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	Chinampa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinampa is an Aztec term referring to a method of ancient Mesoamerican agriculture through floating gardens—small, rectangle-shaped areas of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico.
		Chinampas were used for most of the Pre-Columbian period in the central part of modern-day Mexico; it is estimated that food provided by chinampas made up one-half to two-thirds of the food consumed by the city of Tenochtitlán (modern-day Mexico City).
		In the Pre-Columbian period, chinampas were squares made of canes covered by dirt—floating garden platforms which were held in place by stakes and sometimes trees that were planted in lagoon and lake bottoms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinampa (550 words)

	Resource Centre on Urban Agriculture and Forestry - RUAF: UA Magazine No. 7 Economics of Urban and Periurban Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chinampa is small piece of land of irregular form, of pre-Hispanic origin, where habitants from the valley of Mexico still produced a diversity of plants for the city.
		The chinampa area is very well-known for the presence of a diversity of non-domesticated plants that are used for food, green fertilisers, animal feed, and for medicinal and culinary purposes.
		For its cultivation, the seed is gathered in the marshy areas of the chinampas, from wild plants.
	www.ruaf.org /no7/16_mexico.html (2022 words)

	Investigating Chinampa Farming
		The system, known as chinampas, of draining swamps and building up fields in the shallow Basin of Mexico lakebeds, was a remarkable form of intensive agriculture that Jeffrey Parsons of the University of Michigan suggests provided one-half to two-thirds of the food consumed in Tenochtitlan.
		In general, chinampas are rectangular fields 2 to 4 m wide and 20 to 40 m long, surrounded on three or four sides by canals.
		Chinampa crops occur in all levels, and the presence of maize stalks suggests that at least some maize was grown nearby and not imported as cobs or kernels to the site.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /ioa/backdirt/Fallwinter00/farming.html (1007 words)

	Encyclopedia: Chinampa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A cane is a long, straight wooden stick, generally of bamboo, Malacca (rattan), or some similar plant, mainly used as a support, such as a walking stick or as an instrument of punishment.
		Many chinampas were constructed by indigenous inhabitants of Tenochtitlán That city was build in the middle of a lake, and the original small island was extended by this method.
		These chinampas allowed inhabitants to make use of the lake waters, which surrounded the Aztec Empire, because they were a form of agriculture and produced a good majority of the food for the inhabitants.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chinampa (1274 words)

	Farming
		In the new chinampa zones, considerable numbers of farmers were resident tenants tied to the land of estates, who paid "rent" in kind to owners residing in Tenochtitlan.
		By the 15th century, during the reign of Montezuma I, older chinampa zones were incorporated in larger drainage and water control systems that included large-scale construction of new chinampa fields.
		Chinampa gardens were fertilized with human excrement collected in canoes from Tenochtitlan and transported to the field.
	www.geocities.com /hollywood/academy/5854/farming.htm (378 words)

	Chinampa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chinampa (No. 1952) was built in 1903 by Palmer Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, as Gushing.
		Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, she made two transatlantic voyages for the Navy between 16 October 1918 and 11 February 1919, and an additional voyage for the Army from 23 February to 28 March 1919, carrying gasoline and fuel oil to various ports in France, England, and Belgium.
		Chinampa was decommissioned 27 May 1919 and delivered to the Shipping Board for return to her owner.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/c8/chinampa.htm (121 words)

	chinampas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The chinampas were an ingeniously practical and creative system which makes clear the high technological and agricultural development achieved by the Mexicas.
		A variant of the chinampa consisted of an armature on which layers of mud were accumulated to have arable land and to provide themselves with food.
		To secure the chinampa to the subsoil, stakes or tree trunks called huejotes were set in the ground, and once they took root, they gave stability to the land.
	archaeology.la.asu.edu /tm/pages2/mtm60.htm (126 words)

	Chinampas/Planeta.com
		While you may have heard that the chinampas are extinct, you can find them behind the canals frequented by the tourist trajineras.
		The chinampas should not be seen as mere historical artifacts, but as an alternative model of wetland development.
		Ironically, the chinampas were saved from certain extinction by substituting streams of treated sewage and industrial waste waters for the spring flow.
	www.planeta.com /planeta/95/0895chinampa.html (529 words)

	Aztec (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Crops were grown on artificial structures in the lake surrounding the city, "chinampas," built of mud scooped from the lake bottom.
		Chinampas were not affected by droughts, and produced seven crops a year, including two corn crops (18).
		Since somewhere between 240,000 and 330,000 people could be fed adequately on tribute and chinampa agriculture alone, and the population of Tenochtitlan was approximately 300,000, it does not seem reasonable to postulate protein starvation as an impelling force to cannibalism.
	www.mfhr.org /aztec.htm (6046 words)

