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Topic: Chinese Immigration Act of 1923

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	immigration - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Immigration is the act of moving to or settling in another country or region, temporarily or permanently.
		Immigration means "in-migration" into a country, and is the reverse of emigration, or "out-migration." The long term and/or permanent movement of human population in general, whether into, out of, or within countries (or before the existence of recognised countries) is regarded as migration.
		Many other countries permit immigration in particular circumstances, e.g., to fill jobs where a skill is not available locally, for wealthy investors or business leaders, in cases of marriage, multiple citizenship or asylum, or under multilateral agreements such as within the European Union or between New Zealand and Australia.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/immigration (687 words)

	Current Research \| Aspects of the Chinese Head Tax
		The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 aimed at restricting rather than excluding the Chinese from BC and the rest of Canada.
		Indeed, both the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, subsequent revisions to it and key case law decisions, made it clear that Canadian legislation regarding the Chinese had a simple goal.
		Chinese labourers were burdened by a tax that almost certainly constituted a significant debt for most of them, particularly after the tax was raised to $500 in 1903.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~dhum/re_aspects.html (375 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923, known in the Chinese-Canadian community as the Chinese Exclusion Act, was an act passed by the federal government of Canada, banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada.
		Prior to 1923, Chinese immigration was already heavily controlled by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, which imposed a hefty head tax on all immigrants from China.
		Due to both a feeling of horror after Nazi race-oriented deathcamps were discovered and the contribution of Chinese communities in Canada during World War II, the Canadian government repealed the act on May 14, 1947 (necessary with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 on July 1, 1947).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1923 (409 words)

	China-related Topics CE-CH Topic Center - China-Related Topics
		Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 The Chinese Immigration Act 1923, known in the Chinese-Canadian community as the Chinese Exclusion Act, wa...
		Chinese Cuban A Chinese Cuban is an ethnic Chinese born in Cuba.
		Chinese in Singapore NPOV cleanup-dateAugust 2005 The Chinese in Singapore constitute the majority of the population in Singapo...
	www.famouschinese.com /public/China-Related_Topics_CE-CH.html (5481 words)

	Multicultural Canada
		Immigration by the Chinese to Canada can be divided into three periods that roughly correspond to major shifts in the receiving country’s legislation with respect to their civil rights.
		Chinese enclaves were sometimes the target of racial attacks, as in the anti-Oriental riots of 1887 and 1907 in Vancouver.
		For example, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 clearly stipulated that the classification of persons of Chinese origin or descent was to be applied “irrespective of allegiance or citizenship.” The statutes of British Columbia were also explicit in defining a “Chinaman” according to race, not nationality.
	www.multiculturalcanada.ca /ecp/content/chinese.html (18017 words)

	History of Chinese immigration to Canada - Famous Chinese Americans - Chinese
		Chinese appeared in large numbers in the colony of British Columbia in 1858, when there was a gold rush in the Fraser Valley.
		After the 1885 legislation failed to deter Chinese immigration to Canada, the Government of Canada passed another law in 1900 to increase the tax to $100, and in 1904 it was increased (land fees) to 500 Canadian dollars (equivalent to $8000 CDN in 2003).
		Chinese from the mainland who were eligible in the family reunion had to visit the Canadian High Commission in Hong Kong, since Canada and the PRC did not have diplomatic relations until 1970.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/History_of_Chinese_immigration_to_Canada (1687 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another 10 years, and in 1902 with no terminal date.
		It was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, allowing a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965.
		The act was passed in response to the large number of Chinese who had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China and the availability of jobs working on railroads.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=4602 (689 words)

	CCNC : Chinese Head Tax and Exclusion Act
		Chinese immigration to Canada began around 1858 in response to the gold rush in British Columbia.
		Between 1923 and 1947 when the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed, less than 50 Chinese were allowed to come to Canada.
		Many Chinese families did not reunite until years after the initial marriage, and in some cases they were never reunited.
	www.ccnc.ca /redress/history.html (476 words)

	wfn.org \| United Church Commends Apology & Redress of Chinese Head Tax
		The 1923 Chinese Immigration Act, known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, was enacted on July 1, 1923, and prohibited most Chinese persons from entering Canada until the Act was repealed in 1947.
		The Chinese Immigration Acts beginning in 1885 were meant to "restrict and regulate" and thus discourage immigration of "persons of Chinese origin" as the men began to bring wives and families to Canada.
		Chinese Canadian organizations and individuals have been seeking financial compensation and a formal apology since the 1980s.
	www.wfn.org /2006/06/msg00608.html (586 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 placed a Head Tax on all Chinese immigrants coming to Canada, forcing them to pay a fifty dollar fee to enter the country.
		Later, another law was passed, declaring that only one Chinese immigrant could come to Canada for every fifty tons (50.8 tonnes) of the ship they were travelling on, for that one voyage.
		This act was eventually superseded in 1923 by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned Chinese immigration entirely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Immigration_Act_of_1885 (216 words)

