employed completely dry, but was more sensitive when moist, and in any case had to be exposed in the camera within a few hours of preparation (Talbot found that he could sometimes put it away for future use but its keeping qualities were never predictable).
		Like the calotype negatives, these plain paper prints could be easily retouched in ink or wash. However, unlike some of their contemporaries, Hill and Adamson preferred to do their work on the negatives, and modified the prints very little.
	special.lib.gla.ac.uk /hillandadamson/calo.html (1668 words)

	Process & Techniques
		This process, which W H Fox Talbot invented in 1840 and patented in 1841, is the direct ancestor of modern photography because it creates a positive image from a negative.
		Calotype images became largely obsolete after the introduction of the collodion process.
		A calotype was made by brushing a silver-nitrate solution onto one side of a sheet of high quality writing paper and drying it.
	www.vam.ac.uk /vastatic/microsites/1202_printroom_boxes/process_and_techniques_topic_boxes/processes_and_techniques.htm (3095 words)

	Masters of Photography: Hill & Adamson
		Sir David Brewster, aware of the utility and inexpensiveness of the calotype, recommended its use as an aid in amassing the individual portraits required to depict the large assembly.
		Exposure with the calotype process at that period took one to two minutes and required that subjects be posed outdoors, although the impression of an interior might be simulated by the inclusion of tables, draperies, busts, pedestals, or books within the frame.
		Since images had to be taken in direct sunlight and because the calotype did not reproduce an even range of tones (it tended to extremes of dark and light), the effect achieved often prompted comparison with precedents in British portraiture and even with Dutch masters such as Rembrandt.
	www.masters-of-photography.com /H/hill-adamson/hill-a_articles1.html (821 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Calotype
		Calotype, the positive-negative photography process developed by William Henry Fox Talbot.
		The calotype was the most widely used process in Britain...
		The first extensive portrait project using negatives and prints on paper was that undertaken in 1843 by David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Calotype.html (88 words)

	History and Practice of the Art of Photography - Chapter IX
		In preparing the Calotype paper, it is necessary to be extremely careful, not only to prevent the daylight from impringing upon it, but also to exclude, if possible, the strong glare of the candle or lamp.
		The original calotype picture, like the photographic one described in the last chapter, is negative, that is to say, it has its lights and shades reversed, giving the whole an appearance not conformable to nature.
		The calotype picture is plunged into a solution consisting of hyposulphite of soda dissolved in about ten times its weight of water, and heated nearly to the boiling point.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/tech/photography/HistoryandPracticeoftheArtofPhotography/chap10.html (2776 words)

	Calotype - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson: Catalogue of their calotypes taken between 1843 and 1847 in the collection of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery
		Felix Teynard: Calotypes of Egypt : A Catalogue Raisonne
		Calotype [and] New photographic discoveries by M. Daguerre
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /calotype.htm (414 words)

	Calotypes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Calotype, or 'Talbotype', was a refinement of the process of photogenic drawing, offering a much more sensitive medium through its use of the latent image phenomenon.
		The Calotype proper is a negative image (along with its offshoot the waxed paper negative), although its positive counterpart, the salted paper print, is the more common form in which it is encountered.
		Calotypes are made by brushing the best quality drawing or writing paper with a solution of silver nitrate, drying the paper, and then immersing it in a solution of potassium iodide to form a light-sensitive layer of silver iodide.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /features/ephotos/ctypes.htm (346 words)

	Yesterdays Papers
		The original paper was, of course, that used by Fox Talbot in the experiments that led to his 'Calotype' process in the 1830s, and was the first use of paper with a negative/positive printing process, as opposed to the metal plate of the Daguerrotype.
		In the Calotype, the light sensitive salts are formed on the surface of the paper; Blanquart-Evrard reversed the sensitising sequence by floating his paper initially in a silver iodide bath, followed by a silver nitrate bath.
		As the permanence of calotypes was already known to be dubious, no shortcuts were taken in the Lille factory, where prints were given two hypo baths, followed by gold toning, and a wash with changes of water over several hours.
	www.silverprint.co.uk /info/yespap.html (7356 words)

	Calotypes
		The calotype was a paper print made from a paper negative, and because the base material of the negative contained fibres the resulting prints have a somewhat grainy appearance.
		The two calotypes reproduced below are of North Parade, Port Adelaide, as it was c1850-52, and in spite of their grainy appearance some useful detail is visible in prints copied from the originals.
		Although some South Australian photographers advertised their willingness to take photographs by the calotype process, few calotypes would have been taken as the process was rendered obsolete by the vastly superior wet-plate system in the early 1850s.
	users.chariot.net.au /~rjnoye/Misc/Calotype.htm (1070 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Calotype
		Calotype, photographic process involving the use of paper negatives.
		The calotype process, unlike daguerreotypes, allowed multiple prints to be made...
		Hill, David Octavius, and Adamson, Robert Scottish portrait photographers who pioneered the production of calotypes, images developed from paper...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Calotype.html (83 words)

	Edinburgh Calotype Club
		The Edinburgh Calotype Club was the first photographic club in the world and the National Library of Scotland have digitised two albums of their work (over 300 images) in this nifty little sub-site.
		The club was formed in the early 1840's when a group of Edinburgh gentlemen were introduced to the calotype process.
		It is not greatly surprising that the quality of the image, nor in some cases the composition, is a little shabby given the laborious efforts involved, and the amateur status of the gentlemen.
	www.anoasis.co.uk /archives/000156.html (173 words)