	AI Mesoamerica - Aztecs: Trade & Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The chinampas, or “floating gardens”, increased the land area available for cultivation and served as settlement extensions for lakeside cities.
		Chinampas were remarkably productive tracts of land build up in the shallow beds of freshwater lakes, were constructed from alternate layers of mud and vegetation which were secured by posts and the roots of willow trees.
		The chinampas ranged in size from 100-850 sq.metres and were cultivated by an average of 10-15 people each.
	www.antiquatedideas.com /cgi-antiquatedideas/mesoamerica/topic.cgi?forum=29&topic=15 (398 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The new soil is quickly planted with pre-prepared seedlings grown on a small section of the chinampa dedicated to that use.
		Chinampas are usually found in clusters, as chinamperos tend to search for the perfect balance of calm yet flowing water.
		The work on the chinampa is definitely hard; it requires careful planning and constant maintenance, but the rewards are many.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~conreys/102cweb/americas/papers/daydocauer1.doc (1912 words)

	Miranda Eagles
		Chinampas seemed to be a perfect choice for our design project because they fulfilled a variety of requirements.
		Chinampas stood out as an adaptation that they Aztecs made to deal with their environment, and from what we could tell it was still used as a modern method for growth in that area.
		The Floating Chinampa: I took on the task of developing the floating Chinampa.
	ase.tufts.edu /devtech/bridging/projectreport.htm (2612 words)

	Ethnobotany Dissertations and Theses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The chinampa farming system is an efficient and self-sustaining agroecosystem in which productivity is enhanced by the management of biodiversity.
		The use of the chinampa agroecosystem as a in situ repositorie of germplasm is proposed.
		The oldest haplotype is represented by the wild individuals found in the Lacandon and Calakmul tropical rain forests suggesting that this area is source of the cacaos cultivated in Mesoamerica before the arrival of Spanish.
	maya.ucr.edu /pril/ethnobotany/theses.html (2145 words)

	Axtecs built chinampas
		A chinampa is made up of a net of branches and reeds.
		To secure the soil from being washed away, a fence was constructed around the chinampa and willow trees were planted.
		On the chinampa the farmers built their houses and planted crops.
	www.bubblegumkids.com /issue001/lite/ttime/time4.htm (224 words)

	Caribbeanedu.com \| Caribbean Odyssey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The economy of Tenochtitlan was built off of one overwhelming fact: the urban population on the island required high levels of economic support from surrounding areas.
		In its earliest history, Tenochtitlan was self-supporting; the village was small and agriculture was managed through the chinampa method of architecture, practiced widely throughout Mesoamerica.
		In the chinampa, flat reeds were placed in the shallow areas of the lake, covered with soil, and then cultivated.
	www.caribbeanedu.com /teachers/view.asp?ArtId=01.03.03 (510 words)

	What is a chinampa
		provide Lumsden et al.’s analysis of the chemical and physical characters of chinampa and Chapingo: “They found that the chinampa soil was a silty, clay loam, pH 5.8, and was significantly higher in organic matter and phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, and ammonia content, as well as soluble salts.
		The scientists isolated nine organisms from chinampa soil which exhibited antinematodal properties in culture.
		Moreover, upon sampling chinampa and Chapingo soils and counting the populations of soil nematodes, it was found that the naturally occurring populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were of lower incidence in chinampa soil (130 vs. 156 per 100 cubed centimeters).
	geography.berkeley.edu /ProgramCourses/CoursePagesFA2004/geog148/Term%20Papers/Sanaz%20Memarsadeghi/soil.htm (245 words)

	Civilian Ships - Chinampa (Tanker, 1903)
		Chinampa, a 6894 gross ton tanker, was built in 1903 by the Palmer Shipbuilding Company of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England.
		Previously named Prometheus and Cushing, in September 1918 she was acquired by the Navy and placed in commission in early October as USS Chinampa (ID # 1952).
		Chinampa was returned to her owners, the Standard Oil Company, of New York City, in May 1919.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/sh-civil/civsh-c/chinampa.htm (334 words)

	Aztec Agriculture
		Most of Tenochtitlan’s estimated 150,000 to 200,000 inhabitants at the time of Spanish contact were not food producers.
		The system, known as chinampas (floating gardens), of draining swamps and building up fields in the shallow Basin of Mexico lakebeds was used to feed the population.
		Most of the Aztec chinampas have long since fallen into disuse, buried by the urban sprawl of Mexico City.
	www.su.edu /faculty/steabo/twolford555/aztec_agriculture.htm (311 words)