	Sinophobia examined - Asia Finest Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While the term essentially denotes an ethnic bigotry it is often used in connection with politics and may not be confined to non-ethnic Chinese: protests against and criticism of China in Taiwan, for instance, are sometimes considered examples of Sinophobia.
		Many Chinese use the term "Sinophobia" in preference to "Anti-Chinese sentiment" as the former implies a racial bias or bigotry, which many Chinese see as implicit in Western criticism of China and the Chinese.
		Many observers around the world increased their dislike of Chinese political machinations after watching the suppression of protesters during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in Beijing and throughout much of urban China.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=61467 (1124 words)

	CBC News Indepth: China
		Chinese labourers were at the centre of a little-known chapter of Canadian First World War history.
		For years, the president of the Vancouver Chinese Benevolent Association made an annual trek to Ottawa to petition for the law to be amended.
		The Chinese who landed in the summer of '99 were the first such arrivals since 1987, when 174 Sikhs from India waded ashore in Nova Scotia.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/china/chinese_immigration.html (2701 words)

	Events. Conferences. Human Rights Research and Education Centre
		Being of the view that the Act was not contrary to international law during its period of operation, Cumming, J. finds that it provides a juristic reason for the respondent’s enrichment.
		A tax was imposed falling unequally upon particular individuals in a class, and Chinese miners could not be singled out from a class of miners generally and be subjected to burden over and above those borne by others of the same class, such imposition being a lawless extraction not within the province of free governments.
		It was about the desire to prevent the immigration of Chinese people to Canada because they were deemed to be of lesser worth than other people.
	www.uottawa.ca /hrrec/New/mackfactum.html (8999 words)

	CIC Canada \| Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship and Immigration, 1900-1977
		The policy of the government is to foster the growth of the population of Canada by the encouragement of immigration.
		Before concluding his oft-quoted speech, however, King stressed that immigration should not be allowed to "make a fundamental alteration in the character of our population." In other words, Asian immigration would continue to be restricted while applicants from the "old" Commonwealth countries and the United States would continue to receive preferred treatment.
		These immigration teams were later lauded by Dr. Hugh Keenleyside, the Deputy Minister of the Department of Mines and Resources (immigration was then one of its responsibilities) from 1947 until 1949 and a key figure in the resettlement of displaced persons in Canada.
	www.cic.gc.ca /english/department/legacy/chap-5a.html (1441 words)

	"Diversity and the University"
		The starkest example of assimilation policy was established under the Indian Act of 1880, with aboriginal children removed from their families to residential schools in an attempt to force their integration with mainstream, white society.
		All such immigration was brought to an end by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, and remained prohibited until 1947.
		And the differences between Chinese speaking and Indian language speaking sub-populations are even larger in Surrey than in the lower mainland as a whole, with 49% of Chinese but only 2% of Hindi speaking students in Surrey going on to university.
	www.sfu.ca /pres/president/speeches/20041.html (3344 words)

	Asian Canadian: BILL C-333: Chinese Canadian Recognition and Redress Act
		The purpose of this enactment is to recognize and apologize for the treatment that early Chinese immigrants received despite the extraordinary contribution they made in the building of Canada, especially on the railways.
		The Parliament of Canada hereby recognizes and honours the contribution of Chinese immigrants, particularly in the construction of the Canadian railways.
		The Parliament of Canada hereby acknowledges the unjust treatment of Chinese Canadians as a result of the head tax and The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 and apologizes, on behalf of Parliament, the Government of Canada and the Canadian people of earlier times and of today, for the suffering it caused.
	www.asiancanadian.net /2005/11/bill-c-333-chinese-canadian.html (564 words)

	Vancouver Chinatown Information Guide
		Chinese immigrant families who flocked towards the eastside of Downtown since the 1850’s, have established a town filled with colorful and exotic Chinese architecture.
		In 1923, the government decided to stop any Chinese immigrants from entering into the country causing the decline of the Chinese population over the next few years.
		Established in 1973, the Chinese Cultural Centre at 50 West Pender Street is the heart and soul of the Chinese community centre.
	www.virtualvancouver.com /chinatown.html (921 words)

	History of Migration and Immigration Laws in the United States
		Chinese Exclusion Acts / Immigration Exclusion Act (1882)óprohibited citizenship for Chinese immigrants.
		Subsequent acts reinforcing the exclusion of Chinese immigrant were passed in 1884, 1886 and 1888.
		The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 cut Filipino immigration to a quota of fifty persons per year, and all Filipinos in the United States were reclassified as 'aliens.' [Ö] The U.S. exclusion of Filipino immigration was continually connected with the issue of Philippine independence from U.S. colonization.
	www.umass.edu /complit/aclanet/USMigrat.html (1226 words)