	Richardson1
		The calotype and its relations were all of this, but were so without entirely losing the transparent properties bestowed on the daguerreotype.
		For purposes such as this the calotype was to be preferred to the daguerreotype.
		Indeed, the specific applications of the calotype envisaged by Biot were chiefly in the order of the preservation, and in particular, the preservation of ancient texts.
	wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au /ReadingRoom/6.2/Richo1.html (7521 words)

	Intersections: Street and Studio: Popular Commercial Photography in India and Bangladesh
		In the original calotype process, the negative image was taken from the camera, developed, pressed against photo-sensitive paper and exposed to sunlight to achieve the positive image.
		It's a variation on the calotype and identical with it until the point of negative-positive conversion.
		The calotype involved a darkroom process, outside the camera –; whereas the Indian process involves developing the negative inside the camera, re-photographing, and then re-developing the new positive (also inside the camera itself).
	wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au /intersections/issue8/mchoul.html (3555 words)

	stereoscopy.com - FAQ
		The great and unquestioned superiority of the calotype pictures is their power of multiplication.
		In the Calotype, on the contrary, we can take any number of pictures, within reasonable limits, from a negatives; and a whole circle of friends can procure, for a mere trifle, a copy of a successful and pleasing portrait.
		In the Daguerreotype the landscapes are all reverted, whereas in the Calotype the drawing is exactly conformable to nature..
	www.stereoscopy.com /faq/brewster.html (639 words)

	Frederick Scott Archer
		Trying to reduce the amount of texture and unevenness inherent in the paper used for calotype negatives, he tried spreading collodion on paper, but could not get the collodion to adhere to the paper after the necessary washing.
		William Henry Fox Talbot claimed that Archer's process was covered by his own Calotype patent,Talbot was aggressive in issuing public warnings and for awhile was successful in suing photographers who used the collodion process without obtaining a license from him.
		The court concluded, in a milestone ruling that while Talbot was the inventor of the calotype process, La Roche was not guilty of infringing on the calotype patent by taking collodion portraits.
	www.samackenna.demon.co.uk /FSArcher.html (1545 words)

	Pencils of Light - Caloype Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Strictly speaking, the term calotype applied only to the negative –; the positive prints were made by placing the negative on top of sensitised salted paper.
		However the calotype had a tendency to fade and could also be quite blurred because of imperfections in the paper.
		By the 1850s the calotype was going out of fashion as the albumen prints and collodion positives and negatives being produced were of finer quality than those of Talbot’s invention.
	www.nls.uk /pencilsoflight/process.htm (364 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The calotype produced a negative picture on paper with the lights of the images recorded as darks and the darks as lights.
		Compared to the Daguerreotypes, the quality of the early Calotypes was somewhat inferior, but the great advantage of the Calotype was the unlimited number of positive prints that could be made.
		However, paper's imperfections were a problem with the Calotype, so Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor invented a process for sensitizing a glass plate with an emulsion of silver iodide and fresh, whipped eggwhite (albumin) capable of rendering fine detail and good tone which was impossible with the calotype.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/6794/calotype.html (153 words)

	David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson - AMAM
		This arresting calotype portrait was created during the earliest moments in the history of photography.
		Adamson, a young chemist of distinguished ability."6 Hill himself wrote, "The rough and unequal texture throughout the paper is the main cause of the calotype failing in details before the Daguerreotype...and this is the very life of it.
		The Oberlin calotype is identical to Stevenson's calotype a; calotype b was taken on 19 May. A sixth pose is illustrated in Heinrich Schwarz, David Octavius Hill: Master of Photography (New York, 1931), pl. 65.
	www.oberlin.edu /allenart/collection/hill_david.html (1124 words)

	Glossary
		Calotype - The calotype (Talbotype) was patented by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1841 and was used for about a decade until it was gradually superseded by the collodian process on albumen paper.
		The calotype, a paper negative process, was revolutionary because multiple positives could be made from a single negative.
		The tones of a salt print are generally shades of brown and purple, and, because the emulsion soaks into the paper instead of resting on the surface, the prints have a matte surface quality.
	www.laurencemillergallery.com /glossary.htm (2386 words)

	Lectures 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The calotypes are negative images, processed on writing paper, which today is quite brittle and delicate.
		calotypes are waxed, which improves the translucency of the negative, creates a smoother surface, and increases the detail of the negative.
		Dimensions (this is the height and width of the calotype, measured in millimetres)
	www.brlsi.org /proceed02/report011.htm (586 words)

	Chapter 29. Negatives on Paper
		Several distinguished photographers have improved upon this calotype process, amongst whom we may mention Blanquart-Evrard, Legray, Baldus, Geoffray, Tillard etc. Amongst all these improvements and extensions the wax-paper process of Legray is the most extensively employed.
		It differs from the calotype, inasmuch as the paper is first waxed before sensitization in Legray's process, whereas in Talbot's the waxing part of the operation is the last.
		As before mentioned, various improvements have been made in the calotype and wax-paper processes, amongst which I shall finally give the wet-paper negative process of Humbert de Molard, owing to its simplicity and the rapidity of its action.
	albumen.stanford.edu /library/monographs/sunbeam/chap29.html (3577 words)

	AllRefer.com - photography, still : The Calotype (Photography) - Encyclopedia
		The calotype's paper negative made possible the reproduction of photographic images.
		This lack of precision was understood and used to advantage by the Scottish painter David Octavius Hill and his assistant, Robert Adamson.
		From 1843 to 1848 they made an extensive series of calotype portraits of Scottish clergymen, intended to serve only as studies for a group portrait in oils, that stands today among the major bodies of work in the medium.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/photogrph-the-calotype.html (238 words)

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