	Case: Mexico: Civil Society Initiatives to Restore the Xochimilco Watershed (#71) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Chinampas are pieces of land, reclaimed by the Aztecs, and surrounded by water.
		Negotiations between the Pro Chinampa movement and the mayor of Mexico City resulted in a common agreed project of complete hydrological regeneration of the whole chinampa area.
		There were tensions between the Pro Chinampa movement and the technical services of Mexico city during the implementation phase of the project but mediation provided by the group of scientists supporting the movement facilitated satisfactory completion of the project.
	gwpforum.netmasters05.netmasters.nl /en/content/case_186AA769-EACB-49E0-B23B-7136948D31DA.html (420 words)

	Enhancing Productivity of Latin American Farming Systems
		An example are the chinampas in Mexico which according to Sanders (l957) in the mid 1950s exhibited maize yields of 3.5 to 6.3 tones per hectare (Table 2).
		Second, the chinampa maintain a high level of soil fertility despite the continual harvest of crops because they are supplied with high quantities of organic fertilizers.
		The narrowness of the chinampas is a design feature that ensures that water from the canal infiltrates the chinampa, giving rise to a zone of moisture within reach of the crop’s roots.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /~christos/espm118/articles/enhancing_prod_la_peasants.html (8203 words)

	everyday1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The edges of the chinampa were held in place by wooden posts.
		People moved about between their chinampas and the causeway to the city in canoes which they hollowed out from trees.
		Eventually most of the lake surrounding Tenochtitlan was filled with chinampas.
	home.freeuk.net /elloughton13/everyday.htm (58 words)

	Business page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sir Moi announced the company, Fugro and its subsidiary Chinampa, have been granted three permits to undertake geo-technical survey and exploration activities within the offshore waters of the three provinces of Western, Gulf and Central.
		“Fugro and Chinampa are companies that have the capacity to undertake marine surveys, aeromagnetic surveys, seismic surveys and high tech equipment and expertise required to process new and exiting data available from the region under study.
		He further added that the entry of Fugro and its subsidiaries like Chinampa into PNG is a clear evidence of the impact from petroleum incentives like reduced corporate tax introduced by the Government in 2003.
	www.thenational.com.pg /0812/business2.htm (309 words)

	Aztec Farming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To create chinampas, canals were dug through the marshes and swamps, and alternating layers of weeds, muck and earth were piled into rectangular cane frames between the canals.
		In the area of Xochimilco, the chinampas are still in use.
		The area was first used by the Aztecs for chinampa farming after they conquered it from the previous inhabitants, seven Nahua tribes, who themselves moved into the area between the eighth and tenth centuries AD.
	www.historywalker.com /officialpaper/1/HistMacFar.html (203 words)

	The Chinampa Zone of Xochimilco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Another San Gregorio chinampa with squash in the foreground.
		The tall ‘weeds’ being cleared in the midground are actually several types of amaranth known locally as quelites and quintoniles.
		Fields of these dimensions probably originated early the the 20th century; earlier, most chinampas were much narrower, shorter, and often less rectangular.
	www.western.edu /faculty/pcrossley/chinampasofmexico/virtualfieldtrips/chinampazoneofxochi/7.htm (79 words)

	Brian Nissen Sculpture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Chinampas of Xochimilco are also a specific area in which an event takes place - in this case, agriculture.
		In these sculptures I have used the format of these little man-made islands; but in this case what happens on them is an evocation of forms, spaces, shapes - some organic: pods, plants seeds, roots - others more architectonic -ramps, paths, mounds, enclosures.
		The wall pieces evoke an aerial view of the Chinamitl; woven mats made of reeds and rushes used to start the construction of the Chinampa.
	www.briannissen.com /chinampastext.html (158 words)

	Greenmountain > Projects > Tagari: A Visit to Bill Mollison's Experimental Farm
		Nestled in the caldera of an extinct volcano at the foot of Mt. Warning, Tagari's lush vegetation, thriving gardens and abundant wildlife belie its recent past as degraded pasture land.
		Chinampas, like food forests, are also largely self-sustaining, and require only periodic maintenance.
		Specifically, the nutrient rich muck from the channel's bottom is occasionally scooped onto the neighboring land where it fertilizes and mulches the crops.
	www.claudegenest.com /greenmountainpermaculture/projects/tagari.htm (1549 words)

	[No title]
		As discussed in the project report, our research team worked to enact a pilot encompassing the concepts of “Bringing Design to Science.” After considering the subjects typically studied by forth and fifth grade students in conjunction with the Massachusetts State Educational Frameworks we stumbled upon the Aztec civilization.
		We found the Aztec culture intriguing and decided that chinampas, man-made islands used to increase the limited farming space available to them, would serve as an excellent medium to explore with the technological enhancement Lego Mindstorms provides.
		An old, stable chinampa rooted into the swamp by the roots of the trees
	ase.tufts.edu /devtech/bridging/pix.htm (236 words)

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