	\| Reviews / Comptes Rendus \| Labour/Le Travail, 56 \| The History Cooperative
		Even as the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 ended immigration from China, resulting in greater tolerance of the members of this community, fear mounted over Japanese imperialism, and ultimately over the presence of Japanese Canadians.
		Roy then notes that the Chinese consul condemned the picketers and that the CCF condemned the marketing board that was trying to fix prices and whose actions had led to the confrontation in the first place.
		This in turn suggests that she rather misses the point that "the Chinese" were also "Canadian" and that an important historical question is how and why so many of their racialized "white" contemporaries did not see them as such or would not accept them even when they technically shared the same citizenship.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/56/br_7.html (1582 words)

	Civilization.ca - Canada Hall - Chinese Hand Laundry
		With a majority of Chinese living in poverty, the entire Chinese community was virtually reduced to the lowest socio-economic class of society from around the turn of the century until the Depression years.
		Head taxes and legislative exclusions discouraged the immigration of family members, and ultimately, the Chinese Immigration Act (1923-1947) barred the admission of all Chinese.
		With few resources and the denial of opportunity, the Chinese community in Canada was relegated to the low end of the socio-economic ladder for more than half a century.
	www.civilization.ca /hist/phase2/mod5e.html (791 words)

	Chinese Immigration Act 1923, 13-14 George V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Chinese Immigration Act 1923, 13-14 George V., c.
		(e)"Chinese Immigrant" means any person of Chinese origin or descent entering Canada for the purpose of acquiring Canadian domicile, as defined by section two, paragraph (d) of The Immigration Act; [1919, c.
		No person of Chinese origin or descent other than the classes mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) of section five and sections twenty-three and twenty-four of this Act shall be permitted to enter or land in Canada elsewhere than at the ports of Vancouver and Victoria.
	www.asian.ca /law/cia1923.htm (153 words)

	Asian Pacific Americans and Immigration Law
		An Act to Protect Free White Labor Against Competition with Chinese Coolie Labor and to Discourage the Immigration of the Chinese into the State of California, April 26, 1862
		National Origin System - Immigration Act (Johnson Act) - used the country of birth to determine whether an individual could enter as legal alien, the number of previous immigrants and their descendants used to set the quota of how many from a country could enter annually.
		Immigration Act increased number of immigrants admitted because of skill level; Immigration Act continued priority for skilled workers and family reunification
	academic.udayton.edu /race/02rights/immigr05.htm (1555 words)

	CNW Group
		United Church Commends Apology and Redress of Chinese Head Tax TORONTO, June 30 /CNW/ - Canada Day this year will have special significance for Chinese Canadians who bear the legacy of the 1885-1923 Chinese Immigration Acts and what is known as the Chinese Exclusion Act.
		In 1885 the Act known informally as "Head Tax legislation" was set at $50 Canadian per person, including ethnic Chinese with British nationality.
		By 1904 the tax on Chinese immigrants was $500 Canadian.
	www.newswire.ca /en/releases/archive/June2006/30/c7319.html (559 words)

	Canada Day
		On Dominion Day 1923, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 went into effect.
		Until the act was repealed in 1947, many Chinese-Canadians referred to July 1 as "Humiliation Day" and refused to celebrate Canada's birthday.
		Under the ''Holidays Act'', Canada Day is always observed on July 1 unless that date falls on a Sunday, in which case it is observed on July 2.
	www.bigdates.com /holidays/canadaday.asp (598 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Xenophobia continues to push politicians to pass discriminatory legislation that prevents asian immigration to Canada.
		It confines immigration to certain groups such as students coming to Canada to study at a University and Chinese children born in Canada who wish to come home.
		In 1923, Canadians and their governments are concerned about widespread immigration from China.
	www.chrc-ccdp.ca /en/timePortals/milestones/27mile.asp (69 words)

	EXCLUDED WIVES, EXCLUDED DAUGHTERS:the Legacy of Canada's Racist Immigration Policy
		Dr. Yuen-fong Woon will discuss her recently published book, The Excluded Wife, a novel which chronicles the life of a young bride from her home village in rural South China, to her experience as a refugee in Hong Kong, to her new home in Vancouver where she is reunited with her husband.
		It is the story of a woman whose life and family is deeply affected by Canada's Chinese Immigration (Exclusion) Act of 1923, which, until repealed in 1947, forbade the entrance of Chinese labourers and their families.
		It provides the sociocultural milieu in which their voices can be clearly heard: voices which have been shrouded in mystery and myth as a result of their own illiteracy and inarticulation, Canada's racial segregation, and numerous other insurmountable cultural barriers placed between them and the mainstream society.
	www.cic.sfu.ca /dlam/Legacy.html (338 words)

	Asian Canadian: Redressing the Chinese head tax
		Thousands of Chinese workers were brought to Canada to provide cheap and
		head tax on Chinese immigrants; the rate was initially $50, and later was
		Quan, who, at 98, is one of a handful of Vancouver-based Chinese immigrants
	www.asiancanadian.net /2005/06/redressing-chinese-head-tax.html (669 words)

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